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Topic: Uranium 235

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Uranium

Uranium 238

Nuclear fission

Depleted uranium

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	Uranium-235 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium that differs from the element's other common isotope, uranium-238, by its ability to cause a rapidly expanding fission chain reaction, i.e., it is fissile.
		This concentration is insufficient for a self sustaining reaction in a mass of pure uranium or a light water reactor; enrichment, which just means separating out the uranium-238, must take place to get a usable concentration of uranium-235.
		Uranium- 235 is made through the mixture of uranium in centrifuges.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uranium_235 (366 words)

	IEER Factsheet \| Uranium
		Uranium is the principal fuel for nuclear reactors and the main raw material for nuclear weapons.
		The property of uranium important for nuclear weapons and nuclear power is its ability to fission, or split into two lighter fragments when bombarded with neutrons releasing energy in the process.
		Uranium is generally used in reactors in the form of uranium dioxide (UO) or uranium metal; nuclear weapons use the metallic form.
	www.ieer.org /fctsheet/uranium.html (1325 words)

	Uranium Production - Nuclear Weapons
		Uranium is used in inertial guidance devices, in gyro compasses, as counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as ballast for missile reentry vehicles, and as a shielding material.
		The ammonium-containing uranium salt is decomposed to UO 3 by heating, and this oxide is reduced to UO 2 with hydrogen or cracked NH 3.
		Uranium tetrachloride is produced by the reaction of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) with pure UO 2 at 700 °F. Many countries around the world have extracted uranium from its ores or from yellowcake.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/nuke/uranium.htm (6776 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Uranium and Depleted Uranium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Uranium was discovered by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, in 1789 in the mineral pitchblende, and was named after the planet Uranus.
		Uranium may also be mined by in situ leaching (ISL), where it is dissolved from the orebody in situ and pumped to the surface.
		Uranium is sold only to countries which are signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and which allow international inspection to verify that it is used only for peaceful purposes.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf14.htm (3364 words)

	Nuclear Facilities Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Uranium is referred to as a ‘special radioactive element' because it is capable of undergoing fission.
		Uranium is a naturally occurring element containing uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes.
		The UF6 stream with the greater uranium-235 concentration is referred to as enriched uranium, while the stream that is reduced in its concentration of uranium-235 is referred to as depleted uranium.
	www.ne.doe.gov /uranium/facts.html (680 words)

	Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb
		Uranium is a heavy metal, heavier than gold, and not only does it have the largest atoms of any natural element, the atoms that comprise Uranium have far more neutrons than protons.
		The detonating head (or heads, depending on whether a Uranium or Plutonium bomb is being used as a model) that is seated in the conventional explosive charge(s) is similar to the standard-issue blasting cap.
		In a Uranium bomb, the neutron deflector serves as a safeguard to keep an accidental supercritical mass from occurring by bouncing the stray neutrons from the `bullet' counterpart of the Uranium mass away from the greater mass below it (and vice- versa).
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /neutronics/todd/nuc.bomb.html (4355 words)

	It's Elemental - The Element Uranium
		Uranium was discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, in the mineral pitchblende (primarily a mix of uranium oxides) in 1789.
		Uranium-238, uranium's most common isotope, can be converted into plutonium-239, a fissionable material that can also be used as a fuel in nuclear reactors.
		Uranium is a dense metal that has uses outside of the nuclear power industry.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele092.html (662 words)

	Uranium Radiation Properties
		Uranium mill tailings are the residual waste from the process of uranium extraction from the uranium ore.
		Compared to uranium ore, the alpha radiation of uranium mill tailings and thus the radiation hazard on ingestion or inhalation of tailings (dust) is approx.
		This is obtained from the uranium ore concentrate by refining and conversion.
	www.wise-uranium.org /rup.html (2821 words)

	La France nucleaire/Nuclear France: ENRICHMENT (ENGLISH)
		The gas in the middle of the recipient is enriched in uranium 235 while the gas near the wall is depleted.
		The uranium 235 is ionized, and the flux of uranium 235 and that of uranium 238, which contains most of the impurities, are condensed and collected.
		The source of the free electrons that vaporize the uranium after it enters the separator is an electron gun that is located under a crucible that holds the uranium.
	www.francenuc.org /en_chn/enrichment_e.htm (1558 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry - Uranium Enrichment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Uranium hexafluoride (UF), the gaseous compound of uranium, is used in this process.
		Uranium ions for the EMIS are generated from solid uranium tetrafluoride, UF, that is heated to produce a vapor that is then bombarded with electrons to produce U
		Uranium enrichment is currently used to produce fuel (3 to 4% U-235) for civilian nuclear reactors.
	chemcases.com /nuclear/nc-07.htm (991 words)

	What is Uranium? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Uranium is a very heavy (dense) metal which can be used as an abundant source of concentrated energy.
		The high density of uranium means that it also finds uses in the keels of yachts and as counterweights for aircraft control surfaces (rudders and elevators), as well as for radiation shielding.
		It is this process, in effect "burning" uranium, which occurs in a nuclear reactor.
	www.uic.com.au /uran.htm (2315 words)

	Uranium Enrichment
		The SWU is a complex unit which is a function of the amount of uranium processed and the degree to which it is enriched (ie the extent of increase in the concen-tration of the U-235 isotope relative to the remainder) and the level of depletion of the remainder.
		Eventually enriched and depleted uranium are drawn from the cascade at the desired assays.
		Where uranium recovered from reprocessing spent nuclear fuel is to be re-used, it needs to be converted and re-enriched.
	www.uic.com.au /nip33.htm (3095 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Education \| Some Physics of Uranium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A neutron is said to have thermal energy when it has slowed down to be in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings (when the kinetic energy of the neutrons is similar to that possessed by the surrounding atoms due to their random thermal motion).
		235 + 1 = 141 + 92 + 3, but a small loss in atomic mass may be shown to be equivalent to the energy released.
		For instance, to produce one kilogram of uranium enriched to 3.5% U235 requires 4.3 SWU if the plant is operated at a tails assay 0.30%, or 4.8 SWU if the tails assay is 0.25% (thereby requiring only 7.0 kg instead of 7.8 kg of natural U feed).
	www.world-nuclear.org /education/phys.htm (3824 words)

	Nuclear Fission
		If a massive nucleus like uranium-235 breaks apart (fissions), then there will be a net yield of energy because the sum of the masses of the fragments will be less than the mass of the uranium nucleus.
		Natural uranium is composed of 0.72% U-235 (the fissionable isotope), 99.27% U-238, and a trace quantity 0.0055% U-234.
		Uranium is found as uranium oxide which when purified has a rich yellow color and is called "yellowcake".
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/fission.html (592 words)

	CDC Radiation Emergencies \| Radioisotope Brief: Uranium-235 (U-235) and Uranium-238 (U-238) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Uranium “enriched” into U-235 concentrations can be used as fuel for nuclear power plants and the nuclear reactors that run naval ships and submarines.
		Because uranium decays by alpha particles, external exposure to uranium is not as dangerous as exposure to other radioactive elements because the skin will block the alpha particles.
		Uranium is also a toxic chemical, meaning that ingestion of uranium can cause kidney damage from its chemical properties much sooner than its radioactive properties would cause cancers of the bone or liver.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /radiation/isotopes/uranium.asp (401 words)

	Nuclear Weapon Design
		Gun-assembled weapons using highly enriched uranium are considered the easiest of all nuclear devices to construct and the most foolproof.
		This gun-type assembly may be achieved in a tubular device in which a high explosive is used to blow one subcritical piece of fissionable material from one end of the tube into another subcritical piece held at the opposite end of the tube.
		Li nuclei or cause the remaining uranium and plutonium in the weapon to undergo fission.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm (3646 words)

	NRC: Fact Sheet on Uranium Enrichment
		This type of uranium atom -- called uranium-235 (U-235) -- comprises less than one percent by weight of the uranium as it is mined or milled.
		The uranium fuel cycle begins by mining and milling uranium ore to produce "yellowcake" that is then converted into uranium hexafluoride (UF6).
		Throughout the global nuclear industry, uranium is enriched by one of two methods: gaseous diffusion and gas centrifuge.
	www.nrc.gov /reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/enrichment.html (928 words)

	Depleted Uranium and health - the implications for Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The depleted uranium is a residue of the Eurodif Tricastin gaseous diffusion enrichment plant in the Rhône valley.
		The uranium compounds which enter the body either through the wall of the gastro-intestinal tract or the lungs, can be broken down in the body fluids, and tetravalent uranium is likely to oxidize to the hexavalent form, followed by the formation of uranyl ions.
		The direct damage to lungs and kidneys by uranium compounds is thought to be the result of the combined radiation and chemical properties, and it is difficult to attribute a portion of the damage to these separate factors which cannot be separated in life.
	www.rimbaud.freeserve.co.uk /dhap99f.html (17652 words)

	Uranium - Uranium Corporation of India Limited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Chemical Formula: UO2, Uranium Oxide; Class: Oxides and Hydroxides It is the chief ore of uranium and radium, which is found in trace amounts.
		BRITISH and American coalition forces are using depleted uranium (DU) shells in the Professor Doug Rokke, ex-director of the Pentagon's depleted uranium
		Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. was setup to mine Uranium ore and manufacture Uranium concentrate.
	cambodia.recommendlist.com /rl/cambodia-uranium.htm (248 words)

	Uranium Enrichment Tails Upgrading (Re-enrichment)
		During the enrichment process in uranium enrichment plants, the percentage of the fissile uranium isotope uranium-235 is raised from its natural 0.71% to a reactor grade of 3.2% (for BWRs) or 3.6% (for PWRs).
		The degree of depletion of uranium-235 in this depleted uranium waste (the "tails assay") is a parameter that can be adjusted to economical needs, depending on the cost of fresh natural uranium and on the enrichment cost (expressed in $ per separative work unit - SWU).
		Since 1996, depleted uranium tails from West European enrichers Urenco and Eurodif are being sent to Russia for re-enrichment.
	www.wise-uranium.org /edumu.html (792 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Established digitally in 1996, The Uranium Hall of Fame, sponsored by New York Nuclear Corporation, is a place to honor individuals who have made significant contributions to the uranium industry.
		The Uranium Hall of Fame is not about advertising, statistics, or pictures—its primary focus is the people who have molded the uranium industry into what it is today.
		It is our hope that The Uranium Hall of Fame will help bring a more human perspective to this exciting industry.
	www.uranium.com (159 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Nuclear Power Works"
		Uranium is a fairly common element on Earth, incorporated into the planet during the planet's formation.
		U-238 makes up 99 percent of the uranium on the planet.
		U-235 makes up about 0.7 percent of the remaining uranium found naturally, while U-234 is even more rare and is formed by the decay of U-238.
	science.howstuffworks.com /nuclear-power1.htm (222 words)

	Uranium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Uranium oxide has been used since Roman times for yellow pigments in glass.
		The element was discovered in 1789 by a German chemist, Martin Klaproth, who named it for the newly observed seventh planet.
		Although only mildly radioactive, uranium compounds are toxic.
	chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu /periodic/U.html (98 words)

	Uranium 235 Lyrics....
		The band Uranium 235 has split since their debut album, Cultural Minority.
		They will be missed, as their sound was incredible, and the lyrics ever true to the goth/industrial scene.
		A new band has formed from the ashes of Uranium 235, and they are called Jupiter After Death.
	www.geocities.com /hisdyingangel/U235lyrics.html (1251 words)

	SJSU Virtual Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		During World War II, Oppenheimer worked on the Manhattan Project which produced the world's first atomic bomb.
		His work involved establishing a chain reaction with uranium 235 or plutonium with fast neutrons.
		After the war he moved to Princeton, New Jersey and became the director of the Institute for Advanced Study.
	www2.sjsu.edu /depts/Museum/opp.html (208 words)

	VH1.com : Uranium 235 : Artist Main
		Add a link to your "Uranium 235" fan site on VH1.com!
		New York City's industrial band Uranium 235 features vocalist/guitarist Shane, guitarist/vocalist Matt Brown, bassist Jimmy McConnell, keyboardist Chris Bride and drummer Rob Steele.
		E-commerce on this website is brought to you by MTVN Direct Inc.
	www.vh1.com /artists/az/uranium_235/artist.jhtml (120 words)

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