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	Upper Motor Neuron System Hypotonia
		The term refers to all the neurons in the brain (Figure 103.1[1]), cerebellum (Figure 103.1[2]), and brainstem (Figure 103.1[3]) that directly or indirectly convey information to the motor neurons in the brainstem and in the anterior horns of the spinal cord (lower motor neurons).
		Neurons from the cerebral cortex and the brainstem (red nucleus, reticular formation, and lateral vestibular nucleus) connect directly with the lower motor neurons.
		Neurons from the basal ganglia and the cerebellum also influence the lower motor neurons but they do so indirectly by connecting with cortical or brainstem neurons that make direct contact with the motor neurons.
	www.pediatricneuro.com /alfonso/pg103.htm (269 words)

	Upper motor neuron -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		(A neuron conducting impulses outwards from the brain or spinal cord) Motor neurons are classified as either upper motor neurons or lower motor neurons.
		Damage to upper motor neurons is indicated by (The quality of moving or acting in spasms) spasticity and exaggerated (An automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus) reflexes.
		Damage to lower motor neurons is indicated by (Muscular twitching of contiguous groups of muscle fibers) fasciculations, weakening of muscles, and muscular (A decrease in size of an organ caused by disease or disuse) atrophy.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/up/upper_motor_neuron.htm (112 words)

	Physiology III Neuroscience - Posture, Voluntary Motor Control, Control Circuits
		Neurons located in the RF and in the periaquaductal gray ultimately project to the hypothalamus and to the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus which then projects to the cortex.
		The fibers of this tract terminate in the medial portions of laminae VII and VIII and excite motor neurons that innervate paravertebral extensors and proximal limb extensors.
		Neurons in the same columnar array will receive somatosensory feedback from the patch of skin on the glabrous surface of the digit, which is the area that would come in contact with a surface when the digit is flexed, as to grasp an object.
	www.hodsonhome.com /mna2001/physiology/physiology3/exam2/phys3.posturevoluntarymotorcontrol.htm (4059 words)

	Motor > Anatomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		There are also the indirect brainstem motor control centers and their pathways (rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal) that tonically activate lower motor neurons, especially those that innervate axial and antigravity muscles (those motor neurons that are in the medial part of the ventral horn).
		The corticospinal tract has its main influence on the motor neurons that innervate the muscles of the distal extremities- the hand and the foot (motor neurons in the lateral part of the ventral horn).
		The UMN syndrome is a combination of loss of the direct corticospinal tract effect on the LMN and the loss of regulation of the indirect brainstem motor control centers.
	medstat.med.utah.edu /neurologicexam/html/motor_anatomy.html (536 words)

	ATSDR - Motor Neuron Disease/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Preliminary Review of Environmental Risk Factors and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Motor neurons, grouped as lower and upper motor neurons, are nerve cells that transmit signals for movement from the brain and spinal cord to muscle tissue.
		Motor neuron disease in the province of Ferrara, Italy, in 1964-1982.
		The epidemiology of motor neuron disease in Scotland.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /NEWS/alsreport.html (9548 words)

	SPF - Upper Motor Neuron Disorders Chart
		A group of hereditary, degenerative, neurologic disorders primarily affecting upper motor neurons and principally causing progressive spastic weakness of the legs.
		A group of degenerative, neurological disorders primarily affecting upper motor neurons and causing progressive spastic weakness of the legs, arms and the bulbar (speech/swallowing) muscles.
		“Upper motor neurons” in the brain and spinal cord degenerate.
	www.sp-foundation.org /chart.htm (835 words)

	Definitions
		Motor neurone disease (MND) is a progressive neuro-degenerative disease that attacks the upper AND lower motor neurons.
		Motor neurone disease is a chronic and slowly progressive disease marked by the wasting of muscles and associated with weakness and paralysis.
		Neurodegenerative disorders are caused by the degeneration of the upper motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain.
	www.alsforums.com /definitions.php (587 words)

	Upper motor neuron definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Upper motor neuron: A neuron that starts in the motor cortex of the brain and terminates within the medulla (another part of the brain) or within the spinal cord.
		Damage to upper motor neurons can result in spasticity and exaggerated reflexes.
		There is no standard laboratory test for upper motor neuron disease.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33871 (113 words)

	Types of Dysarthria: Upper Motor Neuron Damage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In contrast to the pyramidal tract, the extrapyramidal tract is an indirect, multisynaptic tract that is primarily inhibitory.
		When upper motor neuron lesions occur, it is often difficult to determine which tract has been damaged.
		This form of chorea is progressive and fatal, causing the loss of neurons in the cortex as well as in the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus.
	www.csuchico.edu /%7epmccaff/syllabi/SPPA342/342unit12.html (2722 words)

	The Motor System
		Motor neurons in ventral portion of ventral horn ù responsible for extensor movement.
		Motor neurons in dorsolateral region of spinal cord ù innervate muscles in extremities.
		Thus activation of the gamma motor neuron prevents the muscle spindle from slackening during shortening of the extrafusal fibers i.e.
	www.bioweb.uncc.edu /humanphys/motor.htm (2329 words)

	BIOSI: Neuroscience and Medicine
		Motor neuron disease (MND) is a progressive disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem and cortex, the precise clinical picture depending on whether all of these groups of motor neurons, or only a subset are affected by the disease progress.
		In the most common type there is degeneration of both the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and the descending corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
		The principal pathology is loss of neuronal cells in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, lower cranial nerve nuclei, and Betz cells in the motor cortex.
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/research/neuroscience/mnd.html (757 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 7, pg. 13
		Results from damage to neuronal cell bodies in the cortex or their axons that project via the corticobulbar tract through the posterior limb of the internal capsule to the motor nucleus of CN VII.
		With an UMN lesion, voluntary control of only the lower muscles of facial expression on the side contralateral to the lesion will be lost.
		UMN lesions are usually the result of a stroke.
	www.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn7/cn7_13.html (164 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Upper motor neuron
		They are called motor neurons because when they are stimulated they produce movement and when they are destroyed, severe movement disorders result.
		As an example, in upper motor neuron paralysis, paralysis (loss of movement and/or sensation) is caused by damage to the cell bodies and/or axons (parts of nerve cells that send messages) of the upper motor neurons.
		Although some people use the terms upper motor neuron, pyramidal tract, and corticospinal tract as if they were the same, the three terms are not interchangeable.
	www.medfriendly.com /uppermotorneuron.html (211 words)

	Quantification of upper motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Quantification of upper motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.CONCLUSION: The TST is a sensitive method to detect UMN dysfunction in ALS.
		It allows a quantitative estimate of the UMN loss, which is related to the functional deficit.
		The increased sensitivity of the TST to detect UMN dysfunction was particularly observed in early cases.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/8636556.html (251 words)

	Les Turner ALS Foundation - What Is ALS?
		It is one of a group of diseases, called motor neuron diseases (MND), in which specialized nerve cells that control movement of the voluntary muscles gradually cease functioning and die.
		ALS, also known as motor neuron disease (MND), is commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease for the famous New York Yankee's baseball player who died of ALS in 1941.
		Some involve only upper motor neurons, which run from the motor cortex of the brain to the brain stem and/or spinal cord.
	www.lesturnerals.org /whatisals.htm (1550 words)

	Altered motor control and spasticity after spinal cord injury: Subjective and objective assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The average ASIA motor score in the study group was 18.3 (SD 11.6) and ranged from 0 to 47.
		Wiesendanger stated that spasticity "is characterized by altered activity patterns of motor units occurring in response to sensory and central command signals which lead to co-contractions, mass movements and abnormal postural control" (47).
		McLellan suggested "excessive and inappropriate muscular activation occurring in association with the upper motor neuron syndrome" as a functional definition of spasticity (48).Regardless of the mechanism (loss of inhibition, changed properties, etc.), motoneuron hyperexcitability is undoubtedly centrally involved in all these manifestations of spasticity.
	www.vard.org /jour/00/37/1/sherwood.htm (6553 words)

	Disorders of Upper and Lower Motor Neuron - NRSG 812 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		May be predominately bulbar manifestations (involvement of motor cranial nn, sparing those that control extraocular mm).
		Selective degeneration of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex and the anteriolateral horns of the spinal cord.
		The cause is unknown but it has been tied to the loss of a glutamate transporter that may cause excitotoxicity in ALS by increasing extracellular levels of glutamate.
	classes.kumc.edu /son/nrsg812/jpierce/fall/content/week15/upperlowermotor.htm (183 words)

	Motor Neuron Disorders: Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Merck Manual Professional
		Motor neuron disorders are characterized by steady, relentless, progressive degeneration of corticospinal tracts, anterior horn cells, bulbar motor nuclei, or a combination.
		Upper MNDs (eg, primary lateral sclerosis) affect neurons between the motor cortex and brain stem (corticobulbar tracts) or spinal cord (corticospinal tracts).
		Acquired causes of pure motor weakness include noninflammatory myopathies, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, thyroid and adrenal disorders, electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia), and various infections (eg, syphilis, Lyme disease, hepatitis C).
	www.merck.com /mmpe/sec16/ch223/ch223f.html (1154 words)

	Clinical electrophysiology of the upper and lower motor neuron in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Clinical electrophysiology of the upper and lower motor neuron in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
		Clinical electrophysiology of the upper and lower motor neuron in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.In ALS the EPSP is typically desynchronized.
		Central motor conduction is normal in ALS but uniquely slow in the D9OA SOD1 mutation.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/9101036.html (233 words)

	eMedicine - Spasticity : Article by Zeba F Vanek, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The upper motor neuron syndrome results from damage to descending motor pathways at cortical, brainstem, or spinal cord levels, and spasticity evolves in the days and weeks after injury.
		The excitability of alpha motor neurons is increased, as is suggested by enhanced H-M ratios (Angel and Hoffmann, 1983) and F-wave amplitudes (Eisen and Odusote, 1979).
		The upper extremity is evaluated in the sitting position, and the shoulder rotators, pronators, supinators, wrist flexors/extensors, and finger flexors are assessed with the elbow in 90° of flexion.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic706.htm (9243 words)

	Upper Motor Monitor Bladder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Track upper motor neuron bladder big picture compared to cape like help distribution of truly your own.
		There are motor neurons the most legible signature of a but corticospinal motor neuron is its your talent.
		Stock of a corticospinal motor neuron is its at least for link in the voluntary purchase used.
	www.techfreebie.com /upper-motor-neuron-bladder.htm (487 words)

	LLUMC neurosciences ALS manual
		The first type, or lower motor neurons, resides in two areas: in the spinal cord, where they are connected directly to the limb and spinal muscles, including the breathing muscles; and in the brain stem, where they are connected directly to muscles of the face, mouth, and throat, including muscles that govern speech and swallowing.
		The muscles need the connection to lower motor neurons, not just in order to be able to do their job, but also in order to live.
		To determine that this is a disease affecting primarily motor nerves rather than a disease affecting motor and sensory nerves to an equal degree, or a disease of the muscles themselves.
	www.llu.edu /llumc/neurosciences/als (10814 words)

	spinetf4text-motor neuron disease.
		Motor Neuron Disease (MND) is a disorder that involves the upper and lower motor neurons.
		Corticospinal degeneration may be seen in the medullary pyramids and occasionally in the cerebral peduncles and posterior limb of the internal capsules.
		In the cortical motor areas, atrophy and gliosis may be seen.
	www.mribhatia.com /spinetf4/spinetf4text.html (394 words)

	Research and Publications - Department of Exercise Science - SPHHS UMass Amherst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Adaptations in motor unit discharge activity with force control training in young and older adults.
		Motor unit discharge behavior in older adults during maximal effort contractions.
		Functional significance of upper and lower motor neuron impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
	www.umass.edu /sphhs/exsci/pub.html (2355 words)

	Spasticity
		Spasticity is one symptom of the "upper motor neuron syndrome," a condition caused by damage to portions of the brain or spinal cord controlling movement.
		Impairment in voluntary movement is more often caused by symptoms associated with spasticity or the upper motor neuron syndrome (such as weakness, dystonia, or ataxia), rather than by the spasticity itself.
		For example, if the muscles of the upper leg are involved, then, during the examination, the knee is flexed and then extended at slow, intermediate, and fast speeds.
	endoflifecare.tripod.com /juvenilehuntingtonsdisease/id56.html (1887 words)

	MDA / Quest 4-2 / What Ails Ya
		Upper motor neuron damage results in weakness, muscle stiffness and exaggerated reflexes.
		However, ALS also affects the upper motor neurons, and that becomes the basis for distinguishing between the two, if it has been difficult in the beginning.
		LS: Certain immunological tests, to make sure the motor neuron disease isn't occurring as a consequence of a tumor or an immunological abnormality that might be treated.
	www.mdausa.org /publications/Quest/q42ails.html (4369 words)

	Objective tests for upper motor neuron involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) -- Kaufmann et al. 62 (10): ...
		Objective tests for upper motor neuron involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) -- Kaufmann et al.
		Objective tests for upper motor neuron involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
		The sensitivity to detect UMN involvement was 0.86
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/62/10/1753 (373 words)

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