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Topic: Urban heat island

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	Urban Heat alters weather patterns
		Because urban areas both generate and trap heat, a bubble or "urban heat island" forms around the city.
		Heat islands are created through the process of urbanization.
		Not only is heat and pollution produced from automobiles and commercial facilities, but Atlanta's 5 to 8-degree rise in temperature contributes to an increase in ozone, a particularly destructive type of smog.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/essd26apr99_1.htm (1159 words)

	WXWISE Urban Heat Islands
		The urban heat island may also increase cloudiness and precipitation in the city, as a thermal circulation sets up between the city and surrounding region.
		The urban heat island is clearly evident in a statistical study of surface air temperatures (Woolum, 1964).
		Urban heat islands appear on the image as "dark blemishes." The city of Pittsburgh is marked to help you recognize the heat island feature.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /wxwise/heatisl.html (603 words)

	Urban heat island
		Heat islands were first noticed in the 1800s.
		One consequence of urban heat islands is the increased energy required for air conditioning and refrigeration.
		The view of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is that the effects of urban heat islands on the recorded temperature "do not exceed about 0.05°C over the period 1900 to 1990".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/he/Heat_island.html (425 words)

	Urban heat island - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heat islands form as vegetation is replaced by asphalt and concrete for roads, buildings, and other structures necessary to accommodate growing populations.
		The heat island effect can be counteracted slightly by using white or reflective materials to build houses, pavements, and roads, thus increasing the overall albedo of the city.
		The explanation for the night-time maximum is that the principal cause of UHI is blocking of "sky view" during cooling: surfaces lose heat at night principally by radiation to the (comparitavely cold) sky, and this is blocked by the buildings in an urban area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urban_heat_island (2732 words)

	Urban Heat Islands: Hotter Cities by James A. Voogt
		An urban heat island is the name given to describe the characteristic warmth of both the atmosphere and surfaces in cities (urban areas) compared to their (nonurbanized) surroundings.
		Heat island intensity is a measure of the strength or magnitude of the heat island.
		Heat islands of cities located in the mid latitudes usually are strongest in the summer or winter seasons.
	www.actionbioscience.org /environment/voogt.html (2786 words)

	Atlanta -- "Urban Heat Island"
		All large urban areas are warmed by their own urban heat islands as a result of the removal of trees and the paving of land, according to Dale Quattrochi and Jeffrey Luvall of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, who lead the Atlanta Land-use Analysis: Temperature and Air-quality (ATLANTA) project.
		Smog levels are intensified by the urban heat island because with a 10-degree rise in temperature, the chemical reaction that creates ozone, the molecule responsible for smog-doubles.
		The expanding population and loss of vegetated land leads to a larger urban heat island, according to Lo.
	www.uga.edu /news/newsbureau/releases/1999releases/atlheat.html (927 words)

	Excessive Heat Events Guidebook \| Heat Island Effect \| U.S. EPA
		The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has produced the Excessive Heat Events Guidebook (PDF, 60 pp., 1,796 KB) with assistance from Federal, state and local and academic partners.
		As a quick reference resource, the Excessive Heat Events Guidebook in Brief (also available as a PDF File, 2pp., 104 KB) offers summary information and useful tips that can be used when preparing for and responding to excessive heat.
		EPA also has a page of general information related to extreme heat events, to help individual, communities, and businesses prepare for and respond to heat waves.
	epa.gov /heatisland/about/heatguidebook.html (156 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Urban Heat Islands
		Urban areas have their own microclimates with significant differences in temperature, rainfall, and wind flow patterns than that of nearby rural areas.
		This effect is primarily due to the fact that urban areas have fewer trees and less natural vegetation to shade buildings, block solar radiation, and cool the air by evapotranspiration (the evaporation of water from the surfaces of leaves and soil).
		One way to help reduce the urban heat island effect is by using lighter colored materials for the street surfaces and building roofs which can decrease the expanse of heat-retaining surfaces.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/190.html (812 words)

	Urban Heat Island Phenomenon
		Urban Heat Island is essentially a ‘bubble’ of hot air which can engulf an entire city.
		It is generated by the radiant heat emanating from all of the paved areas and buildings in the city.
		Note the red areas showing the high heat levels being generated by the buildings and pavement in the city.
	www.greenroofplants.com /urban_heat_island_phenomenon.htm (87 words)

	Urban Forestry: Urban Heat Islands (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Heat islands are caused by urbanization, when buildings, roads and paved surfaces store the heat during the day and then release it slowly during the evening keeping urban lands hoter than surrounding areas.
		Artificial heat released by combustive processes from vehicles and industrial activities, and heat escaping from commercial and domestic air conditioning, also contribute to higher air and surface temperatures within the city.
		On average, the summertime land surface temperature in Providence heat islands is 20° C higher than in the surrounding suburban areas and 13 degrees higher than in treed neighborhoods in Providence.
	envstudies.brown.edu /classes/es201/2003/Forestry/heatislands.htm (395 words)

	Urban Heat Islands
		Besides reducing energy use, reflective roof products also help to combat the "heat island effect." Urban heat islands are a phenomenon caused by the increased use of dark, heat-absorbing building and construction materials (including dark roofing/cladding materials, parking lots, and roads) and the corresponding reduction in the amount of natural tree cover that provides shade.
		One proven method for reducing the urban heat island effect is to use more white and light-colored construction materials (including white roofing materials) rather than dark construction materials, and plant more shade trees.
		According to Gary Moll, American Forests' vice president of urban forestry, "the urban heat island effect increases an electric utility's peak load condition; the period of time each afternoon when there is the greatest demand for power.
	www.stevensroofing.com /Energy/Energy_UrbanHeatIsl.htm (411 words)

	SVS Science Story: Landsat: Atlanta's Urban Heat Island
		The sprawling metropolis of Atlanta, Georgia is an island unto itself-an "urban heat island".
		All large urban areas are warmed by their own urban heat islands as a result of the removal of trees and the paving of land, according to Dale Quattrochi and Jeffrey Luvall of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, who lead the Atlanta Land-use Analysis: Temperature and Air-quality (ATLANTA) project.
		Smog levels are intensified by the urban heat island because with a 10-degree rise in temperature, the chemical reaction that creates ozone-the molecule responsible for smog-doubles, according to Luvall.
	svs.gsfc.nasa.gov /stories/Landsat/atlanta_heat_background.html (868 words)

	Solvent \| Urban Heat Island
		However, the variability of urban climate is high, and depends on the particular topography, regional wind speed, urban morphology, and many other factors.
		Urban environments are usually warmer before sunrise than rural ones, because they have cooled down overnight at a slower rate (primarily because clusters of buildings increase the heat capacity of the area and reduce its radiative cooling efficiency).
		It is possible to increase the urban reflectivity to solar radiation - the albedo - by, e.g.
	dea.brunel.ac.uk /solvent/island.htm (600 words)

	Urban Heat Island
		The tragedy of Houston’s urban heat condition is that a significant portion of it is caused by the very people who live and work in the city and suffer from it.
		Storage heat is energy that is absorbed by the various materials of the surface environment: buildings, pavement, soil, etc. During the day the energy from the sun heats different areas of the city to different degrees.
		Heat is also lost to the upper atmosphere by vertical sensible heat transfer as boundary layer air is vertically mixed.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sass/UHI.html (7742 words)

	urban heat island
		The higher temperatures in urban heat islands increases air conditioning and raises pollution levels.
		Urban heat islands are not only uncomfortably hot, they are also smoggier.
		Higher temperatures in urban heat islands bring with them increased energy use, mostly due to a greater demand for air conditioning.
	home.pusan.ac.kr /~imyunkyu/research/about_UHI.html (821 words)

	Evergreen - The Urban Heat Island Effect
		Research the literature available on the heat island effect and write a report that investigates the impact of the heat island on urban climatic conditions and the potential for larger scale or even global impacts.
		Various research has indicated that urban centres may be heated by as much as 10 degrees Celsius in the summer as a result of high concentrations of concrete, human activities such as industrial process and cars, and the absence of tree cover.
		Some of the reasons for the heat island are concrete, asphalt, and glass that have replaced natural vegetation.
	www.evergreen.ca /en/lg/lessons/urban_heat.html (971 words)

	Urban Heat Island (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Other implications of growing urban heat islands include increases in carbon dioxide emissions from power plants, municipal water demand, concentrations of smog, and human discomfort and disease.
		Analysis of temporal differences shows that the intensity of the urban heat-island is greatest at night, primarily due to differences in urban —rural cooling.
		Alterations of the urban surface by people result in diverse microclimates whose aggregate effect is reflected by the heat island.
	www.eslarp.uiuc.edu /la/LA338-S99/part1/f/heatisle.htm (690 words)

	Let's cool it!
		In some places, a city's extra heat seems to be changing weather patterns, as is happening in Atlanta.
		But the heat island has made one change: Wintertime freezes have about disappeared from the Valley core.
		Human-generated heat is taking such a toll in health, energy use and pollution around the country that in 1997 the Environmental Protection Agency launched a multiagency project to combat it, the Heat Island Reduction Initiative.
	www.azcentral.com /specials/special09/articles/0914sun1-14.html (809 words)

	Assessing the Health Danger of the Urban Heat Island
		It is well-known that urban areas possess higher temperatures than nearby rural locations, but it is uncertain whether certain air masses contribute more significantly to the urban heat island effect.
		If the latter is the case, this can have important urban health implications, especially if hot, tropical air masses are the ones that constitute the majority of the urban heat island warming.
		Although there is a proliferation of urban heat island studies, we have identified none which attempts to determine the differential effect of air masses on the urban heat island thermal regime.
	www.udel.edu /SynClim/urbanheat.html (979 words)

	Reducing an Urban Heat Island Effect with Energy Crops.
		Urban Sprawl not only results in the loss of native habitats (where animal and plant species are becoming extinct or endangered), but creates "Urban Heat Islands" -- where man-made materials such as asphalt store much of the sun's energy producing a dome of elevated air temperatures over the urban area.
		In central Florida, as urban sprawl continues to expand along the I-4 cooridor between Tampa and Orlando, the region is experiencing more and more "Air Quality Alert Days" -- warning children and seniors to limit outside activities or to stay inside.
		There are many ways to reduce temperatures in "Urban Heat Islands" ranging from using lighter colored asphalts and roof shingles that reflect light -- to planting trees.
	www.treepower.org /heatisland.html (417 words)

	Futurity, Inc.: Urban Heat Island Case Study
		Heat accelerates chemical reactions in the atmosphere, leading to higher ozone concentrations and greater potential risk to human health.
		Three to eight percent of urban electricity demand is used to compensate for increased temperatures from urban heat island effect.
		Thermal values increase from rural to urban areas as vegetation is replaced by pavement and roofing.
	www.futurityinc.com /cases/uhi.htm (465 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - New York City Temperature and Vegetation
		Urban heat islands are worst where there is little or no vegetation.
		By carefully examining the relationship between city surfaces, temperature, and energy use, Gaffin and his colleagues concluded that urban forestry and vegetation-covered roofs could lower city temperatures and even reduce the demand for air conditioning and the consumption of electricity.
		Keeping New York City “cool” is the job of NASA’s “heat seekers” (2006) from NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17354 (339 words)

	Keeping New York City Cool Is The Job Of NASA's Heat Seekers
		This is due to a phenomenon called the urban heat island effect that causes air temperatures in New York City and other major cities to be warmer than in neighboring suburbs and rural areas.
		In cities, the urban heat island effect is caused by the large number of buildings, sidewalks and other non-natural surfaces that limit the amount of land covered with vegetation like grass and trees.
		The urban heat island occurrence is particularly pronounced during summer heat waves and at night when wind speeds are low and sea breezes are light.
	www.spacemart.com /reports/Keeping_New_York_City_Cool_Is_The_Job_Of_NASAs_Heat_Seekers.html (1054 words)

	Top Story - NASA SATELLITE CONFIRMS URBAN HEAT ISLANDS INCREASE RAINFALL AROUND CITIES - June 18, 2002
		This image shows areas where urban heat islands influenced higher rainfall rates (in blue) downwind of major cities connected by Interstate 35, known as the I-35 corridor in Texas.
		The winds that carried clouds and rainfall downwind (in this case, south and east of urban areas) occurred roughly 3.0 kilometers (1.9 miles) above the surface.
		Such surfaces retain heat and lead to warmer surrounding temperatures, and create a phenomenon known as an urban heat-island.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20020613urbanrain.html (1247 words)

	City of Toronto: Green Roofs: Study findings
		In 2004, the City commissioned a team from Ryerson University to prepare a study on the potential environmental benefits of widespread implementation of green roofs to the City of Toronto, given the local environment and climate.
		The Study, titled The Environmental Benefits and Costs of Green Roof Technology, was undertaken with a grant from the Federation of Canadian Municipalities' Green Municipal Funds, and in partnership with Earth and Environmental Technologies, one of five Ontario Centres for Excellence, supported by the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Trade.
		This Study indicated that widespread implementation of green roofs in Toronto would provide significant economic benefits to the City, particularly in the areas of stormwater management and reducing the urban heat island (and the energy use associated therewith).
	www.toronto.ca /greenroofs/findings.htm (580 words)

	Science Question of the Week - urban heat island - October 4, 2002
		If you live in certain parts of a major urban area, it may be more than your imagination that your part of the city gets more rain than other parts of the city.
		The rainfall distribution may stem from the urban heat island effect because the heating creates a wind circulation that promotes rising air over the city.
		Additionally, the results may alert meteorologists that urban surfaces must be considered in the sophisticated computer models that produce weather forecasts.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /scienceques2002/20021004.htm (562 words)

	Project ATLANTA - Urban Heat Island Study (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This information is critical to resolving the underlying surface responses that lead to development of local and regional-scale urban climate processes, such as the urban heat island phenomenon and related characteristics.
		This illustrates that although air temperatures were cooler than optimal for development of the urban heat island effect, there was still significant heating by artificial urban surfaces to permit good contrast with nighttime cooling.
		Excluding the effects of the highly variable emissivites of urban building materials, an empirical observation of the images presented in Figures 1 and 2 illustrates the wide range of thermal energy responses present across the Atlanta city landscape, as well as the detail that can be discerned from the 10m data.
	www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov /atlanta (2730 words)

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