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Topic: Ural Cossacks

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	History of Cossacks - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cossacks on active service were divided into three equal parts according to age, and only the first third (approximately age 18-26) normally performed active service, while the rest effectively functioned as reserves, based at home but bound to march out at short notice.
		Cossacks in World War II The attack launched by German units on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 produced a wave of enthusiasm among the Cossaks.
		Cossack formations of the Red Army would come over to the Germans in a body; new formations would spring up, apparently from nowhere, in traditional uniform and armed with swords, pistols, daggers, and rifles that had remained buried for years.
	www.free-definition.com /Don-Cossacks.html (1512 words)

	[No title]
		In 1812 the Ural army totaled 10 troops, from them 1, 2, 3 and 4-th were in the Danube army and have taken part in military actions after its connection with 3-rd army under the general command of admiral P.V.Chichagova.
		The Ural cossacks carried the same form, as Don, with that difference, that instrument color was not red, but crimson and stripes on wide trousers double-row.
		In structure of the case teptyarsky cossacks participated in rearguard fights, battled under the World, went to spot-check on the Borodino field, and then in structure of "flying" groups were sent on searches of enemy transports and fyrazhires, 2-nd Teptyarsky shelfs in the beginning of war remained on a place.
	city.gatchina.ru /school/gym/kaz1/page2.htm (278 words)

	History of the Cossacks - text in English
		Sometimes, the Cossacks are considered to be the direct descendants of the non Slavian tribes (Khasares, Cossogens, Tcherkesses, a.o.), who settled in some of the areas of southern Russia, in the period of the desintegration.
		Cossacks, who, due to their talents and audacity, were awarded in particular, since the beginning they had been elected to the Council of Elders and hereby gained a priviliged position in the forces.
		Cossacks were increasingly put into action for military reasons outside of their own territories, which caused changes within the interior law-and-order of the Cossacks communities.
	www.face-music.ch /inform/history_cossacks.html (2166 words)

	URALSK - LoveToKnow Article on URALSK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Uralsk is drained by the river Ural or Yaik, which rises in Orenburg and flows south, west and south, entering the Caspian after a course of 900 m.
		At the same time the lower parts of the Ural were occupied by, Russian runaway serfs and free Cossacks who did not recognize the authority of Moscow.
		After the latter rising, the name of Ural was officially given to the Yaik river and the Yaik Cossacks.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /U/UR/URALSK.htm (523 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - The Cossack Brotherhood Reborn: A Political/military Force in a Realm of ...
		Cossack military colonies were moved to the very edges of the Empire and loyalty to the throne was assured through a system of watchful army officers and governors empowered to use any means to prevent further Cossack uprisings.
		Cossack forces and their families were ordered to the far-flung frontiers of the expanding Russian Empire as military colonists, where they served as border guards and the first line of defense.
		Cossacks in Chita (Eastern Siberia) gave a vote of no confidence to their ataman and his aides because of the ataman's use of public flogging, creation of his own intelligence service, creation of morality patrols, and maintaining files on all the members of the Cossack community.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/cossack/cossack.htm (6398 words)

	Orenburg Cossacks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1798, all of the Cossack settlements in the Southern Urals were incorporated into the Orenburg Cossack Host (except for the Ural Cossacks).
		In the peaceful years of the early 19th century, the Orenburg Cossack Host supplied 6 cavalry regiments, 3 artillery battalions, 1 cavalry battalion, 1 sotnya (100 men) of guards and 2 detached sotnyas.
		During World War I, the Orenburg Cossack Host supplied 18 cavalry regiments, 9,5 artillery battalions, 1 cavalry battalion, 1 sotnya of guards, 9 unmounted sotnyas, 7,5 reserve sotnyas and 39 detached and special sotnyas (the total of 27,000 men).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orenburg_Cossacks (420 words)

	Cossacks history
		Cossacks were proud of their arms, often passed from grandfather to father, and from father to son, and of their horses.
		These Cossacks were different in their appearance, facial characteristics, and even in the uniforms they wore; but in the main they were the same; they cherishrd theier free and easy way of life; they knew that they were born for war; they were proud to be Cossacks.
		Those Cossacks who had remained in Russia after their defeat in 1920, the families, the kin of those few who had managed to escape, and all those who had been in the ranks and whose regiments were cut off from the ports of embarkation, had to live under the stiff yoke of their conquerors.
	www.armymuseum.ru /kaz1_e.html (8984 words)

	Cossack : Cossacks
		The total Cossack population in 1893 was 2,648,049 (1,331,470 women), and they owned nearly 146,500,000 acres of land, of which 105,000,000 acres were arable and 9,400,000 under forests.
		In addition to agriculture, which (with the exception of the Tisuri Cossacks) is sufficient to supply their needs and usually to leave a certain surplus, they carry on extensive cattle and horse breeding, vine culture in Caucasia, fishing on the Don, the TJral [Ural?], and the Caspian[?], hunting, bee-culture, &c.
		The Cossacks were famous as great warriors, but the developement of modern warfare made their horse backed fighting techniques obsolete.
	www.wordlookup.net /co/cossacks.html (780 words)

	"SUCCESSORS of ERMAK" - Exhibition in the Perm regional museum
		As a rule, cossacks lived on frontier, and the territory of the Perm region does not concern to the lands, which are accepted as Cossack's lands.
		Due to successful campaign of Ermak, the independent Cossack army was not formed on the Western Ural, as the Perm region appeared in the centre of Russian lands and threat of enemy attacks passed.
		Cossacks, who was expelled from Don, Kuban, Terek and other Cossack regions, were compelled to lodge in territory of the Perm region as a result of reprisals in 1930th years.
	heritage.perm.ru /news/archive/2002/arch_162.htm (702 words)

	History of Cossacks - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the Russian Empire the Cossacks constituted 11 separate voiskos, settled along the frontiers: the Don Cossaks, Kuban Cossacks, Terek Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Orenburg Cossacks, Siberian Cossacks, Semiryechensk Cossacks, Baikal Cossacks, Amur Cossaks, and Ussuri Cossasks.
		Also, there was a small number of the Cossacks in Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk, who would form the Yenisey Cossack voisko and Irkutsk Cossack regiment of the Ministry of the Interior in 1917.
		Afterwards, two Cossack brigades and 12 Cossack reserve regiments formed, and a number of smaller units became attached to German formations.
	www.iridis.com /History_of_Cossacks (1533 words)

	Cossacks 1917-1945
		Cossacks from 1917 through the World War II During the Russian Civil War (1918-20), Cossack lands became a cradle of the White Movement and main centers of resistance to the Bolshevists.
		Cossack traditions and unions were associated with the pre-communist Russia and were abolished.
		Some of the Cossacks formed cavalry units and supported the Germans, sincerely believing that the German mission in the war against the Soviet Union was to free the people of Russia from Stalin's tyranny.
	artiom.home.mindspring.com /cossacks/kaz6.htm (584 words)

	Oral, Kazakhstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oral (formerly Russian Uralsk) is a city in northwestern Kazakhstan on the Ural River close to the Russian border.
		Oral, founded in 1622 by Cossacks, was originally named Yaitsk, after the Yaik river, the name of the Ural river at the time.
		Because the Yaik Cossacks (Ural Cossacks) sided with the insurrectionists during the rebellions of Stenka Razin and Pugachev, Empress Catherine II declared on 15 January 1775 that the Yaik river would henceforth be renamed the Ural river and Yaitsk would be known as Uralsk.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uralsk (176 words)

	AllRefer.com - Oral (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Among its industries are the repair of agricultural equipment, grain processing, and tanning.
		It was founded as Uralsk in 1622 by the Ural Cossacks, who fought with Stenka Razin in the uprising of 1667 and against the Bolsheviks in 1918–19.
		It was an important trade center on the border of European Russia and Kazakhstan.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/Oral.html (154 words)

	Volga-Ural Military District
		The Ural Military District lies south of the Northern district and east of the Ural Mountains, with the Siberian district to its east.
		In the Ural military district since 1993 began training personnel of subdivisions, for which it subsequently was in prospect to fulfill peacemaking functions in the territory of Abkhaziya.
		In 2000 troops of Ural military district commanded a participant in the war shooting in the territory of the Chechen republic the colonel general OF EXPLOSIVES Tikhomirov (subsequently commander-in-chief of internal troop of Ministry of Internal Affairs RF).
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/russia/vo-volga-ural.htm (5984 words)

	Russian ethnic costumes : Cossacks
		Some historiand trace the origins of the cossacks to the Russian serfs from the principality of Moscow who fled the increasingly repressive regime of serfdom in the 14th and 15th centuries and settled in the valleys of the Dnipper, Don, and Ural Rivers and in Siberia.
		Some historians trace the origins of the cossacks to the Russian serfs from the principality of Moscow who fled the increasingly repressive regime of serfdom in the 14th and 15th centuries and settled in the valleys of the Dnipper, Don, and Ural Rivers and in Siberia.
		The Cossacks who by the 19th century were the main element in the Tsarist calvary, began to prey on stranglers and the long drawn out French line of retreat.
	histclo.hispeed.com /style/ethnic/rus/re-cos.html (849 words)

	History Magazine
		The Cossacks united in the 15th century as a self-governing warrior organization that was loyal only to the Russian Czar.
		The Cossacks accepted anyone who was considered a worthy warrior, but the new members had to believe in Christ.
		A child was taught the warrior-ways of the Cossacks from birth.
	www.history-magazine.com /cossacks.html (631 words)

	Cossacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Cossacks lived in self-governing warrior communities in the regions where Don River cut through the vast steppes and plains of Ukraine and southern Russia.
		The Cossack was armed with long lance, a pistol, and some of them were equipped with sabers.
		The Cossacks came and attacked and were greeted by volley fired by the dragoons.
	web2.airmail.net /napoleon/kozaki.html (843 words)

	The Cossack Revival
		Cossacks never forgot who they are, and always waited for a chance to restore their pre-soviet status.
		Current Cossack movements seek the revival of the Cossack traditions and structures, and bringing up new generations of Cossacks as their most important goals.
		Cossacks are also briefly mentioned in the same book in the chapter "The Mission Of Russia".
	artiom.home.mindspring.com /cossacks/kaz7.htm (240 words)

	Orenburg Cossacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Orenburg Cossack Army (Оренбургское казачье войско in Russian), a part of the Cossack population in pre-revolutionary Russia, located in the Orenburg province (todays' Orenburg Oblast, part of the Chelyabinsk Oblast and Bashkortostan).
		In 1798, all of the Cossack settlements in the Southern Urals were incorporated into the Orenburg Cossack army (except for the Ural Cossacks).
		A decree of 1840 established the borders of the Cossack army and its composition (10 cavalry regiments and 3 artillery battalions).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/O/Orenburg-Cossacks.htm (464 words)

	Kazakhstan and Adoption
		It was an important trade center on the border of European Russia and Kazakhstan." From the Columbia Encyclopedia.
		Founded in 1613 or 1622 by Cossacks fleeing a tsarist punitive campaign, it was known as Yaitsky Gorodok until 1775, when its name was changed following the Pugachov Rebellion.
		The town was a centre of both the Stenka Razin (1667) and Yemelyan Pugachov (1773) uprisings and was the headquarters of the Ural Cossacks.
	www.geocities.com /kazakhstan_adopt/cities/oral.html (421 words)

	Ural Cossacks choir - Coat of arms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The regiment's coat of arms of the Ural Cossacks consists of a silver coloured 2-headed eagle; both heads wearing a Czarcrown and the total crest covered by an emperor's crown.
		A ribbon is held in both beaks; in its claws the eagle holds an Atamans staff.
		The text on the left depicts the monograph of Czar Fjodr Ivanovitch and the year of formation of the regiment, 1591, and the right depicts the monograph of Czar Alexandr III and the year of celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the regiment, 1891.
	www.oeralkozakkenkoor.nl /e11.htm (144 words)

	Kazakh Adoptive Families: Oral/Uralsk
		It was founded as Uralsk in 1622 by the Ural Cossacks, who fought with Stenka Razin in the uprising of 1667 and against the Bolsheviks in 1918-19.
		The town was a centre of both the Stepka Razin (1667) and Yemelyan Pugachov (1773) uprisings and was the headquarters of the Ural Cossacks.
		The city houses the oldest theatre in Kazakstan, and a museum with historic Cossack mementos.The economy of the surrounding area is almost entirely agricultural, with stock breeding (sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels) predominating.
	kazakhadoptivefamilies.com /cities/oral.html (634 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Russia
		The Ural Mountains form a chain of wooded highlands, which may be compared to the central axis of the empire rather than to a dividing barrier; moreover there is no natural boundary line between the southern extremity of these mountains and the Caspian Sea.
		They are called Cossacks of "the Line", because, after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus, they built a line of fortified villages on the shores of the Kuban, to defend their new possessions against incursions of the so-called mountaineers of the Caucasus, the Tcherkesy, Tchetchency, Abkhazy, Osetiny, and Lezginy.
		The Finns inhabit the regions of the Baltic Sea, the Volga, and the Ural Mountains.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13231c.htm (19454 words)

	Orenburg -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It was originally the military centre of the Ural Cossacks, and its commercial importance grew with trade to Central Asia,...
		It stretches from the limestone plateaus of the Obshchy Syrt in the west, across the low Urals ridges, to the flat Turgay Plateau in the east.
		It rises in the southern Ural Mountains northwest of Pavlovka and flows 369 miles (594 km) generally west-northwest to join the Volga at Samara.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9057338 (485 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Cossacks in the 17th and 18th Century
		The DON COSSACKS, living between Russia and the Tatars, sided with Russia; yet both hosts were rather independent-minded and unpredictable.
		Peter burnt the Zaporozhe Sich; many cossacks fled; a new Cossack host was formed in the KUBAN region, another one at the YAIK (Ural) River.
		The cossacks, because of the structure of their society, always remained a state of their own, nonwithstanding the Russian protectorate.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/cossacks1718.html (506 words)

	Timeline 1575-1599
		1577 Cossacks under Yermak migrated northeast and negotiated a deal with the Stroganoff brothers to serve as "frontier guards" in the Ural Mountains.
		Over a 100 Cossacks were killed but their gunfire forced a Tatar retreat allowed the capture of 2 Tatar cannons.
		The Cossacks were decimated and Yermak drowned wearing a suit of armor given him by Tsar Ivan.
	timelines.ws /1575_1599.HTML (10882 words)

	Oral Study Guide by BookRags (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Founded in the first half of the seventeenth century, the city was called Yaitski Gorodok (Ural City), and the Ural River was known as the Yaits.
		Less than a century later, the town and the Yaits Cossacks were heavily involved in the rebellion led by the cossack Emelyan Pugachov (1726–1775) in 1773–1774 against Catherine II (1729–1796); he too was captured in 1774 and executed.
		In 1775, the Yaits Cossacks lost all autonomy, and the city, the Cossacks, and the river all had their names changed (the city to Uralsk, the river and Cossacks to Ural) to discourage people from thinking about the uprising.
	www.bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/oral-ema-04.html (280 words)

	Ural Cossacks (Kazakhstan) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This is the flag of the Ural Cossaks according to a communication from Juanjo Gonzalez.
		Before 1918 the Cossaks of the Urals had a similar flag but arms are more complicated
		Jaume`s image looks like coat of arms of Ural Oblasth adopted July 5 1878
	www.fotw.net /flags/kz-ural.html (66 words)

	National and Ethnic - Belarus and Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Zaporozh'e Cossacks writing a letter to the Sultan.
		Atamans of the Zaporog Cossacks - After the Pereiaslavl Agreement of 1654.
		Cossacks and the Soviet-Polish War: An On-line Companion to Isaac Babel's Red Cavalry.
	learning.lib.vt.edu /slav/nat_ethnic_bela_ukr.html (925 words)

	Kazakh Adoptive Families: Atyrau
		"Atyrau, formerly Guryev, W Kazakhstan, on the Ural River and near the Caspian Sea.
		Atyrau was a fishing center until the development of the region's petroleum industry in the 1930s." From the Columbia Encyclopedia
		It is a port on the Ural River near its mouth on the Caspian Sea.
	kazakhadoptivefamilies.com /cities/atyrau.html (492 words)

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