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Topic: Uranium hexafluoride

	Depleted Uranium - MSN Encarta
		Uranium is slightly radioactive, (see Radioactivity) and it is also toxic—that is, it can cause damage in living organisms due to its chemical nature.
		Depleted uranium is a byproduct of the industrial processes that produce enriched uranium, which is used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.
		uranium’s density is similar to that of gold or tungsten, and nearly twice that of lead.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_701702459/Depleted_Uranium.html (1320 words)

	Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6)
		Uranium Hexafluoride (UF Physical and chemical properties of UF, and its use in uranium processing.
		Uranium hexafluoride is a chemical compound consisting of one atom of uranium combined with six atoms of fluorine.
		It is the chemical form of uranium that is used during the uranium enrichment process.
	web.ead.anl.gov /uranium/guide/uf6/index.cfm (335 words)

	Uranium hexafluoride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Uranium hexafluoride, or UF, is a compound used in the uranium enrichment process that produces fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.
		It has been shown that uranium hexafluoride is an oxidant and a lewis acid which is able to bind to fluoride, for instance the reaction of copper fluoride with uranium hexafluoride in acetonitrile is reported to form Cu[UF.5MeCN.
		The trifluoride of uranium was characterised by J. Laveissiere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride (765 words)

	IEER Factsheet \| Uranium
		Uranium is the principal fuel for nuclear reactors and the main raw material for nuclear weapons.
		Uranium is generally used in reactors in the form of uranium dioxide (UO) or uranium metal; nuclear weapons use the metallic form.
		A major hazard in both the uranium conversion and uranium enrichment processes comes from the handling of uranium hexafluoride, which is chemically toxic as well as radioactive.
	www.ieer.org /fctsheet/uranium.html (1325 words)

	TradeTech-Uranium.Info - Uranium Market - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
		It is possible to extract the unused uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel through chemical reprocessing and to recycle the recovered uranium and plutonium as nuclear fuel, as shown.
		The uranium ore is removed from the ground by underground or open-pit mining techniques or by in-situ leaching, known as the ISL method.
		Uranium can also be extracted as a by-product of other mining operations, in association with gold, copper or phosphate fertilizer.
	www.uranium.info /uranium/cycle.html (657 words)

	Uranium
		Uranium is now indelibly associated with atom bombs and nuclear power, but was a chemical curiosity of little importance for a hundred years after its discovery.
		Uranium was found to have the atomic weight of 238.07, the greatest of any element, and was assigned the symbol U. A fresh surface of metallic uranium is white and lustrous, with a bluish tinge, but it soon tarnishes in air.
		Uranium is, therefore, an electron donor, easily oxidized, and exhibits valences of +3, +4, +5 and +6, with +4 (uranous) and +6 (uranyl) being the most prominent.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/uranium.htm (7783 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry - Uranium Production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Extraction of uranium is often difficult and the metallurgical procedures vary with the geological environment of the ore. The ore is first crushed and ground to liberate mineral particles.
		After this purification, the uranium is washed out of the kerosene with dilute nitric acid and concentrated by evaporation to pure UO Heating yields pure UO The initial separation and refining processes generate large volumes of acid and organic waste.
		Uranium metal is produced by reducing the uranium tetrafluoride with either calcium or magnesium, both active group IIA metals that are excellent reducing agents.
	chemcases.com /nuclear/nc-06.htm (658 words)

	UIC - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
		After uranium has been used in a reactor to produce electricity it is known as 'spent fuel' and may undergo a further series of steps including temporary storage, reprocessing, and recycling before eventual disposal as waste.
		Uranium is usually mined by either surface (open cut) or underground mining techniques, depending on the depth at which the ore body is found.
		The equivalent quantity of uranium hexafluoride might then be sent from USA to the Russia for enrichment, and then on to a fuel fabrication plant in Germany to be turned into uranium dioxide, before going into the core of a reactor owned by the Belgian utility with whom the sale was originally contracted.
	www.uic.com.au /nfc.htm (2590 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry - Uranium Enrichment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Uranium hexafluoride (UF), the gaseous compound of uranium, is used in this process.
		Uranium ions for the EMIS are generated from solid uranium tetrafluoride, UF, that is heated to produce a vapor that is then bombarded with electrons to produce U
		Uranium enrichment is currently used to produce fuel (3 to 4% U-235) for civilian nuclear reactors.
	chemcases.com /nuclear/nc-07.htm (991 words)

	Uranium Hexafluoride Leak at Honeywell Nuclear Plant
		The Metropolis plant refines raw uranium ore into the uranium hexafluoride gas, which is then shipped to other facilities to be further refined into enriched uranium rods that are used as fuel at nuclear power plants.
		Leaks of gaseous hydrogen fluoride on Sept. 9 and uranium hexaflouride on Sept. 30 were contained on-site; a Sept. 12 leak of antimony pentafluoride, unrelated to the uranium processing, did escape the property.
		McPhee said uranium processing at the Metropolis plant has been halted until investigators can determine the cause of the leak, which is thought to have been human error and malfunctioning equipment.
	www.fluoridealert.org /pollution/1786.html (533 words)

	USATODAY.com - Source: Iran takes step toward nukes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Uranium hexafluoride gas is the material that, in the next stage, is fed into centrifuges used to enrich uranium.
		Uranium enriched to low level is used to produce nuclear fuel to generate electricity and enriched further can be used to manufacture atomic bomb.
		A few tons of raw uranium would be converted into about the same amount of hexafluoride gas.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2004-10-06-uranium_x.htm (326 words)

	Depleted uranium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Depleted uranium is a byproduct of the enriching of natural uranium for use in nuclear reactors.
		Depleted uranium is favored for the penetrator because it is self-sharpening and pyrophoric.
		Uranium was widely used as a coloring matter for porcelain and glass in the 19th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Depleted_Uranium (3849 words)

	TradeTech-Uranium.Info - Uranium Prices - Overview
		TradeTech, through its predecessor the Nuclear Exchange Corporation (later shortened to NUEXCO), was the first organization to publish uranium prices, beginning in August 1968 with the NUEXCO Exchange Value as a measure of spot uranium prices and the NUEXCO Loan Rate as a measure of the annual percentage rate for natural uranium loans.
		In addition, the borrowers were unlikely to be able to repay exactly the same quantity of uranium borrowed, because of variations in the uranium content of shipping containers; accordingly, any shortages or excesses of uranium repaid by the borrower would be compensated to the appropriate party on the basis of the Exchange Value.
		Although the concept of the uranium bank never was successfully implemented, NUEXCO continued to publish the Exchange Value and Loan Rate as a service to the industry.
	www.uranium.info /prices/overview.html (546 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Management of Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride (UF<INF>6); Request for Recommendations
		The usability of uranium for controlled fission in nuclear chain reactions in most nuclear reactors depends on increasing the proportion of the U-235 isotope in the material through an isotopic separation process called enrichment.
		On July 1, 1993, general responsibility for uranium enrichment was transferred from DOE to the United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC).
		Such uses or applications could be for the depleted uranium in its current chemical form, for any of its individual components, for either the uranium or fluorine in some other chemical or physical form, or products made from any form or compound of depleted UF6 including alloys, cements, or other materials.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/1994/November/Day-10/pr-134.html (1328 words)

	Niger Uranium?
		The successful part of Blair's "white paper" was its brilliant exploitation of the public confusion between two similar-sounding substances: Uranium and Uranium 235.
		The crucial difference is that Uranium is not fissile, which means it cannot be split to cause a chain reaction leading to a nuclear explosion, while Uranium-235 is fissile.
		Or it can be done, as in Europe, by centrifuge technology, which requires spinning the uranium hexafluoride gas at extremely high speeds in a cascade of sophisticated centrifuges.
	www.edwardjayepstein.com /2003question/niger_uranium.htm (575 words)

	Some Chemistry of Uranium
		The uranium is collected by the organic extractant, from which it can be washed out by dilute nitric acid solution and then concentrated by evaporation.
		The uranium therefore needs to be in a gaseous form and the most convenient way of achieving this is to convert the uranium oxides to uranium hexafluoride.
		The uranium nitrate is concentrated by evaporation and calcined to produce UO in powder form.
	www.uic.com.au /uicchem.htm (1134 words)

	Depleted Uranium
		The depleted uranium is a residue of the Eurodif Tricastin gaseous diffusion enrichment plant in the Rhône valley.
		The uranium compounds which enter the body either through the wall of the gastro-intestinal tract or the lungs, can be broken down in the body fluids, and tetravalent uranium is likely to oxidize to the hexavalent form, followed by the formation of uranyl ions.
		The direct damage to lungs and kidneys by uranium compounds is thought to be the result of the combined radiation and chemical properties, and it is difficult to attribute a portion of the damage to these separate factors which cannot be separated in life.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/dhap/dhap99f.html (18239 words)

	IEER: Comments on DOE PEIS on Management and Use of Depleted Uranium Hexafluoride
		The DOE's effort to address the long-term management of the country's depleted uranium hexafluoride, specifically the realization of the importance to convert this material into a stable form is long overdue.
		Among these options, the fact that the use of depleted uranium in advanced reactors (that is fast neutron reactors, also known as breeder reactors) is at all considered is particularly disturbing.
		Depleted uranium being the raw material for plutonium production, by converting it into a material not only much more radioactive but also weapons usable would not only defeat the stated purpose of the PEIS which is to "achieve the safe and effective long-term management of depleted UF." It would also have serious proliferation consequences.
	www.ieer.org /latest/duf6-98.html (1420 words)

	Uranium Participation Corporation :: Disclosure Plus ::
		Uranium Participation Corporation is an investment holding company which invests substantially all of its assets in uranium, either in the form of uranium oxide in concentrates ("U
		Uranium Participation Corporation’s securities are listed and trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Its common shares trade under the symbol U. It has two series of warrants listed on the TSX: U.WT (exercise price $6.25; expiry May 10, 2007) and U.TW.A (exercise price $12; expiry September 14, 2008).
		The weekly uranium spot price is posted weekly by The Ux Consulting Company, LLC. To obtain the posted spot price, visit www.uxc.com.
	www.uraniumparticipation.com (159 words)

	NRC: Fact Sheet on Uranium Enrichment
		The fuel of a nuclear power plant is uranium, but only a certain type of uranium atom can be easily split to produce energy.
		The uranium fuel cycle begins by mining and milling uranium ore to produce "yellow cake," which is then converted into uranium hexafluoride (UF6).
		Throughout the global nuclear industry, uranium is enriched by one of two methods: gaseous diffusion and gas centrifuge.
	www.nrc.gov /reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/enrichment.html (825 words)

	IES - Equipment: Uranium Hexafluoride (UF-6)
		Disposal of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) cylinders presents an ongoing challenge for both government and private agencies.
		UF6 is withdrawn from a target cylinder as a vapor, mixed with the neutralizing reagent, and converted to uranium oxide and reaction salts.
		Subsequent to complete removal of all target materials, the liquid and non reactive oxide sludge in the reactor is solidified and packaged in preparation for landfilling while the cylinder is rinsed, devalved, and breached before disposal as a radioactively contaminated solid.
	www.iescylinders.com /uf6.html (365 words)

	Uranium Hexafluoride Hazards
		Uranium hexafluoride: A manual of good handling practices.
		It is documented that a release of UF in a populated area could have catastrophic consequences.
		Cylinders used to transport UF will result in quantities of uranium and hydrofluoric acid (HF) in the immediate vicinity far exceeding levels dangerous to health (both chemically and radiologically).
	www.wise-uranium.org /euf6h.html (679 words)

	Uranium Hexafluoride - Molecule of the Month
		No, first you have remove impurities from the uranium compound in the ground (uranium is too reactive to occur as lumps of metal, like gold does).
		The "used" fuel rods from a reactor [discarded when about 25% of the uranium has undergone fission] are kept in a cooling pond for months for the more intensely radioactive atoms to decay and release most of their energy.
		As the most volatile uranium compound, UF was an obvious choice for use, but because of its high reactivity and problems associated with its handling, many alternatives were investigated, such as alkoxides, whilst unsuccessful attempts were made by Gilman to obtain simple alkyls.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /motm/uf6/uf6h.htm (1552 words)

	[No title]
		Depleted uranium hexafluoride is referred to as the "tailings" of the gaseous diffusion process in uranium enrichment.
		Cylinders have been used in the uranium enrichment program since the late 1940s for transportation and storage of uranium hexafluoride.
		In light of the fact that demand for depleted uranium had become quite small compared to quantities available, the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy directed a study in 1990 to review options and develop a comprehensive plan for inventory management and the ultimate disposition of depleted uranium accumulated at the three gaseous diffusion plants.
	www.dnfsb.gov /pub_docs/dnfsb/tr_19950505.html (6440 words)

	Iran Takes Steps to Enrich Uranium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"We have converted part of the raw uranium we had and produced a few tons of uranium hexafluoride gas," said Hossein Mousavian, Iran's chief delegate to the International Atomic Energy Agency told The Associated Press in an interview.
		Iran has thus far said it is honoring a pledge not to put uranium hexafluoride gas into centrifuges, spin it and make enriched uranium.
		A diplomat familiar with Iran's conversion activities told the AP in Vienna last month that Iran had stopped at a precursor of uranium hexafluoride, apparently waiting for a decision from the leadership to finish the process.
	www.newsmax.com /archives/articles/2004/10/6/94255.shtml (712 words)

	Fluorine - F2 - is used for the production of uranium hexafluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, boron trifluoride, and the ...
		: Fluorine is used for the production of uranium hexafluoride, sulfur hexafluoride, boron trifluoride, and the metal fluorides, silver difluoride, cobalt trifluoride, and manganese trifluoride, the metal fluorides being particularly valuable for the preparation of fluorocarbons.
		It is employed in the preparation of numerous inorganic and organic fluorine compounds of commercial importance, e.g., sodium aluminum fluoride (Na3AlF6), used as an electrolyte in the electrolytic smelting of aluminum metal; and uranium hexafluoride (UF6), utilized in the gaseous diffusion process of
		A solution of hydrogen fluoride gas in water is called hydrofluoric acid, large quantities of which are consumed in industry for cleaning metals and for polishing, frosting, and etching glass.
	www.c-f-c.com /specgas_products/fluorine.htm (641 words)

	China
		According to the IAEA, China has a capacity to convert 400 tons of uranium to uranium hexafluoride (UF6) per year.
		According to Risk Report, China purifies uranium at the Baotou Nuclear Fuel Component Plant and at the Yibin Nuclear Fuel Element Plant, and converts uranium to uranium hexafluoride gas (UF6) at the Jiuquan Atomic Energy Complex and in Sichuan Province (either Guangyuan or Yibin).
		Uranium hexafluoride (UF6) processing; converts weapons-grade uranium hexafluoride to uranium metal for weapons; commissioned on 29 November 1963 to synthesize uranium hexafluoride (UF6)
	www.nti.org /db/china/uconver.htm (236 words)

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