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Topic: Urartu

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4th century BCE

Urartian language

840 BC

685 BC

List of Kings of Urartu

747 BC

Alarodian languages

Artsakh

Mittanni

585 BC

Agglutinative language

Caucasian languages

Hurrians

Lake Van

8th century BC

	Urartu civilization - All About Turkey
		The frontiers of Urartu were threatened on several occasions, and to combat this, the Urartu built buffer towns on the edges of their territory that were abandoned in times of danger, and later inhabited.
		One feature of Urartu architecture that was to be very influential in the Near East was the blind arch, and we can see that the layout of Urartu buildings was the precursor to that of the Iranian apadana layouts.
		The art of metalwork was certainly highly advanced in Urartu, and perhaps the greatest proof of this was the fact that Urartu artifacts were exported to Phrygia and Etruria.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /urartu.htm (734 words)

	Kaucasian Knot : Encyclopedia
		Urartu conquered the districts south of the lake Van and the districts around Urmia lake.
		Urartu lost a big part of its territory due to the wars with Assyria and other states and due to the revolts of the heads of the districts of Urartu.
		Arutunyan N.V. - New Urartu inscriptions of Karmir-Blur.
	eng.kavkaz.memo.ru /encyclopediatext/engencyclopedia/id/568654.html (664 words)

	Urartu - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Urartu (Akkadian Uraštu) is the name of an ancient kingdom that was situated along the rivers Araxes (modern Aras), the Upper Tigris and the Upper Euphrates.
		From the ninth century on, Urartu was ruled by a single dynasty, which expanded it to the south in a period when Assyria was weak.
		It is certain that Urartu was a safe part of the Median empire in 585 BC, because in that year a Median army fought a battle at the river Halys in central Turkey against the Lydian king Alyattes.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Urartu (388 words)

	Urartu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The Kingdom of the Urartu was formed in the vast plateau of Lake Van in
		The people of the land of Urartu called it Khaldia after the name of their god; but it became know historically as Urartu the name given to it by the Assyrians.
		Urartu came into conflict with the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century B.C. They disappeared from history somewhat mysteriously in the 6th century B.C. The area then became the homeland of the Armenians.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/urartu.htm (365 words)

	Erebuni \| Armenia Travel, History, Archeology & Ecology \| TourArmenia \| Travel Guide to Armenia
		Urartu was a remarkably developed culture that had extensive contacts with the major empires of the Ancient world stretching between the Mediterranean and India, and rivaled them for trade, military and cultural hegemony.
		The real rise of the empire of Urartu is centered around three kings: Menuas, Argishti and Sardur I. Menuas in particular established the outlines of the empire, and organized the centralized administrative structure that enabled his son Argishti and grandson Sardur II to extend the empire to its furthest reaches.
		Urartu barred Assyrian expansion into Asia Minor, and its culture had begun to penetrate into the Mediterranean area and the interior of Asia Minor.
	www.tacentral.com /erebuni/urartu.asp (1525 words)

	ART OF VANISHED CIVILIZATIONS By Maximillien de Lafayette
		Before Urartu were the Nairi, before the Nairi the Metsamor Kingdom, and before that untold numbers of now anonymous kingdoms and states that sprung from the Indo-European race born on the Armenian Plateau, spreading their language, ethnic identity and the secrets of bronze, iron and astronomy to both Asia and Europe.
		By the time Urartu rose in prominence it was already influenced by Indo-Europeans which originated in the Armenian Plateau, and held both genetic and cultural links with the tribes of Nairi as well as those that would later subsume it's place during the formation of the Yervanduni and Armenian Achaemenid Kingdoms.
		Urartu artifacts were exported to Ertruria, Phoenicia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Phrygia.
	www.internationalnewsagency.org /Urartu.htm (2762 words)

	<< UTOPÝA >> The modern city of Van
		The Urartus extended their control north and eastward as far as Azerbaijan and southward as far as the valley of the upper Tigris.
		The last recorded Urartu king was Sardur IV (590-580 B.C.) It was his misfortune to succumb to the invading Scythians who overthrew the Urartu kingdom and brought it to an end.
		Urartu bronze cauldrons have ring handles and are decorated with the heads of bulls, lions, and other animals.
	www.utopiaturk.com /van.htm (1131 words)

	Urartu, Het Verloren Koninkrijk van de Vans
		Urartu begon ook oorlogen tegen het tweede Georgische verbond, Colchis.
		De hoofdstad van Urartu was TUSHPA (het huidige Van) of ook Tospa, Shamiramashen of Yervandashen genoemd, is gelegen aan de kusten van de Nairi Zee (nu Van Zee genoemd).
		Toprakkale was the capital of Urartu from 694 to 673 BC.
	www.amarcord.be /georgia/urartu01.html (1644 words)

	Urartu
		Urart.u was regarded by the Assyrians as a major enemy.
		Urart.u thus tends to be regarded as the institutional predecessor of the later Armenian kingdoms.
		The word "Urart.u" itself is evidently preserved in the name of Mt. Ararat (16,940 ft.), an active volcano and called Agri.
	www.transanatolie.com /English/Turkey/Anatolia/urartu.htm (432 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Collection Highlights
		Urartu was an ancient state which existed from the 9th to 6th centuries BC, located on the territory around Lake Van (also known as the Van Kingdom), which includes part of modern Armenia and the fertile lands of the Aras (Araxes) Valley.
		The ancient Urartu fortress of Teishebaini and urban buildings were found at the foot of the hill.
		Constructed in the 8th century BC, the fortress was the residence of deputies of the Urartu King Rusa.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/03/hm3_5_12_1.html (241 words)

	purevolume™ \| Pawlus Of Urartu
		Rochester, MN Pawlus Of Urartu is a highly experimental electronica band from Rochester, Minnesota.
		This short-lengthed album is made up of 7 different recordings, 3 of which are between 1 to 3 minutes long and one of which is just an improvisational jam with 2 basses and one guitar.
		Pawlus Of Urartu is currently trying to finish recording of Nuclear Summertime Blues which is due to be finished sometime in 2006.
	www.purevolume.com /pawlusofurartu (203 words)

	c. Urartu (Van). 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		In the time of Shalmeneser I (1275–1246), the region was divided into a number of small kingdoms and subsequently became tributary to the Assyrians.
		The Aramean invasions of the 11th century drove the Assyrians back to their homeland (See 1078–977), and at some point afterward the kingdom of Urartu was established around Lake Van, with its capital at Tushpa.
		The Assyrians attacked Urartu itself in 735, annexed Urmia, and besieged Tushpa (unsuccessfully).
	www.bartleby.com /67/118.html (307 words)

	Urartian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		During the Early Urartu period, the Urartu were grouped in a series of small kingdoms known as the Nairi, who consisted of, at least, the Mitanni, southwest of Lake Van, the Manah, around Lake Urmia, and the Diaukhi, around present day Erzurum, the most powerful of the Nairi.
		The kingdom of Urartu was founded in the period that Phrygia was being created in the Halys River region.
		The Urartu were weakened by the constant raids of the Assyrians, Medes, Cimmerians, and Scythians.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /WestCivI/urartian_history.htm (1786 words)

	Classical Armenian Online
		For a brief period the Assyrian kingdom fell into decline, and this allowed Urartu to gain a strong foothold in the region, spreading from the western Euphrates to the eastern Caspian lowlands, and extending from Lake Urmia in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
		Soon thereafter, Urartu joined forces with Assyria, which was not only embroiled in conflict with the Cimmerians and the newly arrived Scythians in the north, but also with the Babylonian state to the south.
		Urartu and Assyria both fell into great decline, opening up a power vacuum in the region which was filled by the Medes, Babylonians, and Egyptians.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/armol-1-R.html (3470 words)

	Urartu - Lost Kingdom of Van
		This ancient civilization, Urartu (pronounced oo-rar'-too), which was centered about Lake Van, flourished from the ninth to the sixth century B.C., extending from Lake Urmia in the east to North Syria in the west.
		After the destruction of Urartu, a strange thing happened: Other empires have disappeared from the scene of human affairs and lived on in history: the Assyrians, for example; but the vanished civilization of Urartu was completely forgotten.
		After the disappearance of Urartu as a political entity, the Armenians dominated the ancient highlands, absorbing portions of the previous Urartian culture in the process.
	www.starspring.com /ascender/urartu/urartu.html (2531 words)

	Urartu: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		...Zagros merges into the Caucasian massif, by the young kingdom of Urartu Ararat, which four centuries later was to become the kingdom...in the drama: the Semitic Assyrians with their vast empire; Urartu, a powerful kingdom of Asiatic origin, tenacious opponents of...
		Following the account...postures of non-Assyrians from the land of Urartu on the bronze bands from the palace gates...location of the action as the land of Urartu, a polity centered in the mountainous...
		The official recommends...Assyria and two states beyond the Tigris borderlands (Shubria and Urartu) are exemplified by a series of letters sent from the governor...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/urartu.jsp?l=U&p=1 (1135 words)

	Urartian Period in Anatolia
		By this time, military pressure from Assyria on Urartu Lands was so intense that small kingdoms of Urartu have formed a coalition and fought off against Assyrians successfully.
		The kingdom of Urartu was founded by Sarduri I c.
		Urartu lands was invaded and looted many times by the Scythians.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/urartian_period.htm (1170 words)

	Urartu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Urartu empire comprised an area of approximately 200,000 square miles, reaching from the river kura to the southern or more to the northern foothills of the Taurus, and from the Euphrates in the west to the Caspian sea in the east.
		After the disappearance of Urartu as a political entity, the Armenians dominated the highlands, absorbing portions of the previous Urartian culture in the process.
		Urartu had absorbed a large influx of Armenians, while modern Armenians claim descent from the Urartians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urartu (3400 words)

	URARTU KRALLIĞI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Urartu döneminde kuzeyde Diauehi, Qulha, Tariu ülkeleri ile bozkırlı Isqugulu toplumları, batıda Hatti (Melitea, Qumaha ve Tabal), güneyde Assur güneydoğuda Mana ve Parşua ülkeleri bulunmaktaydı.
		Urartu tarihinin önemli bir bölümü güneydeki büyük düşman Assur ile mücadeleye odaklanmıştır.
		Urartu Krallığı'nda çivi yazısı, yıllık sefer yapma, ölçü sistemi, krali ünvanlar, stel dikme, savaş taktikleri, nüfus nakilleri, resim, süsleme ve kabartma sanatı gibi uygulamalar, Assur etkili olarak gelişmiş; mimari, sorguçlu miğferler, kazanlardaki siren eklentileri, hiyeroglif yazısı, yakarak gömme, fildişi sanatı gibi dallar ise Kuzey Suriye'den etkiler almıştır.
	www.tebe.org /tr/dosyalar/urartu/index.htm (723 words)

	Urartu - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Urartu, ancient kingdom of Armenia, centered about Lake Van in present-day E Turkey.
		Excavations, particularly at such sites as Toprak Kale and Karmir Blur, have shown that Urartu had an advanced agricultural and commercial civilization, which was largely influenced by Assyria.
		History Of The Babylonians And Assyrians: Advance Into Syria And The Rise Of Urartu.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Urartu.html (360 words)

	METU Industrial Engineering Department
		The Urartians established a state in the region of Lake Van in the early 1st millennium B.C. The land of Urartu comprised of plains and plateaus surrounded by high and rocky mountains with deep, narrow, valleys.
		At first, Urartu was influenced by Assyria and used the Assyrian Script and language.
		Urartu reached the heights of its power in the 9th or 8th centuries B.C. Although their kingdom was very mountainous, The Urartians tried to regulate the environment by public works, constructing dams and water channels.
	www.geocities.com /anadolu_muzesi/urartu/urartu.html (1283 words)

	Urartu, Lake Van
		There are many similarities between the people and region of Urartu (Armenia) and the people and region of the Altiplano.
		"Urartu is the Assyrian name for the Armenian province and lofty mountain which we call Ararat"……… "there existed a flourishing Bronze Age civilisation on the territory of present –day Armenia from about 3,000BC onwards – long before the Urartians or the Armenians appeared in history…….
		The core of both Urartu and ancient Armenia takes in the Lake Van area, the middle Araxes valley, and also the mighty double peak of Mount Ararat and the upper reaches of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates….
	www.geocities.com /myessays/UrartuLakeVan.htm (482 words)

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