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Topic: Upper limb

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	Arm -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On the sides of the biceps lie the external and internal bicipital furrows, in the latter of which the (The main artery of the upper arm; a continuation of the axillary artery; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the elbow) brachial artery may be felt and compressed.
		Their typical arrangement is an 'M', of which the radial and ulnar veins form the uprights, while the outer oblique bar is the median cephalic and the inner oblique the median basilic vein.
		At the divergence of these two the median vein comes up from the front of the (The part of the superior limb between the elbow and the wrist) forearm, while the two vertical limbs continue up the arm as the cephalic and basilic veins, on the outer and inner sides, respectively.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ar/arm.htm (1371 words)

	Joints of the Upper Limb (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		(clavicle and scapula) connects the upper limb to the trunk; therefore, its articulations are included with those of the upper limb.
		An important function of the clavicle is to hold the upper limb away from the trunk, i.e., it acts as a strut for keeping the shoulder away from the chest to give the upper limb the maximum freedom of motion.
		When the upper limb is elevated as far as possible, the clavicle is raised to about a 60-degree angle from its anatomical position.
	www.geocities.com /medinotes/uppjnt.htm (1750 words)

	Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health: Upper limb prostheses
		Upper limb prostheses can be applied anywhere from the shoulder joint through the fingers, including the fingers, the hand, the wrist, the forearm, the elbow, the upper arm, and the shoulder.
		Upper limb prostheses are also important for those who are missing upper limbs due to congenital conditions.
		Upper limb prostheses can be constructed of a variety of materials, depending on the purpose of the prosthesis.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_gGENH/is_/ai_2699003818 (1415 words)

	Work-related upper limb disorders
		One quarter of respondents with a musculoskeletal disorder affecting the upper limb or neck reported an arthritic condition and the majority of respondents reporting spondylosis in the survey described their condition as affecting their neck, fewer respondents reported that the condition affected their back.
		For upper limbs these are: beat hand; beat elbow; cramp of the hand or forearm and inflammation of the hand; forearm or associated tendon sheaths (tenosynovitis).
		The number of new cases of work-related musculoskeletal disorders affecting the upper limbs, reported to OPRA and MOSS in 1998, was 2540 for females and 2370 for males.
	www.healthandsafety.co.uk /info2200400.html (1446 words)

	UPPER LIMB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The superior angle of the scapula is seen and felt prominently in the neck under the upper border of the trepezius muscle.
		Excision of the upper end of the radius is only partially successful as the condition may be associated with other congenital defects like absence of supinator muscle.
		Congenital skeletal limb deficiencies are deficiencies of part or whole of the limb of a child at birth.
	www.bonetumour.org /book/APTEXT/chapter2/CH2_SUB4.html (1002 words)

	Incidence of Congenital Upper-Limb Deficiencies \| JACPOC Library, 1988
		Of the congenital population, 49 per cent (1,347) were unilateral upper limb, 27 per cent (743) were unilateral lower limb, and 24 per cent (660) were multiple limb deficiencies.
		There are many possible ways to connect their theory to the left-sided bias of congenital limb deficiency but one interpretation is that the left limb is developing during an earlier and more vulnerable stage of cell differentiation.
		Incidence of limb deficiencies and other congenital anomalies observed in North America and Europe may serve as an index to conditions such as the quality of prenatal care and the effects of environmental pollutants.
	jacpoc.oandp.com /library/1988_01_008.asp (3280 words)

	St. Josephs Hospital - Programs & Services/Hand and Upper Limb Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The surgeons in the Hand and Upper Limb Centre are leaders in the development of limited invasive surgery techniques including arthroscopy of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, endoscopic release of the carpal tunnel, and other endoscopic-assisted surgery of the upper limb.
		Upper limb injuries are one of the most common reasons for time lost from work and are frequently the cause of permanent disability in workers.
		The professionals at the Hand and Upper Limb Centre are dedicated to treating Worker’s Compensation patients and returning them to their job as quickly as possible.
	www.sjhc.london.on.ca /sjh/programs/hulc/hulc.htm (549 words)

	Lab Manual - Shoulder & Superficial Upper Limb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Identify and demonstrate the areas of distribution of the major cutaneous nerves of the upper limb.
		Identify and demonstrate the major superficial veins of the upper limb.
		The cutaneous nerves of the arm and chest are branches of ventral primary rami of the spinal nerves, as are all subsequent nerves of the upper limb.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/limbs/shoulder.html (1650 words)

	Upper Limb
		The apex is a triangular space bounded by the clavicle, the upper border of the scapula and rib 1 (Clemente plate 16, fig.
		is innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
		from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/duong/upper.html (8593 words)

	Upper-limb function and recovery in the acute phase poststroke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Significant correlations were found between the BBT, an upper limb performance measure, and a measure of functional independence [23].
		The results of the current study are in accordance with a study by Dean and Shepherd, who demonstrated that the improvement in the ability to use the ULs in a reaching task was linked to the improvement in the ability to use the affected leg for support and balance [12].
		Upper extremity disorders: a survey of their frequency and cost in the United States.
	www.vard.org /jour/05/42/1/higgins.html (6753 words)

	O&P Options: Upper Limb Replacement - by George Wiley
		And they are hampered by not only the technical hurdles of replacing the more intricate upper limbs but the fact that they are working with a much smaller patient base, which acts as a financial disincentive for manufacturers to develop high-technology upper limb assistive devices.
		By learning how to use the flexor and extensor muscles in their residual limb, patients can achieve a fairly natural-looking opening and closing of the artificial hand because they are using muscle movements to control the device similar to those they would use to maneuver a real hand.
		The electric limb is used because two harnessing systems (which would be required if both arms were mechanically driven) would tend to get in the way of one another and be difficult for the patient to control.
	www.orthopedictechreview.com /issues/augsep99/pg49.htm (1733 words)

	Epidemiologic Overview of lndividuals with Upper-Limb Loss and Their Reported Research Priorities - Journal of ...
		Congenital limb deficiency was reported as the primary cause of limb absence in the children (91 percent), and traumatic injury was reported as the predominant cause of limb loss by adults (76 percent).
		Congenital limb deficiency was most often reported as the cause of limb absence in the child population (93 percent), and traumatic injury again was reported as the most prominent cause of limb loss by adults (81 percent).
		Congenital limb deficiency was reported as the principal cause of limb absence in the child population (95 percent), and traumatic injury again was reported as the most prominent cause of limb loss by adults (77 percent).
	www.oandp.org /jpo/library/1996_01_002.asp (6647 words)

	eMedicine - Upper Limb Prosthetics : Article by Kevin Martinez, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Upper extremity amputations tend to be rare in those older than 60 years, but they may be required secondary to tumor or medical disease.
		Phantom limb sensation is the sensation that the amputated limb is still present.
		A second theory is that the spinal cord nerves begin excessive spontaneous firing in the absence of expected sensory input from the limb.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic174.htm (2592 words)

	[No title]
		Their study was predicated on the assumption of nonspecific upper limb disorder as a disorder of unknown etiology, indistinct diagnostically, and having a particularly high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity.
		Their power calculations were based on a likely prevalence of psychiatric morbidity of 60% in the nonspecific upper limb disorder group and 30% in the carpal tunnel syndrome group.
		This is not just "nit picking" — their figure of 60% for psychiatric morbidity in nonspecific upper limb disorder is at the upper end of the quoted figures from the literature and is unlikely to reflect their local situation.
	www.jrheum.com /01/7.html (2011 words)

	Clinical Trial: Enhanced Tactile (Touch) Spatial Acuity in Upper Limb Amputees
		People with an amputated upper limb have an expanded brain representation of the lip that may correlate with heightened tactile spatial acuity.
		Upper limb amputation leads to expansion of the cortical representation of the lip into the adjacent deafferented hand representation.
		The purpose of this protocol is to test the hypothesis that upper limb amputation in humans results in higher tactile spatial acuity at the lip.
	clinicaltrials.gov /show/NCT00028210 (459 words)

	CHEST: Risk Factors and Management of Patients With Upper Limb Deep Vein Thrombosis - ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the upper limb group, nine patients had activated protein C resistance, four patients had anticardiolipin antibodies, and two patients had both forms of thrombophilia.
		Conclusion: In the majority of patients with upper limb DVT that we studied in this relatively small study, exogenous (environmental) or endogenous risk factors for venous thrombosis, or a combination of both, were found.
		Over this period, patients with a diagnosis of upper limb DVT were evaluated and treated in a uniform manner.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_1_117/ai_59210089 (1092 words)

	SD: People : Special: Empowering the rural disabled in Asia and the Pacific. Motor and upper limb disabled people in ...
		The study attempts to find the needs and constraints of the motor and upper limb disabled people within the Agricultural industry and the Rural sector, and the resources required to improve their living standards through better education facilities and suitable income generating projects so that they become persons useful to the society with equal opportunities.
		The information was gathered by visiting rural areas and interviewing, motor and upper limb disabled people, project officers responsible for providing services to the people with disabilities, school teachers trained in special education and the parents and family members of the disabled.
		Polio was one of the main causes of motor and upper limb disabilities among young children.
	www.fao.org /sd/PPdirect/PPre0041.htm (4902 words)

	Orthopaedic - Upper Limb Disorders in Musicians
		The scope of this article is restricted to occupational disorders affecting the upper limb, including musculotendinous disorders, joint disorders, peripheral nerve lesions, and, finally, functional dystonia.
		The balance and stability of the shoulder girdle are of prime importance in musicians; it is the muscles of the shoulder girdle which support the weight of the upper limbs, and often the weight of the instrument.
		All the musicians who were suffering from dystonia had major postural disorders involving not only the upper limbs, but also the shoulder girdle and, in many cases, the spine.
	www.maitrise-orthop.com /corpusmaitri/orthopaedic/mo69_limb_disorders/index.shtml (4090 words)

	TUMOURS OF THE UPPER LIMB AND BURN SCARS. CASE REPORTS
		It is this continual stimulation, in the attempt to achieve healing only through epithelialization, that determines the develooment of abnormal characteristics, among which is an increase in the mitosis rate, in some cells at the margins of the lesion, and - in the long term -in the cancer rate (8).
		These conditions may easily occur at the level of the upper limb which is a site of continual movement; this study concerns the cases that we have observed of cutaneous epithelioma of the upper limb occurring in burn scars.
		Between 1975 and 1990 we treated 37 cases of epithelloma in the upper limb, 13 of which (35.13%) were basallomas and 24 (64.87%) spinallomas.
	www.medbc.com /annals/review/vol_4/num_4/text/vol4n4p251.htm (1577 words)

	The State of the Art in Upper-Limb Prosthetics: Reflections from Respected Voices \| January 2003 \| The O&P EDGE \| ...
		There have been a lot of advances, but for patients that have been wearing externally powered prostheses, the lithium-ion power systems that are available now are very fast, easy to charge, a little lighter in weight, and have much greater capacity than nickel-cadmium power systems.
		The anatomically contoured and controlled interface (ACCI) for radioulnar or below-elbow level, the dynamic socket for humeral or above-elbow level, and the XFrame for thoracic applications have all had a tremendous impact on prosthesis comfort, stability, suspension, and overall function, which in turn have had a favorable impact on patient acceptance of the prosthesis.
		Not only were these repeat visits to the office difficult and expensive for the patient, but during this time, residual limb changes were taking place.
	www.oandp.com /edge/issues/articles/2003-01_01.asp (2418 words)

	UPPER-LIMB PROSTHETICS: HUMERAL ROTATION MECHANISMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These activities are done using humeral rotation–the inward or outward rotation of the forearm along the axis of the upper arm, or humeral section.
		At levels of amputation within the mid-third of the upper arm or at more proximal levels, humeral rotation must be provided prosthetically.
		This is also the case for most amputations through the distal third of the upper arm, though surgical procedures, such as the angulation osteotomy of the distal shaft of the humerus, may provide an alternative [Marquardt 1989].
	www.repoc.northwestern.edu /progress/jrrd.nidrr.9906.ul_hum_rot.html (606 words)

	Mechanically Assisted Upper Limb Movement for Assessment and Therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The prevalence of stroke in DVA patients is increasing as aging veterans join the population at highest risk.
		Upper limb paralysis is often resistant to therapeutic efforts.
		Rehabilitation of upper limb dysfunction in chronic hemiplegia: Robot-assisted movements vs. conventional therapy.
	guide.stanford.edu /Projects/2kprojects/stroke04.html (474 words)

	Old Anatomy Course Objectives for Upper Limb - Medicine I, University of Sydney
		Former Upper Limb Anatomy Course Objectives for Medicine I Students
		(i) principles of collateral arterial anastomoses in the upper limb.
		(ii) the pattern of venae comitantes in the upper limb.
	www.anatomy.usyd.edu.au /teaching/courses/old_objectives/upper_limb.html (849 words)

	Human Arm Anatomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The upper limb is composed of three chained mechanisms, the shoulder girdle, the elbow and the wrist.
		Considering translations negligible compared to rotations, each of them, except the scapulo-thoracic joint, is usually assumed as ball and socket joint, allowing 3 degrees of freedom (DOF) in rotation.
		To perform these movements, the upper limb is equipped with not less than 21 muscles actuators, among which some even divide in several bundles attached on different bones.
	ligwww.epfl.ch /~maurel/CHARM/WP3/Anatomy.html (422 words)

	Upper Limb Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Looking For upper limb - Find upper limb and more at Lycos Search.
		Find upper limb - Your relevant result is a click away!
		The upper limb is the professional term used to describe the region that laymen would usually call the "arm".
	www.artisticnudity.com /encyclopedia/Upper_limb (252 words)

	eMedicine - Upper Limb Orthotics : Article by Ramon S Lansang, Jr, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Upper extremity orthoses are devices applied externally to restore or improve functional and structural characteristics of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
		Upper extremity orthoses also are used frequently on patients who have had neurologic problems, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebral palsy (CP), spinal cord injury (SCI), and peripheral nerve injury.
		The MP extension splint has the same mechanism as the MP flexion splint; however, it is placed on the dorsal side and serves mainly as a splint in patients with weak wrist extensors and for traction of MP flexion contractures.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic171.htm (1949 words)

	Risk of upper limb injury in left handed children: a study in Greece -- Skalkidou et al. 5 (1): 68 -- Injury Prevention
		Risk of upper limb injury in left handed children: a study in Greece -- Skalkidou et al.
		Risk of upper limb injury in left handed children: a study in Greece
		upper limb injury risk with a tendency of recurrence of this
	ip.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/5/1/68 (1927 words)

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