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Topic: Uracil

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	Uracil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Uracil was originally discovered in 1900 and it was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein that was found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ
		Uracil readily undergoes addition to ribose sugars and phosphates to partake in synthesis and further reactions in the body.
		Uracil serves as allosteric regulators and coenzymes for reactions in the human body and in plants
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uracil (963 words)

	Uracil Mustard Drug Information, Professional
		Uracil mustard is a bifunctional alkylating agent, and is cell cycle–phase nonspecific.
		Although it is not necessary to discontinue uracil mustard following the initial decrease in blood counts, it must be remembered that a dosage approaching or exceeding a total of 1 mg per kg of body weight (mg/kg) for the course may cause irreversible bone marrow damage.
		It is recommended that uracil mustard therapy be discontinued or dosage reduced at the first sign of a sudden large decrease in leukocyte (particularly granulocyte) or platelet count to prevent irreversible bone marrow depression.
	www.drugs.com /MMX/Uracil_Mustard.html (2298 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Uracil Mustard (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Uracil mustard interferes with the growth of cancer cells, which are eventually destroyed.
		Because uracil mustard may cause serious side effects, breast-feeding is generally not recommended while you are receiving it.
		Uracil mustard may lower your body's resistance and there is a chance you might get the infection the immunization is meant to prevent.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202583.html (1739 words)

	uracil. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When combined with the sugar ribose in a glycosidic linkage, uracil forms a derivative called uridine (a nucleoside), which in turn can be phosphorylated with from one to three phosphoric acid groups, yielding respectively the three nucleotides UMP (uridine monophosphate), UDP (uridine diphosphate), and UTP (uridine triphosphate).
		The nucleotide derivatives of uracil perform important functions in cellular metabolism, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism; UTP acts as a coenzyme in the biosynthesis of sucrose in plants, lactose and glycogen in mammals, and chitin in insects.
		Its involvement in the biosynthesis of RNA demonstrates that uracil is important in the translation of genetic information (see nucleic acid).
	www.bartleby.com /65/ur/uracil.html (278 words)

	Uracil-Induced Down-Regulation of the Yeast Uracil Permease -- Séron et al. 181 (6): 1793 -- The Journal of ...
		As uracil permease catalyzes one of the first steps of the salvage pathway, it is a candidate for control of the pathway.
		Uracil uptake was measured in exponentially-growing cells as previously described (44).
		In vivo phosphorylation of the yeast uracil permease.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/181/6/1793 (6049 words)

	Folate deficiency causes uracil misincorporation into human DNA and chromosome breakage: Implications for cancer ...
		Uracil levels in DNA and micronuclei frequencies were elevated in folate-deficient subjects and were reduced by folate supplementation.
		Uracil was measured (31) in DNA isolated from
		are the frequency of uracil in the daughter and parental strands, respectively.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/7/3290 (5234 words)

	Direct Sorting of the Yeast Uracil Permease to the Endosomal System Is Controlled by Uracil Binding and Rsp5p-dependent ...
		The yeast uracil permease, Fur4p, is downregulated by uracil,
		uracil permease was strongly stabilized at the plasma membrane
		Uracil permease is ubiquitylated during trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the vacuole, in a Rsp5p-dependent manner.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/2/883 (8964 words)

	Vaccinia Virus Uracil DNA Glycosylase Has an Essential Role in DNA Synthesis That Is Independent of Its Glycosylase ...
		The solid circles indicate the conserved amino acids of the vaccinia virus uracil DNA glycosylase that were mutated in this study.
		Evidence that the herpes simplex virus type 1 uracil DNA glycosylase is required for efficient viral replication and latency in the murine nervous system.
		Identification of a poxvirus gene encoding a uracil DNA-glycosylase.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/77/1/159 (4384 words)

	Requirement for Uracil-DNA Glycosylase during the Transition to Late-Phase Cytomegalovirus DNA Replication -- Courcelle ...
		During infection, the uracil content of control and mutant viral DNA remained at similar low levels through 48 hpi.
		Human cytomegalovirus uracil DNA glycosylase is required for the normal temporal regulation of both DNA synthesis and viral replication.
		Physical association of the human base-excision repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase with the 70,000-dalton catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase alpha.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/75/16/7592 (5589 words)

	Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism does not alter folic acid deficiency-induced uracil ...
		Uracil data from the main experiment are shown in Figure 5
		Duthie,S.J. and Hawdon,A. (1998) DNA instability (strand breakage, uracil misincorporation and defective repair) is increased by folic acid depletion in human lymphocytes in vitro.
		Melnyk,S., Pogribna,M., Miller,B.J., Basnakian,A.G., Pogribny,I.P. and James,S.J. (1999) Uracil misincorporation, DNA strand breaks and gene amplification are associated with tumorigenic cell transformation in folic acid deficient/repleted Chinese hamster ovary cells.
	carcin.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/7/1019 (5856 words)

	Fidelity of Uracil-initiated Base Excision DNA Repair in Escherichia coli Cell Extracts -- Sung et al. 276 (3): 2276 -- ...
		The uracil residue in the M13mp2op14 (U·T) DNA substrate was strategically located such that faithful and unfaithful uracil-initiated
		The location of the DNA fragment (U-529) that contained the site-specific uracil is indicated by an arrow, as are the locations of three other fragments.
		20 nucleotides and was oriented 3' to the uracil
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/276/3/2276 (7487 words)

	A novel uracil-DNA glycosylase with broad substrate specificity and an unusual active site
		In contrast, the removal of uracil residues is accomplished by a battery of enzymes, uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs), which have been classified into four distinct families (Aravind and Koonin, 2000; Pearl, 2000).
		These showed that the enzyme flips the uracil base out of the DNA helix into its active site, which is very tight and which allows the entry of uracil and 5-fluorouracil, but not of thymine or other modified pyrimidines.
		In kinetic isotope effect studies, the uracil anion could be clearly identified, but no evidence of a transition state involving a pentavalent carbon C1' was found (Werner and Stivers, 2000).
	www.nature.com /emboj/journal/v21/n12/full/7594536a.html (7265 words)

	Incorporation of dUMP into DNA is a major source of spontaneous DNA damage, while excision of uracil is not required ...
		of cytosine to uracil preferentially in immunoglobulin loci,
		The proliferation factor represents the ratio between the number of adherent cells at the end of the experiment and when adding the agent, and is given as a mean of three independent experiments.
		Uracil accumulation (given as arbitrary units) was measured by the comet assay in mitogen-stimulated primary Ung
	carcin.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/3/547 (5746 words)

	Uracil Mustard Drug Information
		Children-Although there is no specific information about the use of uracil mustard in children, it is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
		Kidney stones (history of)-Uracil mustard may increase levels of uric acid in the body, which can cause gout or kidney stones
		Dosing-The dose of uracil mustard will be different for different patients.
	www.drugs.com /cons/Uracil_Mustard.html (2006 words)

	Substitutions at tyrosine 66 of Escherichia coli uracil DNA glycosylase lead to characterization of an efficient enzyme ...
		uracil inhibition of the wild-type, Y66L, Y66F and Y66H UDGs,
		Kumar,N.V. and Varshney,U. (1994) Inefficient excision of uracil from loop regions of DNA oligomers by E.
		Handa,P., Roy,S. and Varshney,U. (2001) The role of leucine 191 of Escherichia coli uracil DNA glycosylase in forming a stable complex with a substrate mimic, Ugi and in uracil excision from synthetic substrates.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/24/7216 (5533 words)

	Physics News Update
		Uracil is one of the base units of RNA molecules, and is thus a crucial component in cells.
		These scientists found that uracil is efficiently fragmented by electrons with energies as small as milli-electron-volts.
		It's not the electron's kinetic energy that causes the disruption, but the electron's charge, which changes the uracil's internal potential energy environment.
	www.aip.org /pnu/2003/split/636-1.html (330 words)

	Uracil DNA Glycosylase Activity Is Dispensable for Immunoglobulin Class Switch -- Begum et al. 305 (5687): 1160 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Uracil DNA Glycosylase Activity Is Dispensable for Immunoglobulin Class Switch -- Begum et al.
		Uracil DNA Glycosylase Activity Is Dispensable for Immunoglobulin Class Switch
		Uracil DNA Glycosylase Is Dispensable for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Does Not Contribute to the Antiviral Effects of the Cytidine Deaminase Apobec3G.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/305/5687/1160 (697 words)

	Tegafur-uracil (Uftoral®) : Cancerbackup
		When the capsules are taken, the tegafur is taken up by the cancer cells and slowly develops into what is known as the active drug fluorouracil (5FU).
		However the uracil slows the breakdown of 5FU.
		This means that the 5FU stays in the cancer cells for longer and there is a higher concentration of 5FU in the tumour cells than when tegafur is given alone, or when the same dose of 5FU is given into a vein.
	www.cancerbackup.org.uk /Treatments/Chemotherapy/Individualdrugs/Tegafur-uracil (1207 words)

	Alternative Medicine Review: Folate deficiency in vitro induces uracil misincorporation and DNA hypomethylation and ...
		Folate deficiency in vitro induces uracil misincorporation and DNA hypomethylation and inhibits DNA excision repair in immortalized normal human colon epithelial cells
		DNA strand breakage, uracil misincorporation, and DNA repair, in response to oxidative and alkylation damage, were determined in folate-sufficient and folate-deficient colonocytes by single cell gel electrophoresis.
		These results demonstrate that folic acid modulates DNA repair, DNA strand breakage, and uracil misincorporation in immortalized human colonocytes and that folate deficiency substantially decreases DNA stability in these cells.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FDN/is_2_6/ai_74510863 (293 words)

	Uracil
		Uracil is a base found in RNA and is derived from pyrimidine, it contains nitrogen but no amino group (NH2) so it's not an amino acid.
		Uracil isn't 'superior' to Thymine on a whole, but each have their advantages in each situation.
		While i'm not sure of the reason for it i would expect thymine possibly holds the DNA together in a more stable manner (as it is storage) and uracil holds some advantage in attracting the anticodons carrying amino acids to the ribosomes.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=246357 (375 words)

	Other Proteins: Uracil-DNA Glycosylase
		One unit of the enzyme catalyzes the release 1 nanomole of uracil from uracil-containing DNA template in 60min at 37°C. Storage Buffer
		Booth, P.M., et al., Assembly and cloning of coding sequences for neurotrophic factors directly from genomic DNA using polymerase chain reaction and uracil DNA glycosylase, Gene, 146, 303-308, 1994.
		Longo, M.C., et al., Use of uracil DNA glycosylase to control carry-over contamination in polymerase chain reactions, Gene, 93, 125-128, 1990.
	www.fermentas.com /catalog/modifyingenzymes/u-dna_glycosylase.htm (271 words)

	dUTPase and Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Are Central Modulators of Antifolate Toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- ...
		DNA containing significant amounts of uracil is degraded, as indicated by a loss of chromosomal DNA on the gel.
		uracil residues that are not detectable by this assay.
		Pu W. T., Struhl K. Uracil interference, a rapid and general method for defining protein-DNA interactions involving the 5-methyl group of thymines: the GCN4-DNA complex.
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/62/17/4909 (5352 words)

	Why uracil? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I suggest the loss of the methyl group in uracil changes the activity level of the adjacent
		At the beginning of the earth there was a period of high UV, with no ozone layer.
		Note that uracil is in RNA which came before DNA which has thymine.
	www.cyclingforums.com /showthread.php?t=70984 (2074 words)

	Molecular Mechanism of Base Excision Repair of Uracil-containing DNA in Yeast Cell-free Extracts -- Wang et al. 272 ...
		Single-stranded oligonucleotides (30-mer) containing a uracil or a thymine residue at position 13 were synthesized in a DNA
		As indicated earlier, during BER removal of uracil residues is followed by endonucleolytic incision at the resulting AP sites.
		We performed DNA repair synthesis using the oligonucleotide duplex containing a uracil residue at position 13.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/272/38/24064 (5146 words)

	Re: Why does uracil replace thymine in RNA?
		As you already know, the difference between RNA (ribonucleic acids) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) is the existence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group on the 2' carbon of the ribose sugar in the backbone.
		The important thing to notice is that while uracil exists as both uridine (U) and deoxy-uridine (dU), thymine only exists as deoxy-thymidine (dT).
		The major effect is that the methyl group will be repelled by the rest of the DNA, moving it to a fixed position in the major groove of the helix.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/dec97/879354206.Bc.r.html (593 words)

	A novel type of uracil-DNA glycosylase mediating repair of hydrolytic DNA damage in the extremely thermophilic ...
		DNA uracil residue in various forms that differ in the strength
		uracil residue to the opposite base (nearest neighbors; i.e.
		Lindahl,T. (1974) An N-glycosidase from Escherichia coli that releases free uracil from DNA containing deaminated cytosine residues.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/10/2097 (3604 words)

	A kinetic analysis of substrate recognition by uracil-DNA glycosylase from herpes simplex virus type 1 -- Bellamy and ...
		pocket that is highly specific for uracil (7,9).
		the uracil is reduced from 12 to 8 Å (12).
		The contribution of serine-phosphodiester interactions in catalysis by uracil DNA glycosylase.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/29/18/3857 (4191 words)

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