Uranium-lead dating

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	Radiometric dating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The uranium-lead radiometric dating scheme is one of the oldest available, as well as one of the most highly respected.
		Zircon incorporates uranium atoms into its crystalline structure as substitutes for zirconium, but strongly rejects lead.
		Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials based on a knowledge of the decay rates of naturally occuring isotopes, and the current abundances.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radiometric_dating

	Clocks in the Rocks
		Lead 204, which is not produced by radioactive decay provides a measure of what was "original" lead.
		If you had 100% pure parent element when you began a dating process, then radioactive dating would be extremely reliable since the radioactive half-life of a given isotope is quite independent of any natural forces save direct collision-type interactions with the nucleus.
		It is observed that for most minerals, the proportions of the lead isotopes is very nearly constant, so the lead-204 can be used to project the original quantities of lead-206 and lead-207.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/clkroc.html

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - uranium-lead dating
		Uranium : dating methods, use in: developer of uranium-lead technique
		MSN Encarta - Search Results - uranium-lead dating
		Uranium series dating measures the radioactive decay of uranium isotopes in rocks made up of calcium carbonates, such as limestone and calcite.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /uranium-lead_dating.html

	The Unreliability of Radiometric Dating
		Uranium doesn't care where it is. It will decay in space just as readily in a rock or a star.
		A few opponents of Gentry claimed that polonium halos resulted from the removal of uranium daughter products from uranium radiocenters via water flow through microfissures in granitic rocks or by the flow of gaseous radon, a daughter product of uranium decay which decays into polonium.
		Uranium salts are soluble in water containing dissolved oxygen under pressure.
	www.darwinisdead.com /unreliability_of_rad_dat3.htm

	SCIENTISTS SPEAK ABOUT RADIOCARBON DATING
		We learned rather abruptly that these numbers, these ancient ages, are not known; in fact, it is about the time of the first dynasty in Egypt that the last [earliest] historical date of any real certainty has been established."— W.F. Libby, "Radiocarbon Dating*," in American Scientist, January 1956, p.
		Carbon 14 (C-14) dating was considered to be a tremendous breakthrough in science when Willard Libby devised it in 1946.
		Historical Dates Only Go back a few Thousand Years - The earliest are 3000 B.C., the authenticated ones go back to 1600 B.C. Most Carbon-14 Dates do not Agree with the Theory - So the evolutionists throw them away.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/06dat5.htm

	Radiometric dating: Radioactive Carbon, Potassium Argon, Uranium Lead
		Radiometric dating: Radioactive Carbon, Potassium Argon, Uranium Lead
		U-Pb dating is calculated after an igneous rock is analyzed for its content of U-238 and Pb-206.
		Since evolution-believing scientists believe that the earth is much older than any historical record, they rely upon mineral compositions, and radioactive measurements to attempt to date an object.
	www.eadshome.com /RadiometricDating.htm

	uranium-thorium-lead dating --� Britannica Concise Encyclopedia�Online Article
		In 1905, shortly after the discovery of radioactivity, the American chemist Bertram Boltwood suggested that lead is one of the disintegration products of uranium, in which case the older a...
		Lead ornaments and coins have been in use since ancient times.
		The isotopic dating methods discussed so far are all based on long-lived radioactive isotopes that have survived since the elements were created or on short-lived isotopes that were recently produced...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article?eu=406915

	radiodte.htm
		One advantage of the uranium dating method is that rocks which contain U-235 also contain the isotope U-238, which decays to form lead-206 with a half-life of 4.47 billion years.
		Conversely, if we calculate what the ratio of lead to uranium is in a given rock, we can calculate the length of time that has passed since the original uranium started decaying.
		Uranium, for instance, is found in three different isotopes, uranium-233 (abbreviated chemically as U-233), U-235 and U-238.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2437/radiodte.htm

	Dating methods Was Darwin right
		Carbon dating will only give dates of thousands of years whereas potassium-argon and uranium lead can supposedly date things up to millions or billions of years old (Batten, 2002).
		Lead gradually leaks out of radioactive zircon crystals, and does so more rapidly at high temperatures.
		However, radio-active dating techniques can only be performed on igneous rock and only in rare cases can the fossils themselves be dated by radioactive dating techniques (Baker, 1996).
	www.wasdarwinright.com /Datingmethods.html

	Radiometric Dating
		To do this they have selected a certain meteorite, which contained various types of lead (including lead 204, 206, 207 and 208) but no uranium, and they have assumed that this ratio is equivalent to the earth's original lead ratio.
		This is because "common" lead contains both radiogenic (lead 206, 207 and 208) and non-radiogenic lead (204) but it does not contain any uranium.
		Uranium is radioactive, which means it is in the process of changing from an unstable element into a stable one.
	www.earthage.org /radio/radiometric_dating.htm

	Uranium/lead dating provides most accurate date yet for Earth's largest extinction SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
		The crystal interior parts affected by lead loss have been "mined out" in the process, allowing uranium/lead dating to provide a more accurate measure of its age.
		Uranium, on the other hand, is so well studied that its decay constant is much better known, making the U/Pb dating technique more accurate, Mundil noted.
		The problem with using microscopic zircons, which are prevalent in volcanic ash, is that the decay of uranium to lead is so energetic that the lead atoms smash through and destroy the zircon crystal structure, which apparently allows some lead to leak out of the crystal, throwing off the analysis.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewpr.html?pid=15080

	Age of the Earth
		The other problem to avoid when dating rocks is the possibility that changes to the rock have caused loss or gain of either the parent or daughter element - this would lead to a false date (too old if parent element were lost, too young if daughter element were lost).
		Also note that while these dating errors are significant for dating very recent rocks, an error of 1 million years is insignificant in rocks older than say 50 to 100 million years.
		If you examine the extensive research in the field of geochronology, you will see that one of the most important criteria in dating a sample lies in choosing an appropriate dating method for the sample.
	www.gate.net /~rwms/AgeEarth.html

	Uranium-lead dating method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Look for Uranium-lead dating method in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
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	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uranium-lead_dating_method

	Grand Canyon
		As soon as zircon crystallizes from molten magma, its radioactive uranium begins to decay into lead.
		It is also possible that further research will reveal additional details of Kinkaid�s past, but so far this lead has turned into a dead end.
		There are steps leading from this entrance some thirty yards to what was, at the time the cavern was inhabited, the level of the river.
	www.crystalinks.com /grandcanyon.html

	The Radiometric Dating Game
		Uranium decays to lead by a complex series of steps.
		Thus the amount of lead with the uranium is consistent with an age in the hundreds of thousands to millions of years range, much too small for conventional geologic time.
		However, there is a very small amount of lead with the uranium; if the uranium had entered hundreds of millions of years ago, then there should be much more lead.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~plaisted/ce/dating.html

	Above Top Secret - Science & Technology - Uranium-Lead dating methods are false!
		Above Top Secret - Science & Technology - Uranium-Lead dating methods are false!
		Even at this stage, U-Pb dating isn't relied on by itself, but is checked and compared with other dating methods, geological evidence, and every other investigative technique we can think of.
		The half life of 238 is 4.5 billion years, so it is safe to say, in 4.5 billion years 238 will turn into half lead 206.
	www.abovetopsecret.com /forum/thread50365/pg1

	MSN Encarta - Dictionary - uranium-lead dating
		determination of age of mineral: the determination of the age of a uranium-containing mineral by measuring the level of lead isotope produced by the radioactive decay of uranium, which occurs at a known rate
		Click here to search all of MSN Encarta
	ca.encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861708714/uranium-lead_dating.html

	Age of the Earth
		The other problem to avoid when dating rocks is the possibility that changes to the rock have caused loss or gain of either the parent or daughter element - this would lead to a false date (too old if parent element were lost, too young if daughter element were lost).
		The concerns about these dating methods were exactly the same that creationists continue to raise - presence of the daughter element at the time the rock was formed and possible loss / gain of either the parent or daughter element at some point in the history of the rock.
		Also note that while these dating errors are significant for dating very recent rocks, an error of 1 million years is insignificant in rocks older than say 50 to 100 million years.
	www.gate.net /~rwms/AgeEarth.html

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #4389018 - Uranium--thorium--lead dating of meteorites
		In nuclear chemistry and geochemistry research.Research progress is reported on uranium--thorium--lead dating of meteorites and research is proposed for the following areas: whole-rock measurement (chondrites and achondrites) and lnternal isochron measurements.( DHM)
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #4389018 - Uranium--thorium--lead dating of meteorites
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4389018

	Information Handout: Carolina Slate Belt Gold Deposits
		Radiogenic isotope studies (uranium-lead, samarium-neodymium, rubidium-strontium) of rocks and minerals, argon-argon dating of rocks and minerals, and uranium-thorium-lead dating of zircons are being done to provide a chronological framework of the mineralizing events.
		Radiogenic isotope compositions of neodymium and lead indicate that the gold deposits are underlain by deep-seated rocks (basements), which are not found west of the Carolina slate belt, but which occur as part of a trend that stretches to the northeast and southwest for hundreds of miles.
		Lead isotopic variations of the major gold deposits in the slate belt also show that the gold was remobilized after its initial deposition.
	pubs.usgs.gov /info/ayuso1

	35-2toc
		SANO, K. McSWEEN, Jr.: Ion microprobe uranium-thorium-lead dating of Shergotty
	www.uark.edu /~meteor/35-2toc.htm

	dating: Absolute Dating
		Fission track dating is based on the fact that when uranium-238 atoms fission within a solid medium such as a mineral or a glass, they expel charged particles that leave a trail of damage (known as fission tracks) preserved in the medium.
		Thermoluminescence, used in dating archaeological material such as pottery, is based on the luminescence produced when a solid is heated; that is, electrons freed during radioactive decay and trapped in the crystal lattice are released by heating, resulting in luminescence.
		Absolute dating can be achieved through the use of historical records and through the analysis of biological and geological patterns resulting from annual climatic variations, such as tree rings (dendrochronology) and varve analysis.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0857691.html

	Uranium-lead dating
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	The Radiometric Dating Game
		Thus the amount of lead with the uranium is consistent with an age in the hundreds of thousands to millions of years range, much too small for conventional geologic time.
		However, there is a very small amount of lead with the uranium; if the uranium had entered hundreds of millions of years ago, then there should be much more lead.
		The uncertainties inherent in radiometric dating are disturbing to geologists and evolutionists...
	www.cs.unc.edu /~plaisted/ce/dating.html

	Lecture Notes
		emission and through 10 further steps to Pb The concentrations of uranium and thorium in the sample are determined by chemical analysis; the isotopic composition of lead is determined by mass spectrometry.
		The geological time scale is derived by dating rocks using techniques based on the decay constants of naturally occurring isotopes.
		Some drawbacks of this method are the practical difficulties involved in measuring the small amount of argon in rock, and the possibility that some of the argon produced may have volatilized out of the rock over the millenia.
	www.science.siu.edu /microbiology/coates/coateslab_notes.htm

	Year at a Glance
		SANO, K. Ion microprobe uranium-thorium-lead dating of Shergotty phosphates
		SWINDLE: The comeback continues for the iodine-xenon dating system
		FRANKLIN AND M. LECAR: On the transport of bodies within and from the asteroid belt
	www.uark.edu /~meteor/GLANCE00.html

	k07 Pioneer radioactive dating methods
		Using analyses of 43 uranium minerals from all parts of the world he found that when these were ranked by their stratigraphic age, the amount of lead to uranium present is relatively greater in the older.
		In acidic igneous rocks there is a natural separation of lead from uranium and thorium.
		Uranium, an alpha particle (helium) emitter, was found by chemical analysis to be commonly present in zircon as a trace element.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/k07.htm

	Radiometric dating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Another relatively short-range dating technique is based on the decay of uranium-238 into thorium-230, a process with a half-life of 80,000 years It is accompanied by a sister process, in which uranium-235 decays into protactinium-231, which has a half-life of 34,300 years.
		Zircon incorporates uranium atoms into its crystalline structure as substitutes for zirconium, but strongly rejects lead.
		Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials based on a knowledge of the decay rates of naturally occuring isotopes, and the current abundances.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radiometric_dating

	CHAPTER 7 - DATING METHODS Part 1
		Uranium dating is done by determining the amount of uranium and lead in a given sample, and then calculating how long it should take for a pure specimen
		Uranium and thorium are only rarely found in fossil-bearing rocks, so recent attention has been given to rubidium dating and two types of potassium dating, all of which are radioactive isotopes of alkali metals, and are found in fossil rocks.
		Uranium and thorium half lives are in the billions of years, compared with a split second, a half-hour, or less than half-a-year for polonium.
	www.evolution-facts.org /1evlch07a.htm

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