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Topic: Uranium enrichment

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	Uranium Enrichment
		Using uranium as a fuel in the types of nuclear reactors common in the United States requires that the uranium be enriched so that the percentage of the uranium-235 isotope is increased, typically to 3 to 5%.
		Uranium enrichment is an isotopic separation process that increases the proportion of the uranium-235 isotope in relation to uranium-238 in natural uranium.
		The uranium enrichment process was first developed in the 1940s as part of the Manhattan Project.
	web.ead.anl.gov /uranium/guide/depletedu/enrich/index.cfm (460 words)

	IEER Factsheet \| Uranium
		Uranium is the principal fuel for nuclear reactors and the main raw material for nuclear weapons.
		The property of uranium important for nuclear weapons and nuclear power is its ability to fission, or split into two lighter fragments when bombarded with neutrons releasing energy in the process.
		Uranium is generally used in reactors in the form of uranium dioxide (UO) or uranium metal; nuclear weapons use the metallic form.
	www.ieer.org /fctsheet/uranium.html (1325 words)

	Bulletin 24 - India’s Uranium Enrichment Program
		The amount of uranium that is required for the submarine reactor core to operate at this power level depends on the reactor design, the time between re-fuelings, as well as the operational procedures and patrol routines followed by the submarine.
		Enriched uranium may also be used to replace the “blanket” surrounding the warhead, which is usually made of depleted uranium, so as to increase the yield of a thermonuclear weapon.
		Enrichment capacity is measured in Separative Work Units (SWU), or more precisely kilogram SWUs, and is the quantity of separative work (indicative of energy used in enrichment) when the quantities of the feed (usually natural uranium), the enriched product, and the remaining tails are expressed in kilograms.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin24/art21.htm (2570 words)

	Enriched uranium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons.
		The Uranium Enrichment Corporation of South Africa (UCOR) developed and deployed the Helikon vortex separation process based on the vortex tube and a demonstration plant was built in Brazil by NUCLEI, a consortium led by Industrias Nucleares do Brasil that used the separation nozzle process.
		Schematic diagram of uranium isotope separation in a calutron shows how a strong magnetic field is used to redirect a stream of uranium ions to a target, resulting in a higher concentration of uranium-235 (represented here in light blue) in the outer fringes of the stream.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uranium_enrichment (2588 words)

	LOUISIANA ENERGY SERVICES AND URANIUM ENRICHMENT - NIRS
		This waste is composed of uranium hexafluoride (UF6), and is sometimes known as “depleted uranium.” It is composed of uranium and hydrogen fluoride.
		Uranium enrichment is one of several steps required to create fuel for nuclear power reactors, as well as atomic weapons.
		The waste material at the uranium enrichment plant is nearly 100% of the original UF6, less some of the uranium, which has been essentially “siphoned off” to be sent to the fuel fabrication factory.
	www.nirs.org /factsheets/lesanduraniumenrichment.htm (2789 words)

	NRC: Uranium Enrichment
		The uranium enriched in uranium-235 is required in commercial light water reactors to produce a controlled nuclear reaction.
		Although this enrichment process is not used in the United States, the NRC is conducting licensing activities concerning two planned centrifuge facilities.
		Process: In the gaseous diffusion enrichment plant, the solid uranium hexafluoride (UF6) from the conversion process is heated in its container until it becomes a liquid.
	www.nrc.gov /materials/fuel-cycle-fac/ur-enrichment.html (757 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Uranium Enrichment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A number of enrichment processes have been demonstrated in the laboratory but only two, the gaseous diffusion process and the centrifuge process, are operating on a commercial scale.
		The SWU is a complex unit which is a function of the amount of uranium processed and the degree to which it is enriched (ie the extent of increase in the concentration of the U-235 isotope relative to the remainder) and the level of depletion of the remainder.
		Enrichment accounts for almost half of the cost of nuclear fuel and about 5% of the total cost of the electricity generated.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf28.htm (3101 words)

	About USEC - Uranium Enrichment
		Uranium enrichment is a critical step in transforming natural uranium into nuclear fuel to produce electricity.
		Enrichment is the process of increasing the concentration of U-235 and decreasing that of U-238.
		uranium enrichment technology, which is based on U.S. centrifuge technology, a proven, workable technology developed by DOE from 1960 through the mid-1980s.
	www.usec.com /v2001_02/HTML/Aboutusec_enrichment.asp (383 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry - Uranium Enrichment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Uranium hexafluoride (UF), the gaseous compound of uranium, is used in this process.
		Uranium ions for the EMIS are generated from solid uranium tetrafluoride, UF, that is heated to produce a vapor that is then bombarded with electrons to produce U
		Uranium enrichment is currently used to produce fuel (3 to 4% U-235) for civilian nuclear reactors.
	chemcases.com /nuclear/nc-07.htm (991 words)

	NRC: Fact Sheet on Uranium Enrichment
		The uranium fuel cycle begins by mining and milling uranium ore to produce "yellow cake," which is then converted into uranium hexafluoride (UF6).
		Throughout the global nuclear industry, uranium is enriched by one of two methods: gaseous diffusion and gas centrifuge.
		The agency currently has two full-time resident inspectors at USEC's enrichment plant in Kentucky, and specialized inspections are conducted using personnel from NRC headquarters in Maryland and the regional offices.
	www.nrc.gov /reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/enrichment.html (825 words)

	Brazil Officially Starts First Uranium Enrichment Facility
		Brazil has inaugurated its first uranium enrichment facility to produce the type of fuel for nuclear power plants that Iran is running into trouble for attempting to produce.
		By November 2004, the IAEA was able to reach an agreement in principle with the Brazilian government on a safeguards approach to verify the enrichment facilities in Brazil, at the Resende facility.
		Brazil's uranium enrichment facility is built on a former coffee plantation at Resende, Rio de Janeiro state.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/may2006/2006-05-08-04.asp (961 words)

	Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6)
		Uranium hexafluoride is a chemical compound consisting of one atom of uranium combined with six atoms of fluorine.
		It is the chemical form of uranium that is used during the uranium enrichment process.
		The gaseous diffusion process used to enrich uranium requires uranium in the form of UF In the first step of UF production, uranium ore is mined and sent to a mill where uranium oxide (often called "yellowcake") is produced.
	web.ead.anl.gov /uranium/guide/uf6/index.cfm (335 words)

	Iran Begins Uranium Enrichment, Process Can Produce Fuel For Nuclear Weapons - CBS News
		"Uranium gas has been fed into three machines," one senior diplomat familiar with Iran's nuclear file told the Associated Press on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak on the matter.
		Uranium enriched to a low degree can be used for nuclear reactors, while highly enriched uranium is suitable for warheads.
		The Russian government had proposed that Iran ship its uranium to Russia, where it would be enriched to a level suitable for nuclear reactors, and then returned to Iran to be used in its Russian-built reactor at Bushehr, which is due to go on stream later this year.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2006/02/13/world/main1308001.shtml (716 words)

	New Mexico's Exposure to Uranium Enrichment Byproduct Limited
		The jobs that would be created by a uranium enrichment facility look good to the small town of Eunice, New Mexico, which is located near a large oil refinery.
		Depleted uranium has some commercial applications in counterweights and antitank armaments, but commercial demand for depleted uranium is much less than the amounts generated.
		LES has proposed similar uranium enrichment projects in Louisiana and Tennessee that were abandoned because of community opposition.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/jun2005/2005-06-06-06.asp (1019 words)

	Yggdrasil Institute: Uranium Enrichment Project
		Uranium enrichment is the process by which the isotopic composition of uranium is modified.
		Enrichment processes transform the natural uranium into two products, enriched uranium with a higher percentage of uranium 235 than natural uranium and depleted uranium (also known as "tails"), with a lower percentage of uranium 235 than natural uranium.
		Uranium 235, which is lighter than uranium 238, passes through the diffusion membranes slightly faster than uranium 238.
	www.earthisland.org /yggdrasil/uep.html (451 words)

	Iran resumes uranium enrichment work - Africa & Middle East - International Herald Tribune
		The revelation is likely to stiffen the resolve of the United States and the Europeans in particular that a complete freeze of uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities is a condition for formal negotiations.
		Iran has continued to enrich uranium in two test centrifuges, so there was never a total halt, the agency report said, and Iran is continuing to build two more 164-centrifuge networks as part of its long-term plan to enrich more uranium.
		Reports of the apparent slowdown of the uranium enrichment had caused speculation that Iran - or at least part of its leadership - might be trying to send a positive signal to the world and to find a face-saving way out of its nuclear quandary.
	www.iht.com /articles/2006/06/09/africa/web.0609iran.php (877 words)

	Gas Centrifuge Uranium Enrichment
		To produce one kilogram of uranium enriched to 3.5% U-235 requires 4.3 SWU if the plant is operated at a tails assay 0.30%, or 4.8 SWU if the tails assay is 0.25% (thereby requiring only 7.0 kg instead of 7.8 kg of natural U feed).
		The gas centrifuge enrichment process was investigated by the United States over several decades until the mid-1980s and is currently used in a number of enrichment plants around the world.
		The goal of the proposed gas centrifuge development activity would be to design an advanced gas centrifuge using new materials, to demonstrate the improvement in enrichment performance of the new design, and to collect and assess reliability and operability data to establish the potential economic performance of this technology on a commercial scale.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/intro/u-centrifuge.htm (1882 words)

	Yggdrasil Institute: Uranium Enrichment Project
		The manipulation and use of depleted uranium metal is particularly hazardous because of its pyrophoric properties.
		Uranium buried in a waste pit at the plant "has reached the groundwater in concentrations up to 3000 times the safe level." Excavating the site would cost $50 million, a cost that would likely drive Starmet into bankruptcy.
		The use of depleted uranium to make casks, whether oxide or metal, does not solve the question of how to get rid of the uranium unless the casks are certified as packaging for final disposal and can be buried in a repository with their contents inside them.
	www.earthisland.org /yggdrasil/duf6.html (5415 words)

	- Uranium Enrichment and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation
		Uranium enrichment has played a relatively quiet but important role in the history of efforts by a number of nations to acquire nuclear weapons and by a number of others to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		For many years the uranium enrichment industry was dominated by a single method, gaseous diffusion, which was technically complex, extremely capital-intensive, and highly inefficient in its use of energy.
		Several new and far more accessible enrichment techniques were developed, stimulated largely by the anticipation of a rapidly growing demand for enrichment services by the worldwide nuclear power industry.
	www.sipri.org /contents/publications/Krass83.html (466 words)

	Uranium Enrichment - How Widespread? \| TPMCafe
		Enrichment can't be said to undermine the NPT because the NPT explicitly allows for the right to enrichment for peaceful purposes.
		I will note for now that the number of countries who actually enrich uranium is considerably less than "many" - it's a dozen.
		ElBaradei has been pressing for the nuclear fuel cycle to be regulated by modifying the NPT to allow enrichment only by multinational agreements rather than individual states.
	www.tpmcafe.com /story/2006/1/26/11244/9681 (796 words)

	FOXNews.com - Report: Iran Begins Uranium Enrichment - U.S. & World
		"Uranium gas has been fed into three machines," one senior diplomat familiar with Iran's nuclear file said on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak on the matter.
		Meanwhile, in a fresh display of brinksmanship, Iran on Monday postponed talks with Moscow on a plan to enrich its uranium in Russia to allay concerns it is seeking to develop nuclear weapons.
		Elham said Monday that Iran was not delaying the resumption of uranium enrichment until after the IAEA meeting, but he did not elaborate.
	www.foxnews.com /story/0,2933,184648,00.html (951 words)

	Iran Claims Uranium Enrichment Right , But Tehran Says It's Prepared To Negotiate; Also Announces New Missile Tests - ...
		The U.N. Security Council has demanded that Iran suspend all enrichment of uranium and last week it asked the U.N. nuclear agency to report back in 30 days on whether Iran had complied with the demand.
		Iran has been conducting small-scale enrichment for what it says is research purposes, but it would require large-scale enrichment to fuel a nuclear reactor.
		Enrichment makes uranium suitable for reactor use but, taken to a high degree, it becomes suitable for a nuclear bomb.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2006/04/04/world/main1467743.shtml (1238 words)

	Uranium Enrichment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Most of the 470 commercial nuclear power reactors operating or under construction in the world today require uranium 'enriched' in the U-235 isotope for their fuel.
		Among a range of recommendations, it said that Australia should actively encourage "the concept that sensitive facilities, particularly enrichment and reprocessing plants, should be located in as few countries as possible.
		The report further recommended that: "...Australian participation in stages of the nuclear fuel cycle in addition to uranium mining and milling should be permitted, where such participation promotes and strengthens the non-proliferation regime".
	www.uic.com.au /nip33.htm (3432 words)

	Iran Resumes Enrichment of Uranium
		TEHRAN, Iran - Iran has resumed small-scale enrichment of uranium, a senior Iranian negotiator said Tuesday, showing the country was determined to proceed with its nuclear development despite international moves to restrict it.
		The deputy secretary of the Supreme National Council, Javad Vaeidi, told reporters that uranium enrichment was resumed last week at Iran's main enrichment plant in Natanz.
		Iran had warned it would resume enrichment of uranium in retaliation for having been reported to the U.N. Security Council earlier this month because of concerns over its nuclear program.
	www.military.com /NewsContent/0,13319,87855,00.html?ESRC=eb.nl (438 words)

	USATODAY.com - Iran to resume uranium enrichment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		TEHRAN, Iran (AP) — Iran said Wednesday it would resume uranium enrichment and warned it may quit cooperating with the International Atomic Energy Agency, which it accused of kowtowing to Washington at a crucial meeting in Vienna.
		Kharrazi said Iran had a "legitimate right to enrich uranium" to fuel the nuclear reactor it is building to generate electrical power.
		One of the reasons for the recent IAEA inspections of Iran's nuclear facilities was last year's discovery of undeclared uranium enrichment.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2004-03-10-iran-uranium_x.htm (764 words)

	Uranium Enrichment Calculator
		From this information, the user is then provided with an estimate of the number of days and years it would take to produce 50kg of highly-enriched (90% U235) Uranium; the amount required for a gun-type weapon assembly.
		In regards to recent events, the user may wish to choose 165 centrifuges as this is the number that Iran claims to have operating in its present enrichment program at the Natanz facility.
		For this calculation, we assume that each new centrifuge is being seamlessly added to the cascade in such a way that it will instantaneously contribute to the cumulative separative work capacity.
	www.fas.org /cgi-bin/ucountdown.pl (267 words)

	Uranium-Enrichment Myths Busted - by Gordon Prather
		The Urenco Enrichment Company produces and markets enriched uranium for use in the manufacture of fuel for nuclear power plants, while the Enrichment Technology Company develops and deploys gas centrifuges.
		In order to obtain the desired enrichment of the U-235 isotope, it is necessary to connect a large number of centrifuges together in series and in parallel.
		Passing through the cascade, U-238 isotopic atoms in the uranium hexafluoride gas are progressively removed, resulting in a gradual "enrichment" of the U-235 isotope.
	www.antiwar.com /prather/?articleid=4016 (880 words)

	UxC: Ux Consulting-Uranium, Conversion, Enrichment-The Nuclear Fuel Price Reporter
		This is especially true for the uranium and enrichment markets, which have experienced considerable upward price pressure this year, pressure that shows no signs of abating anytime soon.
		In enrichment, a key question on many utilities' minds is the prospects for success of USEC's American Centrifuge Program (ACP) and how this may shape the market and supply opportunities in the future.
		Dr. Neff has developed a unique way of looking at the uranium and enrichment market together, and shows that expansion of uranium and enrichment production is necessary to meet growing market demand as underlying reactor requirements increase and inventory supplies that have been heavily relied on to meet these needs decline.
	www.uxc.com (1250 words)

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