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Topic: Uralic language family

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	Khanty Language
		Structure of language is determined by the structure of the human mind, the universality of certain properties characteristic of language is evidence that at least this part of human nature is common to all members of the species, regardless of their race or class and their undoubted differences in intellect, personality and physical attributes
		The Uralic languages spoken in Russia and minority Uralic languages in other countries are threatened by extinction as the native language competence in children and young people is increasingly low, they are mostly educated only in majority language (Russian, Norwegian, Lithuanian) and grow up in a predominantly mainstream environment.
		All languages are intimately interlinked with the culture of their speakers, and all languages and cultures represent specific expressions of human thought and social organisation.
	www.policy.hu /filtchenko/khanty_language.htm (2053 words)

	Uralic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The healthiest Uralic languages, in terms of the number of native speakers and national identity, are Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian.
		Uralic locative suffix exists in all Uralic languages in various cases, e.g., Hungarian superessive, Finnish essive, North Sami essive, Erzyan inessive, and Nenets locative.
		Décsy, Gyula (1990), The Uralic Protolanguage: A Comprehensive Reconstruction, Bloomington, Indiana.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uralic_languages (1195 words)

	Studying the Uralic proto-language
		Thus the earliest inhabitants of Finland have spoken a Uralic language, predecessor of present-day Finnish.
		It follows, that a language is always "born" in a narrow area: the wider the area is, the more improbable is the occurring of a sharp boundary, because the distribution of the features does not match each other as easily as in a narrow area.
		Because Proto-Uralic is a much later language than the end of Ice Age and it surely didn't spread to empty areas, in all these other 29 presently Uralic areas there must have occurred a language shift: the earlier inhabitants have abandoned their original languages and adopted Uralic language.
	www.mv.helsinki.fi /home/jphakkin/Uralic.html (3527 words)

	Behind the Name: Languages Referenced by this Site
		A Semitic language that was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Mesopotamia.
		The Semitic language that was formerly spoken in Ethiopia.
		The Gaelic language of the Celts of Ireland.
	surnames.behindthename.com /languages.php (1157 words)

	Turkish Language
		Turkish is written with the Latin alphabet and is the language of 90 percent of the population in Turkey.
		The Turkish language is spread over a large geographical area in Europe and Asia; it is spoken in the Azeri, the Turkmen, the Tartar, the Uzbek, the Baskurti; the Hogay, the Kyrgyz, the Kazakh, the Yakuti, the Guvas, and other dialects.
		The most important result of the positive studies made up until the present related to the Turkish language is the fact that the ratio of the use of Turkish words in the written language, which was 35-40 percent prior to 1932, has reached around 75-80 percent at the present.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /info/facts/Language.htm (465 words)

	Uralic Language Family
		The Uralic languages share a basic vocabulary of about 200 words, including body parts, kinship terms, names of animals, natural objects (e.g., stone, water, tree), common verbs, basic pronouns, and numerals.
		Languages spoken on the territory of Russia tend to have russified vocabularies.
		Uralic languages spoken on the territory of the former Soviet Union are written in modified versions of the Cyrillic alphabet.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/UralicLanguageFamily.html (636 words)

	The Uralic Language Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Uralic language family, to which Finnish belongs, consists of over 30 languages, which are spoken by approximately 23 million people.
		The Uralic language areas are clustered on the north-east Baltic seaboard, and around rivers Ob, Yenisei, Pechora and Volga in Russia.
		The Finno-Ugric languages are spoken in Finland, Northern Scandinavia, Estonia, certain parts of Russia and in Hungary and adjacent areas.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/InfoDesignF97/paivir/finnish/uralic.html (216 words)

	FINLAND: Uralic Languge Family
		All these languages are worth saving, but some may be beyond hope, and we should concentrate on saving the most saveable first, while not forgetting the others.
		All of the Volga-Finnic and Permian languages have a negative verb and a large number of cases.
		Uralic languages have, in course of their long histories, come into contact with many languages from other language families such as Turkic, Germanic, Baltic (an earlier form of Latvian and Lithuanian), and Slavic.
	www.geocities.com /ojoronen/LANGCLAS.HTM (1115 words)

	New Page 1
		The Uralic language family is divided into two major branches, the Samoyed language branch and the Finno-Ugric language branch.
		These languages spread from the Volga to the Arctic Ocean, west as far as Norway and the Carpathian Basin, and east slightly passing the Urals.
		Languages can also be related to each through there vocabulary, like Finnish and Swedish for example, many Swedes emigrated to Finland during the Middle Ages with them they brought new technology, things the Finns had never seen before so this caused an influx of Swedish words into Finnish.
	members.tripod.com /Daniel_Kravin/preface.htm (723 words)

	Hunters: The people of Siberia
		The KHANTS (Ostyaks, Ob Ostyaks) are comprised of 23,000 people who speak the Khant language of the Finno-Ugrian group of the Uralic language family and live in the regions of the Ob and Irtysh Rivers and their tributaries, within the range of the Khants-Mansi and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Districts.
		The CHUKCHIS (Luoravetlan) consist of 15,000 people who speak the Chukchi language of the Chukchi-Kamchatka (Paleoasiatic) language family and live in northeastern Russia, within the boundaries of the Chukchi Autonomous District of the Magadan region, north of the Koryak Autonomous District of the Nizhnekolymskii (lower Kolyma) region of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia).
		They speak the Yakutian language of the Turkic group of the Altaic language family and live mostly in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), with lesser numbers residing in the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk regions, the Evenk Autonomous District, and the former Soviet Republics.
	www.museum.state.il.us /exhibits/changing/journey/hunters-people.html (759 words)

	HUNMAGYAR.ORG - TURAN - URALIC PEOPLES
		Of the Uralic peoples of Russia the Komis, Maris, Udmurts and Mordvins have the administrative unit of the highest rank in the Russian Federation republic (since 1936 Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; before that Autonomous Province, which is legally all but equal with a province).
		Differing from the other Uralic peoples in their living conditions, culture, and hence also the dangers they are facing, are the Ob-Ugrians and Samoyeds living in Siberia and Far North of Russia.
		The language of the Enets came under the overwhelming influence of the Russian language in the 1930s.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/finnu/ural.html (2178 words)

	FINNS: Uralic Languge Family
		Today the western Uralic and eastern Altaic languages, extend from Scandinavia, Hungary, and the Balkans in the south-west, to the easternmost reaches of the Amur and the island of Sakhalin, and from the Arctic Ocean to central Asia.
		Hungarian, a related language not intelligable to Finns, has some similarity in phonetics and may be mistaken for Finnish for a few seconds.
		Hungarian is in the extreme south-west, and the Ob-Ugric languages, Vogul and Ostyak, are situated in the extreme north-east.
	uralica.com /langclas.htm (1611 words)

	Kuznecova Festschrift
		Another contested feature of the Uralic language family, or, occasionally, language families in general, is the applicability of the so-called tree model to their classification.
		The exclusion of Proto-Northern Samoyed from the taxonomy of the Samoyed languages is obviously in accordance with the basic tenet of this presentation which, in Terho Itkonen’s terms, entails that a proto-language must clearly differ from both its sister languages and its parent language (Terho Itkonen 1997: 236).
		To be on the safe side, it must be repeated that such a change in the common practice of classifying Uralic languages does not imply that the validity of the Uralic language family as a genetic unit, or the application of the tree model to its taxonomic description, should also be questioned.
	www.helsinki.fi /~tasalmin/kuzn.html (4266 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| Basque Language and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Besides Indo-European, there are to be found languages of four other families in Europe; the Uralic family and the Altaic stock are represented, and we have to add two language families in the Caucasian area, namely South Caucasian and North Caucasian.
		Estonian, Finnish and Saami (Lapp) are languages belonging to the Finnic branch of Finno-Ugric, Hungarian represents Ugric.
		Remember there is no single language family Caucasian“, but that we have to distinguish sharply between the South Caucasian language family on the one hand and the North Caucasian family on the other hand.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /blessons/mowstr.html (6025 words)

	KryssTal : Language Families
		Languages in the same family, share many common grammatical features and many of the key words, especially older words, show their common origin.
		The most widely studied family of languages and the family with the largest number of speakers.
		The languages of southern India (in contrast to the Indo-European languages of northern India).
	www.krysstal.com /langfams.html (1095 words)

	LINGUISTIC SHADOW-BOXING
		In Chapter 4, "Reconstructing the sound structure and lexicon of the Uralic family tree", the proto-language reconstruction is critically analysed.
		Even if there are numerous traces of a substratum language in Germanic, this substratum is phonologically clearly un-Uralic, and many of the alleged substrate phenomena could rather reflect much more recent contacts with Uralic language forms, which means that they do not lend support to Wiik's hypothesis.
		Most Uralic case endings, verbal endings and plurality markers, according to AM, have arisen in historical times (!) in individual Uralic languages; the Uralic morphology (like the vocabulary) is not analysable using the comparative method, and statistical analyses similar to those used in the criticism of etymologies rather point towards larger Eurasian contexts.
	homepage.univie.ac.at /Johanna.Laakso/am_rev.html (4343 words)

	The Hungarian Language
		The origin of the Hungarian language is one of the several mysteries that surround the early history of the Magyars.
		The most closely related language to Hungarian is spoken on the eastern side of the Ural Mountain in western Sibiria by Khanty and Manshi people.
		These words also show a general affinity to the so called Eastern-Turkic languages (see the Altaic language families) spoken in certain parts of Central-Asia, such as Kirghiz, Kazakh, and Uyghur, the language of the largest minority of China living on both sides of the Tien-Shan.
	studentorgs.utexas.edu /husa/language.html (886 words)

	language families of the world
		Languages include Hindi and Urdu (400 million), Bengali (200 million), Spanish (300 million), Portuguese (200 million), French (100 million), German (100 million), Russian (300 million), and English (400 million) in Europe and the Americas.
		There are three language isolates represented on this map, unrelated to any of the language families: Basque thrives between France and Spain.
		The Kartvelian languages are considered by many linguists to be a separate family, possibly related to Indo-European.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/languagefamilies.html (835 words)

	A Brief History of the Japanese Language
		Japanese is currently thought to be a part of the Altaic family of languages, descending from the hypothesized Proto-Altaic language spoken by tribes in early Central Asia.
		Altaic also seems to be similar to Uralic, the language family of such languages as Finnish and Hungarian.
		It is unclear whether Uralic and Altaic are descended from a common source or whether they mutually borrowed during this period, however (Miller 1980) suggests the latter.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/japanese2.html (842 words)

	About Livonian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Livonian is classified as a member of the Balto-Finnic subgroup of the Finno-Ugrian family of languages.
		The Uralic languages cover a wide geographic area from Northwestern Europe, where the closest relatives of Livonian (Finnish, Estonian, Votian, etc.) and the Sámi language are spoken, to Northern Siberia, and as far south as South Central Europe where Hungarian is spoken.
		Originally one of the major languages of the Baltic area, over the course of eight centuries of foreign domination, Livonian would shrink to less than a thousand speakers by the middle of the 20th Century.
	homepage.mac.com /uldis/livonia/aboutliv2.html (279 words)

	Non-Indo-European Languages. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Indo-European family of languages is fairly broadly distributed today--embracing perhaps half of the world's inhabitable surface area..
		NILO-SAHARAN: An African language family spoken in the central regions of the continent.
		The language was agglutinative and limited to the areas around Kish and Uruk.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_Non.html (289 words)

	Finno-Ugrian languages
		The Finno-Ugrian or Uralic language family includes a group of languages (mainly) in northern Eurasia.
		Other Finno-Ugrian languages are smaller, practically all of them more or less endangered.
		Since language is not inherited genetically, linguistic relationship does not necessarily imply a genetic relationship between speakers (no more than there is, for example, between all the speakers of present-day Indo-European languages).
	www.helsinki.fi /hum/sugl/fgrlang.html (346 words)

	Languages : Uralic Family
		There are three European languages that are members of the Uralic Family.
		The family is named from the Ural mountains.
		Their languages tell the story of their migrations.
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_uralic.html (198 words)

	linksframelgtoc
		The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the America is the primary organization for those interested in the languages of the western hemisphere.
		Among the Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi is the southern-most language".
		Burmese "is the first language of the majority of the approximately thirty-seven million inhabitants of Burma (Myanmar), and a lingua franca for many of the ethnic minorities that make up about a third of that number".
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~pwd/linksframelgtoc.html (1250 words)

	ENDANGERED URALIC PEOPLES: INTRODUCTION
		Peoples belonging to the Uralic language family live in North Eurasia (Central, Eastern and Northern Europe; Western Siberia), being the original inhabitants of these territories.
		The settlement areas of the Uralic peoples have always been important to Moscow as sources of raw material and of people (civilised into the sphere of influence of the Russian language and culture) as potential replenishment of the Russians.
		In evaluating the current tragic situation of the Uralic peoples it should be recognised that they have not had an opportunity to organise their lives in total harmony with their ethnic cultural heritage.
	www.suri.ee /eup/intro.html (546 words)

	Possible Language Shifts in the Uralic Language Group
		I am convinced that Uralic languages do not descend from one, more or less unitary proto-language, spoken about 8,000–4,000 years ago in the Uralic proto-home in West Siberia, South Urals or in the Volga area from where the speakers of that proto-language began to spread out, primarily westward, just as the traditional Uralicists usually suppose.
		The language shift is testified by the Paleosiberian substratum in Samoyed languages.
		Accordingly, it may be concluded that whichever the language – a Uralic or non-Uralic –, brought behind the ice field by the Lapps’ ancestors, it certainly preserved well under the conditions of isolation.
	www.ut.ee /Ural/kynnap/kpls.html (5514 words)

	Uralic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The name of the language family references the location of the family's suggested Urheimat, which is often placed close to the Ural mountains.
		While the internal structure of the Uralic family has been under debate since the family was originally proposed, two subfamilies, Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic, are consistently recognized as being distinct from one another.
		* Uralic locative suffix exists in all Uralic languages in various cases, e.g., Hungarian superessive, Finnish essive, North Sami essive, Erzyan inessive, and Nenets locative.
	uralic-languages.kiwiki.homeip.net (987 words)

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