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	URBAN (I. - VIII.) - LoveToKnow Article on URBAN (I. - VIII.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Urban deposed Joanna of Naples (aist of April 1380) for adhering to France and Savoy in support of the antipope, and gave her kingdom to Charles of Durazzo.
		Urban was vain, self-willed and extremely conscious of his position; he accepted the papacy chiefly as a temporal principality, and made it his first care to provide for its defence and to render it formidable.
		The only territory gained during Urban's pontificate, the duchy of Urbino, the last addition to the papal states, was acquired by reversion (1631); and in his one war, with the duke of Parma, for the district of Castro, he met defeat and humiliation (1644).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /U/UR/URBAN_I_VIII_.htm (2580 words)

	Pope Urban VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Urban VIII, né Maffeo Barberini (April 1568 – July 29, 1644) was pope from 1623-1644.
		By Clement VIII he was himself made protonotary and nuncio to the French court; Paul V also employed him in a similar capacity, afterwards raising him to the cardinalate and making him the papal legate to Bologna.
		Urban VIII was a clever writer of Latin verse, and a collection of Scriptural paraphrases as well as original hymns of his composition has been frequently reprinted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII (358 words)

	Urban VIII. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The old story that Urban rejoiced at Protestant victories because he hated the Hapsburgs is, however, false.
		Urban was very active in church affairs: he published the revised breviary, normalized liturgical practice, canonized many saints, instituted new orders, and continued the reformation of the church.
		Urban sanctioned the second condemnation of Galileo for his support of the Copernican theory that placed the sun, rather than the earth, at the center of the universe, but later freed him.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ur/Urban8.html (216 words)

	Biography – Pope Urban VIII – The Papal Library
		Urban, able and far-sighted, would not expose his success to any risks of chance; he desired, he demanded, he willed, that nothing should be neglected to induce the youthful Henrietta to repair to her husband.
		Urban declared that he had pleasure in making him a cardinal, because he had the reputation of being a man very zealous for religion, full of profound knowledge, a model of moral purity, and more attached to the affairs of his diocese than to the affairs of court.
		Urban gave De Fontenay advice at once affectionate and sound, as to the prudence which would be necessary on the eve of a regency which was to care for the policy and the interests of a king only four years and a half old.
	www.saint-mike.org /library/Papal_Library/UrbanVIII/Biography.html (7783 words)

	Chapter VIII INSERTING URBAN AGRICULTURE INTO THE LAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM*: International Development Research Centre
		Urban agriculture would be better positioned for reaching its full potential in relation to the various urban sectors (space in urban projects, commercial relation with the tourism sector).
		Urban agriculture improves the quality of life by guaranteeing food security, enhancing the image of a city that is closer to nature, improving the health conditions of the urban environment, and including the most vulnerable sectors in Cuban society, such as elderly people.
		Urban agriculture must be addressed as a permanent urban function with different treatments according to the zones, either central, intermediate or outside the city, as well as on a general and a local scale.
	www.idrc.org /en/ev-51490-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (6290 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Urban VIII
		Urban's brother Antonio, who was a Capuchin, received the Diocese of Senigaglia in 1625, was created cardinal in 1628, and later appointed grand penitentiary and librarian of the Vatican.
		Equally false are the accusations of Ranke and Gregorovius that Urban opposed the election of Ferdinand's oldest son as King of Rome and advocated the dismissal of Wallenstein as commander-in-chief of the imperial army through his nuncio at the Electoral Diet of Ratisbon in 1630.
		Urban did not join the League of the Catholic Estates, which was planned by the emperor, as the League was directed not only against Gustavus Adolphus, but also against France; hence it could not be joined by the pope as the common father of Catholics.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15218b.htm (2318 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Christianity \| Pope Urban VIII
		For this reason, Urban VIII favored the anti-Hapsburg policy of the French, neglecting to support the catholic cause in Germany.
		Urban VIII saw to it that the Barberini family benefited from his papacy.
		Pope Urban strenghtened fortifications and armaments in the papal territories.
	es.rice.edu /newgalileo/chr/urban_viii.html (733 words)

	Pope Urban VIII -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Urban VIII, né Maffeo Barberini (April 1568 - July 29, 1644) was (The head of the Roman Catholic Church) pope from 1623-1644.
		He was the last to practice (Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)) nepotism on a grand scale: various members of his family were enormously enriched by him, so that it seemed to contemporaries as if he were establishing a Barberini dynasty.
		Urban VIII was a clever writer of Latin verse, and a collection of (Click link for more info and facts about Scriptural) Scriptural paraphrases as well as original hymns of his composition has been frequently reprinted.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_urban_viii3.htm (276 words)

	Pope Urban VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Maffeo Barberini was born in Florence in April, 1568, elected Pope Urban VIII on 6 August, 1623, and died at Rome, 29 July, 1644.
		Pope Urban VIII was an excellent classical Latinist and felt that the hymns of the Roman Breviary needed to be reshaped into classical models.
		Urban VIII was not content to leave alone the works of such great Latin Hymnists such as Prudentius, Fortunatus, or even Ambrose, but instead molded their works and the works of others into classical forms.
	home.earthlink.net /~thesaurus/thesaurus/Hymni/PopeUrbanVIII.html (363 words)

	Urban VIII - Wikipedia, den fria encyklopedin
		Urban VIII var en stor ivrare för påvedömets världsliga makt.
		Så blev Urban, trots att han var protestantismens hätske fiende, indirekt Gustav II Adolfs bundsförvant.
		Urban var stor vän av konst och litteratur, och själv författade han en latinsk diktsamling, som vann mycket erkännande.
	sv.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urban_VIII (321 words)

	Pope Urban VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Urban VIII, né Maffeo Barberini (April 1568 - July 29, 1644) was pope from 1623-1644.
		Through the influence of an uncle, who had become, he, while still a young man, received various promotions from Sixtus V and Gregory XIV.
		His death (July 29 1644) is said to have been hastened by chagrin at the result of a war he had undertaken against the duke of Parma.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Urban_VIII (344 words)

	[No title]
		URBAN VIII AND THE REVISION OF THE LATIN HYMNAL by Vincent A. Lenti The election of Urban VIII as pope in the year 1623 was the cause of fairly universal rejoicing in Catholic Europe.
		Urban VIII, in short, was a cultured and artistically inclined person and a poet of considerable talent, someone who might seem least likely to despoil a great literary heritage.
		There are obvious lessons which may be learned from the story of Urban VIII and the revision of the Latin hymnal, lessons perhaps most appropriate in contemporary times which are so frequently characterized by modernization and revision of the texts used in the Church's liturgies.
	www.ewtn.com /library/liturgy/revishym.txt (2291 words)

	URBAN VIII
		Urban has been criticized for not giving sufficient support to the Catholic-Hapsburg side, but it must be remembered that the situation was not simple.
		Still, whatever Urban's responsibility or lack of it, the fact remains that at the outset of his pontificate the tide of the Catholic Counterreformation slapped menacingly at Protestant bastions.
		Urban "reformed" the breviary, a reform that brought anguished cries from many quarters.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp233.htm (452 words)

	Papa Urban VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		VIII urbano, né Maffeo Barberini (abril de 1568 - de julio el 29 de 1644) era papa a partir de 1623-1644.
		VIII Clement le sí mismo hizo protonotary y nuncio a la corte francesa; Paul V también empleado le en una capacidad similar, luego educándolo al cardinalate y haciéndole el legate papal a Bolonia.
		VIII urbano era escritor listo del verso latino, y una colección de las paráfrasis de Scriptural tan bien como los himnos originales de su composición se ha reimpreso con frecuencia.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/pa/Papa%20Urban%20VIII.htm (320 words)

	Cultural Catholic - Pope Urban VIII
		Pope Urban VIII was a diplomat, poet and musician.
		Pope Urban VIII commissioned Bernini to redesign Saint Peter's Square from a square to the ellipse it is today, and Pope Urban III consecreated Saint Peter's Basilica in 1621 after more than 100 years of construction.
		Although Pope Urban VIII was an early admirer and supporter of Galileo, Pope Urban VIII oversaw Galileo's trial on heresy charges at the Inquisition because Galileo defended Copernicus' theory that the earth orbited the sun which contradicted Saint Thomas Acquinas who was greatly influenced by Aristotle.
	www.culturalcatholic.com /PopeUrbanVIII.htm (211 words)

	ART / 4 / 2DAY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bernini later created the tombs of Urban VIII (1647) and Alexander VII (1678) that, in their use of active three-dimensional figures, differ markedly from the purely architectural approach to the sepulchral monument taken by previous artists.
		The tomb of Urban VIII (1647) shows the pope seated with his arm raised in a commanding gesture, while below him are two white marble figures representing the Virtues.
		— Pope Urban VIII (1632, 67x50cm) _ The unfinished picture, formerly attributed to Sacchi, depicts the pope with an immediacy and expressive force that is manifested in the rapid brushstrokes.
	www.jcanu.hpg.ig.com.br /art/art4nov/art1128.html (9388 words)

	Urban VIII
		He took the name Urban VIII and immediately, while the Thirty Years' War raged between Catholics and Protestants in Europe, canonized Ignatius of Loyola.
		Urban was hated by the Romans for his nepotism.
		Urban ended his days in failure by pouring the papal treasury into his corrupt family's coffers, rather than financing the Catholic powers in the Thirty Years War.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0729almanac.htm (583 words)

	Urban VIII on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Was 1992-2000 the best of times for American urban neighborhoods?*.
		First nations urban migration and the importance of "urban nomads" in Canadian plains cities: a perspective from the streets.
		Intentional racial discrimination and segregation by the federal government as a principal cause of concentrated poverty: a response to Schill and Wachter.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/U/Urban8.asp (531 words)

	Tomb of Pope Urban VIII by BERNINI, Gian Lorenzo
		Tomb of Pope Urban VIII by BERNINI, Gian Lorenzo
		The Tomb of Urban VIII emphasized the pictorial aspects by employing a broad range of materials.
		The luminous effect of the bronze used to cast the figure of the pope and the sarcophagus surmounted by the image of Death recall the virtuosity of the Baldacchino columns.
	www.wga.hu /html/b/bernini/gianlore/sculptur/1620/urban_8.html (209 words)

	The Barberini tapestries of the Life of Pope Urban VIII: Program, politics and "perfect history" for the post-exile era ...
		The Barberini tapestries of the Life of Pope Urban VIII: Program, politics and "perfect history" for the post-exile era (Pietro da Cortona, Italy, Francesco Barberini).
		The tapestry series of the Life of Urban VIII, masterminded by Pietro da Cortona and executed under the patronage of Cardinal Francesco Barberini between 1663 and 1679, must be acknowledged as a central monument of the Roman High Baroque age.
		The patron clearly intended the images to rehabilitate the reputation of not only his uncle but also the entire family, whose popularity and influence had reached a nadir during their years of exile (1645-1653).
	repository.upenn.edu /dissertations/AAI9913467 (412 words)

	Patronage of Urban VIII. (from Bernini, Gian Lorenzo) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Urban VIII urged his protégé to paint and to practice architecture.
		He developed it to such an extent and it became so admired and popular that it continued for at least two more generations in various parts of Europe, and 18th-century Italian sculpture was based on it.
		The papacy of Boniface VIII (1294–1303) came at an unfortunate time when the nation-states of Europe, particularly France and England, were emerging as powerful political forces.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-8222?tocId=8222 (690 words)

	URBAN VIII - Online Information article about URBAN VIII
		Urban was vain, self-willed and extremely conscious of his position; he accepted the papacy chiefly as a temporal principality, and made it his first care to provide for its See also:
		Urban was the last pope to practise nepotism on a See also:
		Urban was serious and humble, opposed to all nepotism, See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /TUM_VAN/URBAN_VIII.html (772 words)

	Urban VIII -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Urban VIII, detail from a monument by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; in the Basilica of St. Peter's, Rome
		Although condemned by Pope Urban VIII in 1642, it was of critical importance in the Jansenist movement.
		Although exact dates and verifiable information about Bibiana are difficult to verify, it is known that a church in Rome was dedicated to her in the 5th century.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9074442 (729 words)

	Monument to Pope Urban VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On either side of the Chapel of the Cathedra are funerary monuments to two Popes, Urban III and Paul III, patrons of two of the most eminent artists who contributed to the construction of St. Peter's Basilica: Michelangelo and Bernini.
		Urban VIII (1623-1644) "discovered" the great Neapolitan artist Gianlorenzo Bemini who, with enormous gratitude, dedicated this monument to his patron.
		The three bees of the Barberini family crest are usually arranged symmetrically, here however, they are facing in different directions, disoriented and confused by the death of their sovereign.
	www.miraclerosarymission.org /urban.html (202 words)

	Bees on the Tomb of Urban VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since the Barberini coat of arms has a set of three bees as its central element, works commissioned by Pope Urban VIII include the family coat of arms and occasionally bees in a variety of less formal roles.
		The large bees, after all, are appropriately called "Barberini bees, since their number and preternatural size relate them to the figure of Urban, the coat of arms, and the large supporting figures in the tomb monument.
		Framed by branches of laurel, an emblem both of the Barberini family and of Urban as a poet, are three bees, arranged as in the Barberini coat of arms, except that they are drawn in profile, bottom view, and top view, to show the details newly discovered through examination by microscope.
	puffin.creighton.edu /fapa/aikin/Web-files/baroque%20webs/bees/bees_on_the_tomb_of_urban_viii.htm (2548 words)

	Joseph Urban ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Charles Meryon and Jean-François Millet: Etchings of Urban and rural 19th-Century France
		How is urban space transformed, when the work place becomes ubiquitous, when services like finances and retail business turn into e-commerce, when private households are digitalised, when the private house becomes the place for working and ever...
		One of the few urban centers for the creation of art made from glass, UrbanGlass has gained an international reputation among glass artists.
	wwar.com /masters/u/urban-joseph.html (1366 words)

	AllRefer.com - Urban VIII (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Urban VIII (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		Urban VIII 1568–1644, pope (1623–44), a Florentine named Maffeo Barberini; successor of Gregory XV.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Urban VIII
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/U/Urban8.html (283 words)

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