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Topic: Urban ecology

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	Urban ecology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Urban ecology is the subfield of ecology which deals with the interaction of plants, animals and humans with each other and with their environment in urban or urbanizing settings.
		Analysis of urban settings in the context of ecosystem ecology (looking at the cycling of matter and the flow of energy through the ecosystem) can result in healthier, better managed communities.
		Urban ecology also involves the study of the effects of urban development patterns on ecological conditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urban_ecology (175 words)

	Urbanization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Often new urban areas are built in areas where the natural water cycle once occurred, such as forests, meadows or wetlands.
		The "urban lifestyle" and other factors appear to result in fewer human births, in cities, so as nations such as the US and China and India and Nigeria and so many others increasingly urbanize, now, the far higher birth rates of the village and countryside may be left behind.
		Lower infant mortality and longer survival in the urban environment may mitigate the trend, but the great human population increases of the recent past may be history in the near future, because of urbanization.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urbanization (1586 words)

	About Urban Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Urban ecology is a new branch of environmental studies that seeks to understand the natural systems of urban areas and the threats that face them.
		Urban ecologists study the trees, rivers, wildlife and open spaces found in cities to understand the extent of those resources and the way they are affected by pollution, over-development and other pressures.
		Urban ecology research is helping people see their city in a new way -- as part of a living ecosystem with valuable resources that promote better health and quality of life.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/research/urbaneco/AboutUrbanEcology/about_urban_ecology.htm (848 words)

	CSISS Classics - Robert Park and Ernest Burgess: Urban Ecology Studies, 1925
		In numerous research projects focused on the city of Chicago, Park and Burgess elaborated a theory of urban ecology which proposed that cities were environments like those found in nature, governed by many of the same forces of Darwinian evolution that affected natural ecosystems.
		Park and Burgess suggested that the struggle for scarce urban resources, especially land, led to competition between groups and ultimately to the division of the urban space into distinctive ecological niches or "natural areas" in which people shared similar social characteristics because they were subject to the same ecological pressures.
		Overall, the synchronic urban ecology studies of the 1920s were largely oblivious to issues of class, race, gender, and ethnicity.
	www.csiss.org /classics/content/26 (864 words)

	urban plant ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Urban biogeography and ecology is now a clearly defined sub-discipline within the overall subject of ecology.
		Data on the urban land use composition for each 1 km square were then used as environmental variables in an ordination of the data through Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to establish the principal land use gradients determining variability in the species data.
		New urban habitat adjacent to the A38 dual carriageway in Plymouth
	www.geog.plym.ac.uk /research/environ/envurban.htm (1002 words)

	Richard Register - EcoCities
		Urban Ecology takes direct action of many sorts from testimony before city and state lawmakers to public advocacy to street art and theater.
		Urban Ecology also keeps the conceptual ideas growing through publication of papers, posters and newsletters that scatter thinly about the world, with members and correspondents on all continents.
		Though Urban Ecology is attempting to bring the details of some urban living together in a coherent, healthy whole, particular aspects of the concept are being developed in many other places.
	www.context.org /ICLIB/IC08/Register.htm (2860 words)

	Institute of Ecosystem Studies
		Presently, 58% of the U.S. population lives in urban areas; by 2030 it is estimated that 60% of the global population will live in a metropolitan setting.
		Understanding how urban ecosystems function is integral to mitigating their negative effects on ecosystem services, assessing their impact on neighboring environments, and considering them in decision-making dialogue.
		Engaging urban dwellers is critical; their activities directly impact they way urban ecosystems function and they have a vested interest in maintaining the environmental integrity of the area they live in.
	www.ecostudies.org /IES_urban_ecology_why.html (155 words)

	Urban Ecology, Nature in an Urban Setting
		Whereas traditional ecology is mainly about connectedness within the natural world, between organisms and their environment and their interactions with each other, urban ecology broadens the concept to consider humans and the human environment.
		In Arizona its concepts have guided urban planners, and at state universities urban ecology is the focus of academic programs and research.
		Urban ecology acknowledges the obvious, that humans are not only part of the environment but they profoundly affect it.
	ag.arizona.edu /AZWATER/awr/marapr01/feature2.htm (759 words)

	Urban Forests Effects on Environmental Quality
		Urban ecology: patterns of population growth and ecological effects.
		Urban UV measurements: rationale for the establishment of long-term monitoring in the Baltimore Ecosystem Study.
		Urban forest of Dayton, Ohio: A preliminary assessment.
	www.fs.fed.us /ne/syracuse/Pubs/pubs.htm#UV (8787 words)

	ECOPLAN - Ecology and Urban Planning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thus, consideration of biodiversity in land-use planning is important both for the well-being of urban residents and for the maintenance of biodiversity.
		The study areas represent urban forest landscapes with different ecological values, and the valuation is based on urban biotope classification.
		Other aspects of urban ecology (long-term monitoring of urban forests, invasibility of urban habitats, ecosystem integration and effects of fragmentation and isolation) are studied also in Vantaa and Tampere.
	www.helsinki.fi /~niemela/ECOPLAN.html (1553 words)

	Urban ecology study witnessing the birth of a 'designer ecosystem'
		Phoenix as chosen as one of the two urban LTER sites because it is a fast growing desert city, like many of the world's emerging cities, with an archeological record for the area going back more than 2,000 years.
		One of the most interesting things that has been revealed is the special nature of the urban biota, which has a distinctive mixture of native and exotic plants and animals, but differs even further in the dynamics of how these organisms interact.
		The scientists note that the urban environment differs from the surrounding desert in that it has an ample, year-round supply of basic life resources such as water, that in the native environment is seasonal or highly localized.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-01/asu-ues010305.php (1349 words)

	Urban ecology study witnessing the birth of a "designer ecosystem"
		Urban ecology study witnessing the birth of a “designer ecosystem”
		Phoenix was chosen as one of two urban LTER sites (Baltimore is the other) because it is a fast-growing desert city, with an archeological record for the area going back more than 2,000 years.
		One of the revelations is the special nature of the urban biota, which has a distinctive mixture of native and exotic plants and animals but differs even further in the dynamics of how these organisms interact.
	www.asu.edu /feature/includes/spring05/readmore/urbanecology.html (924 words)

	More about Urban Ecology Center
		Urban Ecology Center's outdoor laboratory (part of Riverside Park) consists of 12 acres of wooded land and riparian habitat on the east bank of the Milwaukee River.
		Urban Ecology Center is located between the Riverwest and East Side communities, one of the most populated and diverse areas in Milwaukee.
		Continue on Park Place, The Urban Ecology Center is located at the end of the street (it's a dead end street) on the right.
	www.urbanecologycenter.org /more/more.html (1056 words)

	Urban Habitats
		Urban Habitats is an open-access electronic journal that focuses on current research on the biology of urban areas.
		Papers cover a range of related subject areas, including urban botany, conservation biology, wildlife and vegetation management in urban areas, urban ecology, restoration of urban habitats, landscape ecology and urban design, urban soils, bioplanning in metropolitan regions, and the natural history of cities around the world.
		Urban Habitats is a peer-reviewed, fully indexed scientific journal written and edited for a wide audience of researchers, restoration ecologists, park and preserve managers, government officials, and naturalists.
	www.urbanhabitats.org (170 words)

	CTM -- Stockholm National City Park
		Urban ecosystems deliver at least six ecosystem services: air filtration, regulation of micro climate, noise reduction, surface water drainage, recreation/cultural values and maintenance of biodiversity.
		But there are numerous conflicts of interests and tensions due to urban sprawl, growth of the urban populations and different perceptions and perspectives on urban development.
		The overall goal of the project, within the framework of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is to strengthening the capacity to sustainably manage urban ecosystems for the well-being of human populations.
	www.ctm.su.se /index.php?group_ID=601 (661 words)

	NewCOURSES IN URBAN ECOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The urban ecology faculty group at UW is now teaching a year-long, three-course sequence in urban ecology.
		The Urban Simulation Seminar is an ongoing forum for interchange among faculty, students and others involved or interested in a range of ongoing research projects at UW related to urban simulation.
		A third objective is to provide a forum for feedback on research in progress, from faculty and students with a diverse set of disciplinary perspectives, and from potential users of the research in the local region and elsewhere.
	www.urbaneco.washington.edu /courses.htm (1033 words)

	Center for Urban Ecology Home Page, United States, National Park Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The CUE staff focuses on urban ecology within the matrix of the region's nationally significant natural and cultural resources.
		With the continued development and population growth throughout the area, natural resources are fragmented within urban and suburban landscapes, and are often highly impacted.
		The Center for Urban Ecology's mission, as an interdisciplinary team, is to provide scientific guidance, technical assistance and education for the preservation, conservation and enhancement of park resources within urbanizing landscapes.
	www.nps.gov /cue/cueintro.html (164 words)

	Urban Ecology - Our Mission
		The goal of the Urban Ecology Centre is to build and share expertise concerning the most viable approaches to sustainable urban development and how they may best be implemented in our neighbourhoods and city.
		We aim to stimulate reflection, debate and practical intervention in the field of urban development on the part of experts as well as the lay public.
		We need to ensure that the needs of urban populations are met in ways that do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
	www.urbanecology.net (228 words)

	Urban Ecology Australia
		Urban Ecology Australia is a non-profit organisation promoting people and nature friendly urban settlements.
		It was initiated by UEA as a demonstration project, to promote nature and people friendly urban development by example.
		© Urban Ecology Australia 2006 Information on this website may be reproduced with appropriate acknowledgement.
	www.urbanecology.org.au (148 words)

	NATURE: The Wild Side of New York - Urban Ecology
		"This is a quantum leap in studying the way the urban environment works," says ecologist Charles Redman of Arizona State University in Tuscon, one of three directors of the Phoenix study.
		Each study will look at both the ecology and sociology of urban environments, involving an interdisciplinary team of ecologists, sociologists, geographers, and economists.
		Pickett, a scientist at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, NY, believes the two studies are important because "urban ecosystems are ecology's last frontier.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/wildside/urban.html (422 words)

	Urban Heat Island (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Analysis of temporal differences shows that the intensity of the urban heat-island is greatest at night, primarily due to differences in urban —rural cooling.
		Alterations of the urban surface by people result in diverse microclimates whose aggregate effect is reflected by the heat island.
		Buildings, paving, and other physical elements of the urban fabric are active thermal interfaces between the atmosphere and land surface.
	www.eslarp.uiuc.edu /la/LA338-S99/part1/f/heatisle.htm (690 words)

	URBAN ECOLOGY and DESIGN
		Cities and urban areas are the epicenter for global environmental impacts that ripple to distant corners of the word.
		The study of urban ecology and design is critical to achieving greater sustainability, both for humanity and the natural world.
		The study of campus ecology cannot be successful without emphasizing building and landscape architecture, ecological design, and urban planning and urban-rural development processes.
	www.campusecology.wsu.edu /page_012.htm (306 words)

	SD03. Ecological Planning, Urban Ecology & Political Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		European Academy for the Urban Environment, 1997, 'Urban Ecology Excursions in Berlin', European Academy of the Urban Environment, Berlin.
		Lipietz, A, 1996, 'Geography, ecology, dmeocracy', Antipode 28 (3), pp219-228.
		Urban Ecology, 1996, 'Blueprint for a sustainable city', Oakland, California, available from the author.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /sbe/planbiblios/bibs/Greenis/A/03.html (5564 words)

	Campus Ecology as a Means to Urban Environmental Literacy.
		These "campus ecology" projects are more than just efficient ways to cut university operations costs - this curriculum provides students with meaningful experiences in ecological stewardship and teaches that ecological problems can be solved if approached at the right scale and with sufficient commitment.
		"Campus ecology" is an effective pedagogy of ecological literacy since it leads to personal empowerment at problem solving and enables students to become agents of change for urban environmental sustainability.
		Campus ecology curriculum teaches urban ecosystem ecology in microcosm and thereby enables students to attain urban environmental literacy.
	www.ecostudies.org /cary8/grant/grant.html (1870 words)

	Urban-Suburban Ecology
		My research program focusses on the ecology of natural habitats that are surrounded by urban and suburban land use where pollution inputs, habitat fragmentation and exotic species introductions are changing community dynamics and ecosystem functions.
		In the USA between 1960 and 1997 nearly 50 million acres of farms and natural areas like forests and wetlands were converted to urban and suburban land use in the United States.
		Urban and suburban areas provide not only exciting research opportunities in basic ecology in the places where most Americans live, but also the opportunity to guide the management policies of parks, reserves, and nature sanctuaries surrounded by urban and suburban land use.
	www.louisville.edu /~mmcarr01/Carreiro/urg.html (1135 words)

	Urban Ecology Australia - Links
		Urban Ecology (US) plans and designs cities that sustain the people, natural resources, and economy necessary for everyone to thrive.
		This project aims to transform more than 20 ha of ex-industrial land at the southern end of Fremantle's South Beach into an urban village with a strong sense of place that is based on principles of social, economic and environmental sustainability.
		ARCUE was created in 1998 to help increase our understanding of the ecology, restoration and management of urban natural areas throughout Australia and the world.
	www.urbanecology.org.au /links (3170 words)

	Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology
		The paradigm shift in ecology and its implications for conservation.
		Urban Ecology as the Basis of Urban Planning.
		Heavy-metal ecology of terrestrial plants, microorganisms and invertabrates.
	arcue.botany.unimelb.edu.au /about_urb_ecol_refs.htm (976 words)

	The Urban Ecology Initiative
		However, lack of understanding of urban ecological processes is profound, in large part because they are determined by the complex interaction of human behavior and ecosystem processes.
		The Urban Ecology Initiative will also produce substantial, empirical databases that will be used by students, faculty, and the community at large.
		The urban planner, busy working towards his or her degree, might not have interacted professionally (or over margaritas) with the geographer or forest ecologist.
	www.washington.edu /change/proposals/urban.html (1150 words)

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