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Topic: Urartian language

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	Urartian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Urartian is the conventional name for the language spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in Northeast Anatolia (present-day Turkey), in the region of Lake Van.
		Urartian was an agglutinative language, which belongs to neither the Semitic nor the Indo-European families but to the Hurro-Urartian family.
		The Urartians also possessed a native hieroglyphic script, but in later Urartu this script was restricted to use in accounting and religion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urartian_language (161 words)

	Urartu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main temple at Mushashir was sacked, and the Urartian king Rusa I was defeated by Sargon at Lake Urmia.
		But it was not until the demise of Urartu, that the Urartians adopted the Indo-European Armenian language and the Armenians adopted certain aspects of Urartian social, politcal and cultural institutions.
		The Urartians spoke an agglutinative language, conventionally called Urartian, which was related to Hurrian in the Hurro-Urartian family, and was neither Semitic nor Indo-European.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urartu (1073 words)

	Who were Illyrians
		The principal language of the Italic group is Latin, originally the speech of the city of Rome and the ancestor of the modern Romance languages: Italian, Romanian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, etc. The earliest Latin inscriptions apparently date from the 6th century BC, with literature beginning in the 3rd century.
		The Urartian texts are written in a variant of the Neo-Assyrian script and consist mostly of monumental inscriptions (annals, votive inscriptions related to building and irrigation activities), some small inscriptions on helmets and shields dedicated in the temple, and a few economic cuneiform tablets.
		Old Persian was the administrative language of the early Achaemenian dynasty dating from the 6th century BC; and an eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialect was the language of the chancellery of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in India in the mid-3rd century BC.
	www.geocities.com /iliria1 (15583 words)

	Urartian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is an Asian language which is agglutinative in general form, and with its word creating capacity by adding suffixes to a given root, having similarities with the Ural-Altaic languages.
		Urartian, during the 9th through 6th centuries B.C., was used in northeastern Anatolia as the official language of the government of Urartu, which centered around Lake Van.
		Archibald H. Sayce, an English archaeologist who was a professor of comparative philology at Oxford, was the first scholar to devote his attention to the Urartian language in the 1880s and 1890s.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/urartian_language.htm (130 words)

	Hurrian language - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Hurrian is a conventional name for the language of the Hurrians, a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC.
		Hurrian is an agglutinative language which belongs to neither the Semitic nor the Indo-European language families.
		Speiser, believe that the Hurrians were later arrivals who assimilated or were assimilated by a Subarian substratum, and view the term "Hurrian language" as an anachronistic term for the native language of Subartu.
	www.openencyclopedia.net /index.php/Hurrian_language (122 words)

	Hurro-Urartian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Hurro-Urartian languages are an extinct language family of the Ancient Near East, which comprises only two languages, Hurrian and Urartian (Asia Minor and the Caucasus).
		Hurrian was the language of the Hurrians (occasionally called "Hurrites"), a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC, whose apogee was the kingdom of Mitanni (1450–1270 BC).
		Urartian was the language of Urartu, an ancient kingdom located around Lake Van (presently in Turkey) which were there between 1200 BC or earlier and 580 BC.
	www.centipedia.com /articles/Hurro-Urartian_languages (215 words)

	Urartu - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Indeed, Mount Ararat is located in ancient Urartian territory, approximately 120 km north of its former capital.
		After the disappearance of Urartu as a political entity, the Armenians dominated the ancient highlands, absorbing portions of the previous Urartian culture in the process.
		Urartian ruins were generally assumed to be Assyrian.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Urartu (780 words)

	METU Industrial Engineering Department
		The Urartians established a state in the region of Lake Van in the early 1st millennium B.C. The land of Urartu comprised of plains and plateaus surrounded by high and rocky mountains with deep, narrow, valleys.
		The name 'Urartians' who disappeared after invasions from the north by Medes and Scythians in the 6th century B.C., first occurs in the 8th century B.C. in the records of Shalmaneser, a king of Assyria.
		Urartian cuneiform records tell of the victories of Urartian kings, the slaves and spoils captured, and the building of canals, castles and sanctuaries.
	www.geocities.com /anadolu_muzesi/urartu/urartu.html (1283 words)

	Zimansky.html
		Urartian settlement was concentrated in pockets beside the lake shores and in isolated locations where river valleys broadened sufficiently to permit intensive cultivation of the alluvium through irrigation.
		Urartian inscriptions are generally clear on who built what, giving both the name of the king and his patronymic.
		The Urartian religion appears to be a state religion (Salvini 1989), and the god Haldi, who stood at the head of the pantheon, vanishes with the Urartian state.
	www.asor.org /pubs/nea/ba/Zimansky.html (3491 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Georgian language Georgian is an exception; not only is it highly agglutinative (there can be simultaneously up to 8 morphemes per word), but there are also significant number of irregular verbs, varying in degrees of irregularity.
		Agglutinative languages are not entirely grouped by the family (although Finnish language Finnish and Hungarian language Hungarian are definitely related, as are possibly Japanese language Japanese and Korean language Korean).
		It is possible that convergent evolution had many separate languages develop this property, but there seems to exist a preferred evolutionary direction from agglutinative synthetic languages to fusional synthetic languages, and then to non-synthetic languages, which in their turn evolve again into agglutinative synthetic languages.
	www.mauspfeil.net /agglutinative_language.html (498 words)

	Hurrian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is generally believed that the people who spoke this language came out of the Armeanian mountains and spread during the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. the over large parts of southeast Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia.
		Although the Hurrian language itself had vanished from the former Hurrian lands, the language survived among the Urartians in the plateau area of Lake Van.
		This later surviving Urartian language is thought to be descended from a parent language of Hurrian.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /westcivi/hurrian_language.htm (335 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Armenian Origins ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Urartians were simply the ruling class, and the Armenians had adopted their language as well as their own native tongue to better adapt to life under Urartu.
		Urartians spoke an agglunative language called Urartian,which was related to Hurrian in the Hurro-Urartian family,and was neither Ineo-European nor Semilitic,It had close linguistic characteristcs to Northeast Caucausian Langages.
		Armenian language is an own independent branch of its own in the family of the Indo-European Languages, with no living relatives.Manyb believe that Armenian is a close relative of the extinct Phrygian language.From the modern languages Greek seems to be the most closely related to Armenian.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=3901&PN=1 (3011 words)

	Chaldean - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Chaldean language may refer to the Urartian language also known as Vannic.
		It was the official language of Urartu spoken in northeastern Anatolia in the 9th—6th centuries BCE.
		It is thought to be descended from the same language as Hurrian.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Chaldean (349 words)

	The Kingdom of Urartu, by Rafi Issagholian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sarduri I's greatest act was the building of the great capital of Tushpa, on the shores of Lake Van, the central point of the Urartian state, and the fortifying of a crag near the city as his fortress.
		During this time Urartian art reached a zenith; the temples built by Menua in Musasir became the prototype for the Greek classical temples, and the famous winged female figures of Urartian cauldrons are found in archaic Greek temples and Etruscan tombs (many being genuine Urartian-made products, while others are copies from Urartian models).
		The crest shape of the Urartian helmet was later adopted by the Assyrians.
	cdli.ucla.edu /staff/englund/m104websubmissions/urartu/urartu.html (2463 words)

	The Powerful Kings of the Van Kingdom
		[I]t states that when the Urartian king and his army entered Ardini (this is the name used on the Urartian language side of the bilingual inscription) the event was celebrated with an impressive ceremony involving the slaughter of thousands of animals.
		In Assyrian inscriptions of the 11th century B.C., we again find the term Uruatri, and from the second quarter of the 9th century, in the reign of Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 B.C.), it is of common occurrence, in the form Urartu, being used concurrently with the name of Nairi...
		Oldest Urartian cuneiform inscriptions found are from the end of ninth century B.C. However, Aramaic inscriptions are also found in the ruins of the Urartian city of Teishebaini (Karmir Blur) which was apparently destroyed by the Scythians.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/1183118/posts (576 words)

	Urartian History, Culture, etc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Zimansky, Paul E. Ecology and empire--the structure of the Urartian state.
		Urartian art; its distinctive traits in the light of new Excavations.
		From the lands of the Scythians : ancient treasures from the museums of the U.S.S.R., 3000 B.C.-100 B.C. : the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
	www.lib.washington.edu /neareast/anatolia/h&curartian.html (148 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VII: Bronze Age in Eurasia
		HOLLIS equates Nuristani with Dardic 28, with Bashgali 29, and with the Kafiri languages 30 (Bashgali, Dardic, and Nuristani are languages of Afghanistan).
		The Italic languages and dialects according to HOLLIS are related to the Faliscan, Latin, and Venetic languages and have a grammar comparable to Armenian and Etruscan.
		The Tokharian language is synonymous with Yueh Cheh.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVII.html (12823 words)

	About Synchronized Ancient History
		The history of this Urartian federation and of its long struggle with Assyria is rather well known thanks to its conspicious inscriptions, and these enable us to determine that its language was closely akin to Hurrian.
		Indeed, Burney, one of the few western authorities on Urartu, states `the Urartian language was closely related to Hurrian, so much so that, whatever the reservations of some philologists, it may legitimately be described as latter-day Hurrian.
		Accordingly, `King of Sura' in Urartian appears to have signified simply `King of Subartu', and that was an alternative name for the Hurrian cosmocratic title which the Assyrians rendered as `sar kissati.' The Subareans appear in the classical period as the Saspeires (Herodotus, III, 94) and also as Sapeires, Sabiri and Esperitae.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /anatolia.html (2859 words)

	Hurrians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Hurrians spoke an agglutinative language, conventionally called Hurrian, unrelated to neighboring Semitic or Indo-European languages, but clearly related to Urartian — a language spoken about a millennium later in northeastern Anatolia — and possibly, very distantly, to the present-day Northeast Caucasian languages.
		While this foreign aristocracy eventually abandoned their language in favor of that of their Hurrian subjects, they retained Indo-Iranian names, they invoked Vedic gods in some of their treaties, and some words from their Indo-Iranian language survived as loanwords in Hurrian, particularly technical terms related to horses and their training.
		Two episodes from Hesiod's Theogony may be derived from Hurrian myths: the castration of Uranus by Cronus may be derived from the castration of Anu by Kumarbi, while Zeus's overthrow of Cronus and Cronus's regurgitation of the swallowed gods is like the Hurrian myth of Teshub and Kumarbi{{fn1}}.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Hurrians (1174 words)

	Margins of writing, origins of cultures: 2005
		The relationships between language and ethnicity, the connections between languages of empire and local identity, and the places where languages are born, live and die has remained largely terra incognita, the subject of brief speculations rather than focused empirical research.
		The rise of language varieties from low-status spoken "dialects" to the enduring symbols of whole cultures, from the Akkadian adoption of Sumerian, to the creation of Biblical Hebrew, to the Arabic reuse of Aramaic, is arguably the decisive event in setting the parameters of written ancient history.
		Since language plays a vital role in constructing and maintaining such an identity, the wealth of preserved textual sources of this period, in both the native and Greek language, begs to be addressed.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/IS/OIS/MARGINS_2005/Margins_2005.html (5024 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This citadel was built around 850 BC by the Urartian King Sarduri I on a rocky outcrop 60-70 metres in width and 80 metres high and is located 1.5 km east of Lake Van.
		On a platform near the centre of the fortress is another set of tombs, the chamber opening to the south belonging to King Menua and that to the east to Sarduri, son of Lutipri.
		Standing in the niches are steles with cuneiform inscriptions belonging to the Urartian king Sarduri II, and on the broad rock terrace carved before the niches is a sacrificial altar and a channel carved into the natural rock to drain away the blood of slaughtered animals.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/25/N23.htm (1082 words)

	Urartu \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In their inscriptions, the Assyrians of Mesopotamia refer to the Urartians as their northern enemies from the eleventh to the seventh centuries B.C. However, the earliest known Urartian written document, a rock inscription at Van (ancient Tushpa), records the earliest reference to the state.
		Some Urartian cemeteries have been found, but the only excavated elite tomb is a late eighth-century B.C. example at Altintepe, in Anatolia, where a large cauldron with four bullhead handles was recovered.
		The Urartians adapted the Assyrian cuneiform writing system, and the inscription of Sarduri I, referred to above, is written in the Assyrian language; his son Ishpuini (r.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/urar/hd_urar.htm (870 words)

	Languages : Caucasian Family
		Urartian (extinct language of the Urartu Empire of Eastern Turkey) also belongs to this family.
		The languages are dominated by difficult consonant clusters.
		Ubykh (an extinct language whose last speaker died in 1992 in eastern Turkey) had 81 separate consonant sounds.
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_caucas.html (197 words)

	URARTU FACTS AND INFORMATION
		But it wasn't until the demise of Urartu, that the Urartuians adopted the Indo-European Armenian language and the Armenians adopted certain aspects of Urartuian social, politcal and cultural institutions.
		It was not rediscovered until historical and archaeological work done in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when Urartian ruins were generally assumed to be Assyrian.
		Paul Zimansky, ''Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State'', in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1985.
	www.witwib.com /Urartu (995 words)

	Urartu Mehmet
		The Urartian kingdom was originally founded around about 840BC, by Sarduri I. and finally fell around 550AD, most likely over run by the Medes.
		The Urartian territory extended from the Caspian Sea and the southern Caucasus, to eastern and southeastern Anatolia, and down as far as northeastern Mesopotamia.
		From 764-735 BC the Urartian kingdom was at its strongest.
	www.polosbastards.com /artman/publish/mustafa-kusman.shtml (647 words)

	Alarodian languages: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Alarodian languages are a proposed language family that encompasses two language families of the Caucasus[click link for more facts about this subject]: Northeast (The northeastern region of the United States)
		Svan (The svan language (lushnu nin in svan, svanuri ena or...)
		Niger-Kordofanian languages (The family of languages that includes most of the languages spoken in Africa south of the Sahara; the majority of them are tonal languages but there are important exceptions (e.g., Exception Handler: No article summary found.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/alarodian_languages (1143 words)

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