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	Urate Oxidase and Ureide Metabolism
		Urate oxidase is found in a wide variety of organisms, from bacteria to mammals, and plays different metabolic roles, depending on its host organism.
		Urate oxidase has been studied since the 1930's; it has long been classified as a copper-dependent enzyme, and the reaction is usually described in textbooks as the O
		In additon, we have shown that copper is not a constituent of soybean root nodule urate oxidase.
	www.biochem.missouri.edu /ptipton_urate.php (0 words)

	Diagnostic Handbook
		Urate is a breakdown product of cell nuclei, one third from the diet, two thirds from endogenous tissue catabolism.
		20% of urate is excreted by the kidney, the remainder in the gut.
		Demonstration of urate crystals in aspirated synovial fluid establishes the diagnosis beyond doubt.
	www.dml.co.nz /hbook/5cecd1e.htm (284 words)

	Home \| aHealthyme.com
		It is caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood, in which urate crystals settle in the tissues of the joints and produce severe pain and swelling.
		White blood cells, mistaking the urate crystals for a foreign invader, flood into the joint and surround the crystals, causing inflammation-in other words, the redness, swelling, and pain that are the hallmarks of a gout attack.
		Urate crystals may be present in the joint for a long time without causing symptoms.
	www.ahealthyme.com /article/gale/100084633 (1906 words)

	eMedicine - Hyperuricemia : Article Excerpt by: Yasir Qazi, MD
		Approximately 70% of the urate produced daily is excreted by the kidneys, while the rest is eliminated by the intestines.
		Urate is freely filtered at the glomerulus, reabsorbed, secreted, and then again reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
		Urate secretion does appear to correlate with the serum urate concentration because a small increase in the serum concentration results in a marked increase in urate excretion.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/hyperuricemia.htm (588 words)

	eMedicine - Nephropathy, Uric Acid : Article by Mark Fahlen, MD
		It is a weak acid with a pKa of 5.75, and, at a physiologic pH of 7.40 in the extracellular compartment, 98% of uric acid is thus in the ionized form as urate.
		Plasma at a pH of 7.40 is saturated with urate at a concentration of 7 mg/dL.
		When urate is filtered at exceedingly high concentrations from the plasma and is further concentrated through the course of the tubular system with a progressively more acidic pH, uric acid precipitation and obstruction in the tubules, collecting ducts, and even pelves and ureters may result.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1610.htm (4518 words)

	Crystal Structure of the protein drug urate oxidase-inhibitor complex at 2.05 Å resolution - Nature Structural ...
		The gene coding for urate oxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin, is inactivated in humans.
		Consequently, urate oxidase is used as a protein drug to overcome severe disorders induced by uric acid accumulation.
		Urate oxidase may be the archetype of an expanding new family of tunnel-shaped proteins that now has three members; tetrahydropterin synthase, GTP cyclohydrolase I and urate oxidase.
	www.nature.com /nsmb/journal/v4/n11/abs/nsb1197-947.html (769 words)

	urate - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		High Blood Levels of Urate Linked to Lower Risk of Parkinson's Disease...
		High Blood Levels of Urate Linked to Lower Risk of Parkinson's Disease - June 21, 2007 - 2007...
		In a new, large-scale, prospective study exploring the link between levels of urate in the blood and...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /urate.html (0 words)

	Arthritis Research & Therapy \| Full text \| A new concept for urate in human serum: Enzymatic assay of total urate ...
		A Modification of the method previously introduced by Fossati et al [1] is accomplished for the estimates of protein bound urate, for the first time, as well as the loosely associated urate in serum.
		The addition of known amount of uric acid to aliquots from a serum sample before incubation with the enzymatic color reaction; the average recovery was 99.7% in the loosely associated urate and -0.6% for the protein - bound urate, (Table 2a).
		The competition between serum urate and the suggested enzymatic color reagent after the addition of 50 μL of the 0.4 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution to the 50 μL of serum prior the addition of the enzymatic color reagent could be understood on the basis of the existence of both the lactam-lactim toutomers of serum urate.
	arthritis-research.com /content/3/4/E003 (1485 words)

	Urolithiasis-Urate in Dogs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Urate uroliths, also referred to as calculi, are stones within the urinary tract composed of ammonium urate.
		Urate crystals are present in the urine in some but not all cases.
		This medication inhibits the breakdown of the chemical precursors of urate and may be of benefit in patients with urate urolithiasis due to underlying metabolic abnormalities (Dalmatians and English bulldogs).
	www.petplace.com /dogs/urolithiasis-urate-in-dogs/page1.aspx (0 words)

	The Scientist : A human urate transporter data sheet
		The functional reconstitution, membrane targeting, genomic structure and chromosomal localization of a human urate transporter are revealed.
		High serum levels of uric acid are associated with an increased risk of developing gout, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and renal failure.
		Urate is produced as a result of purine degradation and as yet little is known about the pathway for urate efflux from cells.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/19656 (294 words)

	Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: Tubulointerstitial Diseases: Merck Manual Professional
		Acute urate nephropathy: This is not a true form of ATIN but rather an intraluminal obstructive uropathy caused by uric acid crystal deposition within the lumen of renal tubules; acute oliguric or anuric renal failure results.
		Urate oxidase (rasburicase), which catalyzes urate to a much more soluble compound, is also preventative but is not widely used because it must be given IV and can cause anaphylaxis, hemolysis, and other adverse effects.
		Chronic urate nephropathy: This condition is CTIN caused by deposition of Na urate crystals in the medullary interstitium in the setting of chronic hyperuricemia.
	www.merck.com /mmpe/sec17/ch236/ch236c.html (0 words)

	Organic Eprints - 3963: Antioxidative capacity of milk with a high urate content
		It was found that milk with a high content of urate was less prone to photo-induced lipid - and protein oxidation measured as the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and dityrosine, respectively.
		It is suggested that urate reacts directly with sensitized riboflavin and/or by reaction with singlet oxygen.
		The overall conclusion is that it is possible to improve the antioxidative capacity of milk by increasing the natural urate content through strategic feeding of the dairy cow.
	www.orgprints.org /3963 (0 words)

	Febuxostat Lowers Urate More Than Aloprim in Gout - CME Teaching Brief® - MedPage Today
		The two medications were compared for 52 weeks but improvements in clinical outcomes related to lower urate levels only appeared in the final four weeks, Dr. Becker and colleagues reported in the Dec. 8 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
		The primary endpoint was a serum urate level of less than 6 mg/L at the last three monthly measurements.
		The hypothesis of the study was that febuxostat would not be inferior to Aloprim in lowering serum urate.
	www.medpagetoday.com /Rheumatology/GeneralRheumatology/tb/2283 (918 words)

	Recombinant Urate Oxidase - ENZ-312
		Urate oxidase catalyzes the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid into allantoin, an inactive and soluble metabolite.
		High-level expression, purification, and characterization of non-tagged Aspergillus flavus urate oxidase in Escherichia coli.
		A preliminary neutron diffraction study of rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase enzyme, complexed with 8-azaxanthin.
	www.prospec.co.il /~prospec/cart/catalog/rHuUOX.html (338 words)

	Preventing Urate Stone Formation In Dalmatians Using A Basically BARF Diet
		That is why, in the case of Dalmatians, to reduce the possibility of urate stones being formed in the urinary system, it is not only important, but it is quite safe to reduce the level of purines in the diet.
		Therefore, to prevent the formation of urate stone disease in Dalmatians the diet must be manipulated in such a way as to lower the concentration of uric acid in the urine.
		The morning feed feed consists of one egg, half a cup of ricotta cheese, half a cup of pureed fruit such as apples, peaches and melons, three quarters of a cup of hot water and 2 or 3 chicken necks or wings or half a turkey neck.
	home.att.net /~hattrick-dals/PreventingUrateStoneFormation.html (1380 words)

	How common are urate uroliths in female Dalmatians? - DVM
		From 1981 to 2000, we analyzed 7,560 uroliths retrieved from 7,068 male and 282 female Dalmatians (the gender of 240 Dalmatians was not identified).
		The explanation of this marked disparity between the frequency of detection of urate uroliths in male and female Dalmatians requires additional study.
		Of the 7,068 uroliths formed by male Dalmatians, 6,828 (97 percent) were urate, 30 (0.4 percent) were struvite, 50 (0.7 percent) were xanthine, 19 (0.3 percent) were calcium oxalate, 78 (1.1 percent) were compound, and 96 (1.4 percent) were of mixed composition.
	dvm.adv100.com /dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=19406 (1024 words)

	Urate Synthesis in the Blood-sucking Insect Rhodnius prolixus. STIMULATION BY HEMIN IS MEDIATED BY PROTEIN KINASE C -- ...
		Urate Synthesis in the Blood-sucking Insect Rhodnius prolixus.
		Urate synthesis is regulated by protein phosphorylation in R.
		Hemin stimulation of urate synthesis is mediated by protein kinase C. Fat bodies were dissected and pre-incubated as described in Fig.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/14/9673 (2673 words)

	Transepithelial urate transport by avian renal proximal tubule epithelium in primary culture -- Dudas et al. 208 (22): ...
		Transepithelial urate transport by avian renal proximal tubule epithelium in primary culture -- Dudas et al.
		In PTCs urate transport was inhibited by MTX
		Facilitated diffusion of urate in avian brush-border membrane vesicles.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/208/22/4305 (0 words)

	Expression of the urate transporter/channel is developmentally regulated in human kidneys -- Hyink et al. 281 (5): 875 ...
		urate transport in rat renal cortical membrane vesicles (25),
		Urate uptake in membrane vesicles of rat renal cortex: effect of copper.
		With a commentary on the renal regulation of urate excretion, and the role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of gout.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/5/F875 (7577 words)

	Localization and topology of a urate transporter/channel, a galectin, in epithelium-derived cells -- Rappoport et al. ...
		A: endogenous urate uptake in paired studies in nontransfected cells incubated for 1 and/or 10 min in the presence of PBS or KCl.
		The failure to modify urate uptake in cells transfected with UAT could be consequent to nonfunction of the expressed protein.
		Urate and p-aminohippurate transport in rat renal basolateral vesicles.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/6/C1926 (9010 words)

	Asymptomatic Hyperurecemia
		An elevated serum urate concentration is defined as a value exceeding the upper limit of the mean serum urate value plus 2 SD in a sex- and age-matched healthy population.
		The upper limit has been rounded off at 7 mg/dl in men and 6 mg/dl in women through the use of a specific method for urate measurement.
		Finally, a serum urate value in excess of 7 mg/dl, signals an increased risk for gouty arthritis or renal calculi in the patient.
	www.uicomp.uic.edu /intmedres/template/hi_urate.htm (1209 words)

	Cecil Textbook of Medicine : /> (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The kidneys are the major organs of urate excretion and a principal target of its abnormal metabolism.
		The serum urate concentration is usually greater than 20 mg/dL, and the ratio of the concentration of uric acid to that of creatinine is greater than 1 in a spot urine sample.
		Chronic urate nephropathy results in CTIN from the deposition of urate microtophi in the renal parenchyma or the precipitation of uric acid in the collecting ducts.
	merckmedicus.com /ppdocs/us/common/cecils/chapters/120_018.htm (516 words)

	Arthritis Research & Therapy \| Full text \| A new concept for urate in human serum: Colorimetric assay of total ...
		Table 3 lists, as a primary act, the mean values of TUEC, ULC, and the true urate levels in 36 apparently normal individuals comprise of 18 males and 18 non pregnant women, aging from 23 to 51 years old.
		The mean value of TUEC in the serum of males was 3.235 mmol/L. whereas the true urate mean value was 0.963 mmol/L, the ULC mean value was calculated as 2.275 mmol/L amounting to 70% of the TUEC.
		As shown in Table III, the mean value of ULC in the serum of males was 2.272 mmol/L amounting to 70% of the TUEC.
	arthritis-research.com /content/3/4/E004 (1535 words)

	Urate Oxidase: Primary Structure and Evolutionary Implications -- Wu et al. 86 (23): 9412 -- Proceedings of the ...
		Urate oxidase, or uricase (EC 1.7.3.3), is a peroxisomal enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin in most mammals.
		The urate oxidase sequence contains a domain similar to the type 2 copper binding motif found in other copper binding proteins, suggesting that the copper ion in urate oxidase is coordinated as a type 2 structure.
		Two nonsense mutations were found in the human urate oxidase gene, which confirms, at the molecular level, that the urate oxidase gene in humans is nonfunctional.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/lookup?vol=86&fp=9412&view=abstract (795 words)

	Molecular Physiology of Urate Transport -- Hediger et al. 20 (2): 125 -- Physiology
		Urate is produced as the major end product of purine metabolism by liver, muscles, and intestine.
		Approximately two thirds of the daily turnover of urate is accounted for by urinary excretion, with the remaining one third being excreted into the gut as feces.
		The solubility of urate decreases with decreasing temperature,
	physiologyonline.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/20/2/125 (5343 words)

	Urinary Stone Forming
		For feeding a confirmed urate stone former, liver and other organ meats are undesirably very high as purine-yielders whereas other foods like eggs and most vegetables and fruit are desirably low as purine-yielders.
		When the diet of some Dalmatians is similarly high, they develop urate stones in their urinary tract.
		Urate stones may be composed of one or more of several purines.
	www.gtcdc.org /urinary_stone_forming.htm (1804 words)

	Urate uptake and lowered ATP levels in human muscle after high-intensity intermittent exercise -- Hellsten et al. 274 ...
		Urate uptake and lowered ATP levels in human muscle after high-intensity intermittent exercise -- Hellsten et al.
		The arterial concentration of urate increased from a resting level of 284 ± 14 µmol/l to a peak level of 355 ± 20 µmol/l at
		Salvage of circulating hypoxanthine by tissues of the mouse.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/4/E600 (4236 words)

	Urate definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Urate definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		When the body cannot metabolize uric acid properly, urates can build up in body tissues or crystallize within the joints.
		MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11853 (191 words)

	Cherries lowers Blood Urate Level
		As uric acid concentrations increase, needlelike crystals of a salt called monosodium urate (MSU) form.
		Jacob believes that the anthocyanins in the cherries is what caused the decrease in blood urate and that eating cherries may help lower heart attack and stroke risk.
		Jacob says canned or dried tart cherries and tart cherry juice contain the same anthocyanins as the fresh sweet cherries used in the study.
	reliefmart.com /cherries-and-gout.htm (608 words)

	Functional analysis and molecular model of the human urate transporter/channel, hUAT -- Leal-Pinto et al. 283 (1): 150 ...
		In the absence of degradation of urate to allantoin
		A: 10-s traces of channel activity in symmetrical solutions of 2.5 mM urate, 220 mM Cs, and 10 mM HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.4, in the absence (top trace) and presence of the designated concentrations of PZA in the cis (2nd trace) and trans chambers (3rd and 4th traces).
		Expression of the urate transporter/channel is developmentally regulated in human kidneys.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/1/F150 (7584 words)

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