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Topic: Upwelling

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	Upwelling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-deplete surface water.
		Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production (the amount of carbon fixed by phytoplankton) in comparison to other areas of the ocean.
		The key piece of physics that gives rise to coastal upwelling is the Coriolis effect, by which wind-driven currents tend to be driven to the right of the winds in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of the winds in the Southern Hemisphere.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Upwelling (670 words)

	Upwelling
		Upwelling is an oceanographic term that refers to a situation in which water from sub-surface layers ascends into the surface layer and is removed from the area of upwelling by horizontal flow.
		Upwelling can occur wherever water is stratified, and winds carry the surface water away from the coast, but is most extensive along the western coasts of continents.
		Upwelling brings sub-surface nutrients into the nutrient-limited surface water, and because of this a map showing areas of upwelling also serves as a map of areas of high primary and secondary production.
	hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za /marbot/Physprop/upwelling.htm (330 words)

	Investigating the Ocean - Ocean Upwelling
		Upwelling is a phenomenon that occurs in a number of places in the global ocean.
		Coastal upwelling is caused by the same mechanism as above, however, rather than being in the open ocean it occurs along the border of a continent.
		Chlorophyll is a telling signal of upwelling due to the fact that upwelled water brings with it nutrients and dissolved gases that are important for plant growth.
	www.science-house.org /nesdis/upwelling/background.html (1534 words)

	Upwelling: the transport of deeper water to shallow levels
		Because of the frictional stresses that exist between ocean layers, surface water is transported at a 90 degree angle to the left of the winds in the southern hemisphere, 90 degrees to the right of the winds in the northern hemisphere.
		The effectiveness of upwelling and its ability to support abundant sea life is greatly dependent upon the depth of the thermocline.
		The thermocline is the transition layer between the mixed layer at the surface and the deep water layer.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/eln/upw.rxml (275 words)

	Critical Connection on-line encyclopedia - Ocean Upwelling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ocean Upwelling is the direct result of the dynamic processes experienced by the earth, which result in atmospheric circulation.
		Because of the lack of land to alter the wind patterns at middle latitudes in southern hemisphere this type of seasonal Upwelling is less common.
		These are the main methods of Upwelling, which is generally responsible for bringing nutrient rich waters to the surface on the western coasts of the worlds continents, and it is these nutrients that are responsible for supporting the large fish population commonly found in these areas.
	www.brookes.ac.uk /geology/sedstruc/upwell/ocean.htm (734 words)

	Calspace - Glossary of Terms - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Upwelling is a process whereby cold water from below the warm surface layer comes to the sunlit zone, where the cold nutrient-rich water causes much growth of microscopic plankton, which feeds zooplankton, which in turn feeds fish.
		Normally, the upwelling water derives from depths between 100 and 300 m, a factor that depends on the strength of the upwelling motion.
		Upwelling is driven by winds and both the coastal upwelling along the eastern boundary currents and equatorial upwelling rely on the trade winds.
	calspace.ucsd.edu /virtualmuseum/Glossary_Climate/gloss_s-z.shtml (3118 words)

	SIMoN -- Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
		Upwelled water is typically high in nutrients and produces a 'bloom' in phytoplankton growth.
		The traditionally foggy summers on the Central California coast are attributed to the physical interaction between the warm summer air and the newly upwelled cold ocean surface waters.
		With so many marine organisms utilizing the upwelling process for food and reproduction, it is important that Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary staff understand the dynamics of this annual process in order to effectively manage these interconnected resources during this time of the year.
	www.mbnms-simon.org /other/moreLinks/whats_new_upwelling.php (775 words)

	Upwelling Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the Southern Hemisphere, surface water is deflected to the left of the wind's motion.
		Upwelling currents are created, which bring deeper, colder water to the surface.
		Regions of upwelling are among the richest biological areas of the world.
	squall.sfsu.edu /courses/geol103/2/labs/upwelling/descript1.html (268 words)

	Module 3: Upwelling and Phytoplankton Productivity
		Upwelling is caused by favorable persistent ocean surface winds, which induce a movement of water from nearshore to offshore.
		The Benguela Upwelling Zone is one of the ocean's permanent upwelling zones -- an area where the oceanic setting and meteorological conditions create a continuous system that constantly brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the ocean surface, fostering intense phytoplankton growth regardless of the season.
		Episodic upwelling frequently occurs along the east coast of the United States in the spring and summer, sometimes surprising beachgoers with abnormally cold water conditions when they expected warm water to wade and play and swim in.
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /oceancolor/tutorials/module3.shtml (1105 words)

	Case Study Upwelling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Upwelling is the process by which deep, cold, often nutrient-laden water is brought to the surface, often by winds pushing water away from a coast.
		For example, along the west coasts of North and South America, upwelling provides the nutrients needed to sustain large populations of microscopic algae (i.e., phytoplankton).
		On the contrary, disruption of coastal upwelling can have devastating effects on fisheries: one example is El Nino.
	www.mbari.org /earth/Upwelling/background.asp (212 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Sanctuary Quest
		As scientists collect more detailed data on patterns of circulation in upwelling regions from satellite remote sensing and moored instruments in the water, they have found that upwelling is extremely variable from one place to the next and over time.
		Upwelling plays an important role for the rich marine resources in each of the five sanctuaries along the west coast.
		Upwelling centers located north and south of Monterey Bay (see Figure 3) are the primary source of cool, nutrient-rich water in the sanctuary.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html (1031 words)

	Earth Observatory Glossary
		Upwelling occurs most commonly among the western coastlines of continents, but may occur anywhere in the ocean.
		Upwelling results when winds blowing nearly parallel to a continental coastline transport the light surface water away from the coast.
		Carbon dioxide is transferred to the atmosphere in regions of upwelling.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/glossary.php3?mode=alpha&seg=u&segend=w (908 words)

	The Upwelling — Self/Titled EP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		I have no doubt that The Upwelling has the ability to fill a full-length CD with a number of interesting tracks that will keep the interest of their fanbase, but I want to see what other influences they incorporate and how else they will keep their listeners agape.
		The Upwelling may benefit from Cure-like guitar work on tracks like “In Her Arms”, seeming to use long strokes to paint their masterpiece, but the chattering found on the track is something to focus on.
		The Upwelling’s EP is something that one could sit back and listen to a number of times and yet still never hear everything that the band has put on this slab of plastic.
	www.neufutur.com /Reviews/upwelling.html (423 words)

	P1.19 What causes locations of deserts: case study on the effects of upwelling on the lack of precipitation on the Horn ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The affect of upwelling on the lack of precipitation on the Horn of Africa during the summer season is investigated by comparing the modeled precipitation in two climate models, one which accounts for ocean heat transport and one in which it is set to zero everywhere.
		The summer season was emphasized because it is the season with the strongest southerly winds and therefore the strongest case for upwelling.
		Hence coastal upwelling, associated with the southwest summer Asian monsoon may play an important role in the aridity of the Horn of Africa.
	ams.confex.com /ams/84Annual/techprogram/paper_74788.htm (269 words)

	Oceanic Upwelling
		Coastal upwelling is known to occur on the west coasts of North and South America, Europe and Africa.
		Some aspects of coastal upwelling are dependent on the local combination of dynamic characteristics (e.g., variability of winds or river discharge), physical characteristics (e.g., shoreline irregularities or shelf width), and biological characteristics (e.g., availability of phytoplankton seed stock, structure of zooplankton communities, or functioning of the microbial loop).
		Coastal upwelling is an episodic event that may occur for brief periods (days) throughout the year, and may occur for long periods (months) in association with seasonal movement of the North Pacific high and the Gulf of Alaska low.
	www.neptune.washington.edu /pub/white_paper/scidriv1.html (1236 words)

	EARTH - Upwelling Case Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Upwelling is the process by which deep, cold, nutrient-laden water is brought to the surface, often by winds pushing water away from a coast.
		Along the west coasts of North and South America, upwelling provides the nutrients needed to sustain large populations of microscopic algae (i.e., phytoplankton).
		Using seasonal data on California's Pacific Sardine landings from the National Marine Fisheries Service, your goal is to discover whether high Pacific Sardine landings are correlated with strong upwelling in Monterey Bay.
	www.mbari.org /education/earth/Upwelling/uw_cs1.htm (270 words)

	Upwelling Index
		This is because winds push the warm surface water away from the coast causing cold water from the bottom of the ocean to rise to the surface, a phenomenon known as coastal upwelling.
		For an upwelling incident to occur along the coast of New Jersey, the wind must come from the southwest, pushing the warm coastal water out to sea.
		Phytoplankton, the single-celled organisms on the bottom of the marine food chain, use sunlight and the nutrients found in the sediment to grow.
	www.coolclassroom.org /whats_cool/upwellingindex.html (394 words)

	On the East Australian Current: Variability, encroachment, and upwelling
		Upstream of the separation point, southward flowing currents are strong, with subinertial velocities of up to 130 cm s(-1) in the near-surface waters, whereas downstream currents are highly variable in both strength (1 - 70 cm s(-1)) and direction.
		Upwelling is observed to occur through both wind-driven and current-driven processes, with wind effects playing a lesser role.
		The observed upwelling is attributed to enhanced onshore Ekman pumping through the BBL resulting from increased bottom stress as the southerly flow accelerates when the EAC encroaches across the continental shelf.
	repositories.cdlib.org /postprints/353 (285 words)

	Underwater Observatory Captures Coastal Upwelling Off New Jersey
		The upwelling response to winds from the southwest usually begins with the offshore transport of the warm surface water and its replacement by a narrow, fairly uniform cold band along a section of the New Jersey coast.
		Rather than a single upwelled bulge of cold water in the center of the feature, the coldest upwelled water is split into one bulge along the offshore front and a second along the shore.
		After the 1993 upwelling event and its phytoplankton bloom, the winds reversed, causing a strong thermal cap to form as the warm surface water was transported back toward the shore.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/eisglenn.html (1350 words)

	Upwelling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These waters cause very high levels of productivity in phytoplankton compared to other areas of the ocean, and these effects are propagated up the food chain.
		Currently known regions of upwelling include coastal Peru, Arabian Sea, western South Africa, eastern New Zealand and the California coast.
		The dream was flood of light brought into terrible distinctness the tumult that mistaken.
	www.explainthis.info /up/upwelling.html (242 words)

	Upwelling Index Products - Computation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		PFEL coastal upwelling indices are calculated based upon Ekman's theory of mass transport due to wind stress.
		The magnitude of the offshore component is considered to be an index of the amount of water upwelled from the base of the Ekman layer.
		The idea behind the upwelling indices was to develop simple time series that represent variations in coastal upwelling.
	www.pfeg.noaa.gov /products/PFEL/modeled/indices/upwelling/NA/how_computed.html (390 words)

	Bibliography: El Niño and upwelling off Peru
		The exploitation of coastal fisheries in African upwelling regions off Mauritania and Somalia by local and foreign vessels is described, and the importance of avoiding the over- capitalisation of a fishing industry which in Peru led to its collapse is stressed.
		At the maximum development of the 1975 event, the coastal region of Peru continued to have strong nearshore upwelling with primary production values greater than 2.5 grams of carbon per square meter per day, although the zone of high production was confined to a 250-kilometer-wide band, one- half its normal width.
		Offshore, the normally cold, upwelling coastal waters which join the cool, northward-flowing Peru- Chile current are invaded by much warmer waters from north of the equator and the west.
	www.coaps.fsu.edu /lib/elninobib/upwell (2339 words)

	Ocean Oasis Teacher's Guide Activity 6
		This process of upwelling is essential to the ocean oasis.
		Upwelling occurs near some continental areas when offshore winds move surface water away from the shoreline, allowing cooler water to rise or upwell.
		Upwelling fails, and the marine food web is disrupted.
	www.oceanoasis.org /teachersguide/activity6.html (428 words)

	The COOLroom.org - Coastal Upwelling Warning
		The southwesterly winds predicted right through the 4th will in all likelyhood intesify this upwelling and expand it down to Cape May. It may be 95 on the beach for the next couple of days, but the water will be VERY, VERY cold.
		June 27, 2002 The upwelling continues, especially along the northern NJ coastline with surf temps near 68.
		Upwelling typically occurs on the warmest days, and with this week expected to be near 90 everyday, this upwelling is expcected to continue and intensify.
	www.thecoolroom.org /data/upwellwarning.php (1503 words)

	SOFIA - PP 1403-G: Ground-Water Movement - Upwelling Ground Water
		The existence of upwelling warm, salty ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer in southern Florida is further evidence that vertical circulation does occur.
		The northwesterly-southeasterly trend of the salinity and temperature anomalies suggests that the source likely is water upwelling through sinkholes or vertical solution pipes, which are associated with major linears (fractures or perhaps faults) in the Tertiary limestone.
		The theory of inland circulation of seawater and subsequent mixing with seaward-flowing freshwater is preferred to the theory that saltwater in the Floridan aquifer system in southern Florida is connate or residual seawater from high stands of sea level.
	sofia.usgs.gov /publications/papers/pp1403g/upwelling.html (461 words)

	CD Baby: THE UPWELLING: The Upwelling
		As a result of this unexplained phenomenon, an upwelling has come to mean a "rising", not unlike the current emergence of the similarly named Brooklyn-based band, the Upwelling.
		Though the lineup is set as a trio, Conor's addition to the band can be reasonably understood as the formation of a quartet: While Conor adds the harmonic textures with his hands on the keyboards, he also generates the low-end by playing bass-pedals with his feet.
		Most impressive, the Upwelling was designated as the first unsigned band and first EP ever on Virgin Megastore's "Virgin Recommends" series.
	www.cdbaby.com /cd/upwelling (1199 words)

	Aaron Racicot
		This set of equations show that given the Coriolis parameter, density of air, mean radius of the earth, and the pressure fields at known locations it is possible to derive the wind vectors for the grid.
		Note that the sign of this magnitude is then reversed since “upwelling” is caused by a net transport away from the coastline, while the original equation will produce a negative value.
		Both of these sets of graphs actually tend to show that there is a higher trend of the upwelling index in the winter, which is actually not what I was expecting.
	www.ccalmr.ogi.edu /~aaronr/classes/ESE538/HW1/HW_1_ESE538.htm (2108 words)

	Investigating the Ocean - Ocean Upwelling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Upwelling is a term used to denote water that rises to the ocean's surface from depth.
		Begin the inquiry by generating student questions relating to the ocean upwelling and sea surface temperatures data provided in the PowerPoint presentation.
		Evaluate the rate and duration of upwellings in specific upwelling localities in 1996 and 1998.
	www.science-house.org:8530 /nesdis/upwelling/teacher.html (1134 words)

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