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Topic: Upper Senegal and Niger

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	French West Africa - LoveToKnow 1911
		It embraces the upper and middle course of the Niger, the whole of the basin of the Senegal and the southwestern part of the Sahara.
		Among the chief towns are Timbuktu and Jenne on the Niger, Porto Novo in Dahomey, and St Louis and Dakar in Senegal, Dakar being an important naval and commercial port.
		The colony of Senegal is represented in the French parliament by one deputy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /French_West_Africa (907 words)

	SENEGAL - Online Information article about SENEGAL
		Mandingos inhabit the basins of the upper Niger and the upper Senegal, and the western slope of the mountains of Futa Jallon.
		tract enclosed in the bend of the Niger.
		The lakes or widenings of the Niger itself occupy vast areas; Lake Debo, the Lake of Horo, the Lake of Dauna, Lake Faguibini are all to the south or west of Timbuktu, and are permanent.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SCY_SHA/SENEGAL.html (3211 words)

	Niger, country, Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Niger is extremely arid except along the Niger River in the southwest and near the border with Nigeria in the south, where there are strips of savanna.
		Niger has a very limited transportation network; there is no railroad, and most of the country’s all-weather roads are confined to the south and southwest.
		Niger achieved full independence on Aug. 3, 1960, and Hamani Diori, the leader of the PPN, became its first president; he was reelected in 1965 and 1970.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ni/Niger.html (1314 words)

	Nigeria - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The protectorate is bounded W., N. and N.E. by French possessions (Dahomey, Upper Senegal and Niger colony, and Chad territory), S.E. by the German colony of Cameroon and S. by the Atlantic.
		From the edge of the coast belt to near the confluence of the Benue and Niger they are overlain by unfossiliferous sandstones, lying undisturbed and possibly of the age of the sandstones of the Congo basin.
		On the Niger at the head of the delta are Asaba (west bank) and Onitsha (east bank); Iddah (Ida), in the palm-oil zone; Lokoja on the west bank opposite the confluence with the Benue, and the headquarters of the protectorate's military force; Baro, on the east bank, 70 m.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Nigeria (8916 words)

	Niger - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1900, Niger was made a military territory within Upper Senegal-Niger, and in 1922 it was constituted a separate colony within French West Africa.
		Niger's agriculture was hurt by a major locust outbreak and drought in 2004, leading to famine and a need for international food aid in 2005.
		Niger's anguish: the people of Niger, the world's second-poorest country, are used to struggle.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-niger.html (1487 words)

	Niger Demographics and Geography - Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online
		Niger is extremely arid except along the Niger River in the SW and near the border with Nigeria in the S, where there are strips of savanna.
		Niger has a very limited transportation network; there is no railroad, and most of the country’s all-weather roads are confined to the S and SW.
		For most of the 16th century much of W and central Niger was part of the Songhai empire (centered at Gao on the Niger River in present-day Mali).
	www.columbiagazetteer.org /public/Niger.html (1049 words)

	French Colonies - Niger
		Niger is bounded by Algeria on the northwest, Libya on the northeast, Chad on the east, Nigeria and Benin on the south, and Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) and Mali on the west.
		To the south in the Sahel, a chain of arid plateaus — the Djerma Ganda, Adar Doutchi, and Tegama — parallels the southern frontier.
		The nomadic peoples in north and central Niger practice animal husbandry, but their livelihood was adversely affected by drought in 1968-74, in 1984-85, and again in the 1990s and by the closing of the border with Nigeria from 1984 to 1986.
	www.discoverfrance.net /Colonies/Niger.shtml (2218 words)

	Senegal Regions
		A.O.F. initially comprised the French colonies of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, French Guinea, Senegal, and Upper Senegal and Niger.
		The name of Upper Senegal and Niger was changed to French Sudan on 1920-12-04.
		Senegal and The Gambia formed a federation called Senegambia from 1982-02-01 to 1989-09-21.
	www.statoids.com /usn.html (436 words)

	West African Geographic Locvations
		Bambuk is the region in western Mali that is drained by the Upper Faléme River, a tributary of the Senegal River.
		Dakar is the capital of Senegal, and served as the capital of Afrique Occidentale Française during the colonial period.
		Ségou is a town located in the Middle Niger Valley, downstream from Bamako and upstream from Timbuktu, at the entrance to the "Middle Niger Delta." Mungo Park visited the Bamara capital at Ségou in 1796 and 1805, Al Hajj Umar Tall conquered it in 1854, and the French conquered it in 1890.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311/archives/geog-pic.htm (1616 words)

	LINNS.COM: The website of the world's largest weekly stamp newspaper-Linn's Stamp News
		In 1958, Senegal became an autonomous state within the French Union, and in 1959 it joined with the French Sudan to form the Federation of Mali.
		Senegal withdrew from the union in 1960, and on June 26, 1960, became independent.
		In 1904, the area was renamed Upper Senegal and Niger, and in 1906, stamps of this new entity were released.
	www.linns.com /reference/entities/entity_s.asp (7413 words)

	Ethnologue report for Senegal
		Bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Kalisseye Inlet, on the east by the Diouloulou Marigot Estuary, and on the north by the Senegal-Gambia border.
		Fulbe Jeeri and Toucouleur are primarily in the Senegal River Valley and Mauritania.
		Fulacunda is in the Upper Casamance Region, from 40 miles west of Kolda to the headwaters of the Gambia River in the east, from the southern border of Senegal in the south to the Gambian border in the north.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Senegal (1605 words)

	Economic Community of West African States
		The Francophone-countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo, with Guinea Bissau (Lusophone), comprise UEMOA.
		Senegal announced in November 2002 that it is to boost its contribution to the ECOWAS military mission to Cote d’Ivoire and provide the Force Commander.
		Niger is seeking international and multilateral donors to help in the construction of the Kandadji hydroelectric project.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/senegal.html (7283 words)

	SIM Country Profile: Niger
		SIM works in Niger in partnership with the Nigerien church and other mission organizations in Bible translation, evangelistic outreach, theological education, discipleship, worship ministries, and media publication, as well as various medical and community development initiatives.
		Niger is the largest country in West Africa and is 80% desert.
		The northern borders of Niger stretch to the middle regions of the Sahara Desert.
	www.sim.org /country.asp?CID=37&fun=1 (1399 words)

	ICE Conflict Case NIGER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Niger alone, there are several diverse ethnic groups which live in three different climactic zones in Niger.
		Niger's agricultural policy is to achieve food self-sufficiency regardless of climate changes.
		Archeologists working in the Middle Niger region of West Africa have come across evidence of social clusters of communities that are grouped around Timbuktu, but were not an integrated community.
	www.american.edu /TED/ice/niger.htm (1891 words)

	Niger, country, Africa: History
		In E Niger, Bilma, a salt-mining center, was on another important trans-Saharan route that linked N Africa with the state of
		empire (centered at Gao on the Niger River in present-day Mali), and after the fall of Songhai at the end of the 16th cent.
		In 1900, Niger was made a military territory within Upper Senegal–Niger, and in 1922 it was constituted a separate colony within
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0860001.html (771 words)

	Upper Senegal and Niger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Upper Senegal and Niger (French: Haut Sénégal et Niger) was a colony in French West Africa created in 1904 from Senegambia and Niger.
		Niger became a separate military district in 1911 and a separate colony in 1922, Upper Volta was split off in 1919, and the remainder reorganized as French Sudan in 1920.
		The colony is perhaps remembered most often by philatelists, since it issued a number of postage stamps during its short existence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Upper_Senegal_and_Niger (270 words)

	Burkina Faso Overview \| Burkina Faso Tour Guide \| iExplore.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After a period as part of the colony of Upper Senegal-Niger, the territory was reorganized as the separate colony of Upper Volta in 1919.
		The early years of independence were largely dominated by the military, notably the regime of General Sangoul J Lamizana, who ousted the civilian government of Maurice Yameogo in 1966 and ruled until 1980.
		Burkina Faso is situated in West Africa and bordered to the north and west by Mali, to the east by Niger, to the southeast by Benin and to the south by Togo, Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire.
	www.africa.com /dmap/Burkina+Faso/Overview (495 words)

	Burkina Faso: History
		The region of present-day Burkina Faso was administered as part of the French colony of Soudan (then called Upper Senegal-Niger and now mostly part of Mali) until 1919, when it was made a separate protectorate as Upper Volta.
		Upper Volta was involved in a border dispute with Mali in 1974 over land containing mineral reserves.
		In symbolic rejection of the nation's colonial past, Upper Volta became Burkina Faso in 1984; the name is a composite of local languages and is roughly translated as “the land of incorruptible men.” The country's dispute with Mali over the Agache border was revived in 1985.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0857074.html (882 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Upper Senegal & Niger, 1898-1922
		Modern Mali, during the 19th century, was largely identical with the Tukulor Empire, ruled by Al-Haji Umar (-1864, succeeded by his son Ahmadu) and by Samori Toure (1870-1898), whose reign extended beyond the borders of Mali, into the Ivory Coast, Guinea and Burkina Faso.
		The French in 1880 administratively separated Haut Senegal Upper Senegal) from Senegal proper; while the former was placed under civilian administration, the latter was a military district.
		In 1919, Upper Volta was split off and made a separate colony, in 1922 Niger.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/westafrica/uppersen.html (642 words)

	EBSCOhost
		Lannoy himself called attention to the usefulness of the map in an address to the French Association for the Advancement of Science; he noted that the Congo sections had been used at the Berlin Conference and that the map of Madagascar was used by the French army (Lannoy de Bissy 1885, 686).
		Others thought the Niger was connected to the Nile River or the Congo River or flowed underneath the Sahara to empty into the Gulf of Sidra on the Mediterranean coast.
		However, on the map attached to the manuscript, the terminus of the Niger was not indicated.
	personal.ecu.edu /aldermand/geog6315/africa_map.html (6312 words)

	FRENCH WEST AFRICA (L'... - Online Information article about FRENCH WEST AFRICA (L'...
		BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat.
		basin of the Senegal and the south-western part of the Sahara.
		administration of the Senegal and Niger countries (Decrees of Oct.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /FRA_GAE/FRENCH_WEST_AFRICA_LAfrique_occ.html (1230 words)

	The French in West Africa
		He initiated a period of expansion by capturing the port of St. Louis at the mouth of the Senegal River and allowing privately-owned trading companies (mostly from Bordeaux) to handle the administration of the town.
		Beyond that lay the empire of Ahmadu Tall with its capital at Ségou on the Niger River, and the empire of Samory Touré to the south east, with a capital at Sanankoro on the south side of the Niger River.
		For a time, the French felt no need to formalize their presence, but as the British began to move inland from the mouth of the Niger River, the French began to fear that the British would seize the Middle Niger Valley and perhaps even reach the Upper Senegal Valley.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his312/lectures/fren-occ.htm (2264 words)

	A short history of Burkina Faso
		In 1933 Upper Volta is partitioned between French Sudan, Ivory Coast and Niger.
		This is followed by independence in 1960, after which Upper Volta becomes an presidential republic.
		Under his presidency Upper Volta becomes a socialist dictatorship and in 1984 the country is renamed Burkina Faso.
	www.electionworld.org /history/burkinafaso.htm (384 words)

	A short history of Mali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Malinke Kingdom of Mali has its origins on the upper Niger River in the 11th century.
		Around 1880 on France begins to conquer the area and foundsthe Territory of Upper Senegal, subordinated to Senegal.
		Sudan and Senegal form the Mali Federation in 1959.
	www.electionworld.org /history/mali.htm (562 words)

	THE MULTIPLE FACES OF BLACK ISLAM
		The gold nuggets that the Blacks would find in the basin of the upper Niger and upper Senegal were exchanged for some salt, tissues and metals.
		Secondly because certain servicemen, followed by certain administrators, preferred to have to deal with a well constituted force rather than with the anarchy of the primitive societies, with their incomprehensible mentalities and their unpredictable reactions.
		Guinea, Mali, Senegal introduced the education of Arabic into certain public schools, distinct from the Koranic school.
	www.african-geopolitics.org /show.aspx?ArticleId=3115 (3198 words)

	Burkina Faso (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the south east, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the south west.
		The country owed its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: le Mouhoun (formerly called the Black Volta), le Nakambé (the White Volta) and le Nazinon (the Red Volta).
		The basin of the Niger River also drains 27% of the country's surface.
	burkina-faso.iqnaut.net (1503 words)

	Upper Volta - ClanBrandon Books
		Community development in a multi-ethnic society: The Upper River Division of the Gambia, West Africa : with minor comparative studies from Upper Volta and Benin (Bielefelder Studien zur Entwicklungssoziologie) Aldo Albert Benini — Item may not be in stock.
		Political Leadership in Africa: Post-independence Generational Conflict in Upper Volta, Senegal, Niger, Dahmey and the Central African Republic Victor T. Levine — Item may not be in stock.
		Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Striga, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta, 5-8 October, 1981 — Item may not be in stock.
	www.clanbrandon.co.uk /book-shop/upper+volta.htm (669 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Upper Volta, 1885-1919
		In some areas the protectorate was established by peacefull agreement; in a number of cases, the French concluded such agreements with one side in the conflict, and then proceded to defeat, or orchestrate the defeat, of the other side.
		Administratively, the newly acquired region was part of the FRENCH SOUDAN, which in 1899 was renamed UPPER SENEGAL AND MIDDLE NIGER (which covered modern Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger), and in 1902 were amalgamated with Senegambia to form SENEGAMBIA AND NIGER, capital Kayes.
		In 1919, Upper Volta, capital Ouagadougou, was established as a separate colony.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/westafrica/hautevolta18951919.html (351 words)

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