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Topic: Urnfield culture

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	Urnfield - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Urnfield culture grew from the preceding tumulus culture.
		The Urnfield culture is found from western Hungary to eastern France, from the Alps almost to the coast of the North Sea.
		The numerous hoards of the Urnfield culture and the existence of fortified settlements (hill forts) were taken as evidence for widespread warfare and upheaval by some scholars.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Urnfield (3074 words)

	Urnfield culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A simplified map, ca 1200 BC, showing the central Urnfield culture (red), the northern Urnfield culture (orange), the Knoviz culture (blue-gray), the Lusatian culture (purple), the Danubian culture (brown), the Terramare culture (blue), the Atlantic Bronze Age (green) and the Nordic Bronze Age (yellow).
		Towards the end of the Urnfield period, some bodies were burnt in situ and then covered by a barrow, reminiscent of the burial of Patroclus as described by Homer, the burial of Beowulf (with the additional ship burial element).
		Urnfields are found in the French Languedoc from the 9th to 8th centuries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urnfield (3157 words)

	Origin of the Celts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As the name suggests, the people of the Urnfield culture cremated their dead and placed the remains in urns which were buried in flat cemeteries without any covering mound.
		The period of the Urnfield culture, like that of the Tumulus culture, was one of expansion, particularly during the first millennium B.C.E. It is during the period of the Urnfield culture that the Bronze Age was at its peek in Central Europe.
		Whereas the Urnfield people may justifiably be considered to have been proto-Celtic, their descendants in Central Europe, the people of the Hallstatt culture, were certainly fully Celtic.
	www.celticcorner.com /origins.html (721 words)

	Celts - Crystalinks
		The Urnfield period saw a dramatic increase in population in the region, probably due to innovations in technology and agricultural practices.
		The Hallstatt culture was succeeded by the La Tène culture, and during the final stages of the Iron Age gradually transformed into the explicitly Celtic culture of early historical times.
		Stonehenge and the other megalithic monuments long predate the Iron Age Celtic culture, but Genetic evidence indicates that the Celtic populations of the Atlantic Archipelago have been relatively stable for at least 6,000 years, in which case the modern Celts would be the direct descendants of their builders.
	www.crystalinks.com /celts.html (1898 words)

	Slovenia - view from outside
		Through this culture we are today best able to discover their identity and through them the identity of their predecessors.
		We would like to break the barrier of silence which surrounds the Venetic culture and to present the reader with an unobstructed view of the ancient past of Europe, which is to some degree still reflected in the Slovene nation.
		The principal purpose of this book is to determine those elements of material culture and historical events which link the nations of central Europe with their predecessors, the Veneti, regardless of the different languages involved.
	www.prah.net /slovenia/books/foreword.htm (1228 words)

	history1
		That the Urnfield Culture existed throughout parts of Europe until 1000 BC to be replaced by the `Celtic` Halstatt Culture could mark a starting point.
		That the Urnfield Culture itself is now universally recognized as the original speakers of old Celtic, pushes the history further back, but to make life easier we`ll call the Halstatt `Bronze Age` Culture the first bona fide Celts.
		By 600 to 500 BCE Celtic Culture existed from Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to Turkey and Northern Greece in the East.
	www.geocities.com /mhaille21/history1.html (1351 words)

	[No title]
		The Urnfield Culture was adopted by the original habitants of these territories and melded with Veneti into one ethnic community that formed the beginning of the Slovenian nation.
		The proliferation of the Hallstatt Culture, embracing the territory north of Eastern Alps to east Slovenia, is expressed mainly in ironwork.
		It concerns the continuation of the Urnfield Culture burials, but with a difference, where, in Este Culture the Veneti developed their script and left for their descendants the legacy of invaluable monuments with many inscriptions, mainly in Italy, where the center of the Este Culture was, but in addition also in Slovenia.
	www.geocities.com /ausslokon/prevodrazstavanaptuju.htm (5912 words)

	Clannada na Gadelica - Gaelic Traditionalist Resource Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The second ancestral population is the Urnfield culture of the Late Bronze Age, so named because of their tradition of cremation burial in which the ashes were interred in pottery urns.
		The Urnfield culture ended in the 7th century, BC, replaced by the Hallstat culture, the name given to the earliest phase of the Celtic Iron Age.
		The earliest two cultural phases of the Hallstat, termed A and B, are dated to the Late Bronze age 12th-8th Century, BC, the next two phases Hallstat C and D, are true Iron age cultures which spanned the period from the 7th to the 6th century, BC.
	www.clannada.org /culture_burial.php (5532 words)

	The Various Celts
		As is the case of culture to this day, the dominant culture extends its influence into all aspects of life, including language, art, agriculture, technology and religion.
		Actually, the Urnfield culture was generated in the lowlands around the Danube and disseminated from there throughout Europe including the mountainous region of Austria.
		Thus, though the Halstadt culture was a beneficiary, it was not the originator of the Urn burials.
	www.danann.org /library/sochis/various3.html (1334 words)

	Hallstatt Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As stated in the Origins section, the Hallstatt culture, together with La Tène, represent archaeologically the iron-using prehistoric peoples of Central, Western and, temporarily at least, some other parts of Europe.
		From about 1200 to about 800 B.C.E. there is some overlap with the Urnfield culture as Europe was moving from the Bronze Age into the Iron Age.
		There are many similarities between the Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures, and it hard to determine when one left off and the other began.
	www.celticcorner.com /hallstatt.html (663 words)

	Clannada na Gadelica - Gaelic Traditionalist Resource Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		These cultures emerged from a blending of late Bronze Age (circa 2000 B.C.) infiltrations from the south and east by what archaeologists term as the Iberian Beaker and Carpathian Battle-Axe peoples (so called because of the evidence found in their graves).
		However, it is with the beginning of the Urnfield Culture that we find indications of the first "proto-Celtic" peoples, in that they are thought to have spoken an early version of Celtic, as is suggested by the evidence of place-names.
		Another aspect of Celtic culture which points toward a definite veneration for the dead are the rituals which surround the death of a relative.
	www.clannada.org /culture_ancestors.php (3001 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How
		The Urnfield culture of central European culture is dated roughly between 1300 BC and 750 BC.
		As the term includes many quite divergent traditions, it might be more fit to talk of an urnfield period or an urnfield tradition.
		Certainly the urnfield culture is found in some of the areas where people lived who were later to be called "Kelt" or "Galatoi" by classical authors.
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /Urnfield (2930 words)

	12/17/97 Prosveta Article
		He gave a lengthy presentation of Slovenian place-names, stating that these names could have developed only in the Late Bronze Age at the time when the Veneti, the bearers of the Urnfield culture, came from the north and settled in the areas in question.
		The bearers of the Urnfield culture, the Veneti, spread their language as well as their culture and religion.
		All Slavic languages, to a greater or lesser degree, have developed from contact with the Urnfield culture.
	www.angelfire.com /country/veneti/Prosveta19971217Veneti.html (668 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Seeing the diversity of languages and the cultures they represent, one can understand better how you can not say the Kurgan or Indo-European was a Celt, rather it was from their cultures the Celtic culture evolved as did so many others.
		The Halstatt Culture was for the aristocrats among the Celts, the rest of the tribe remained in the Urnfield Culture.
		The Celts gave to mankind from its culture, and in the Dark Ages it was the Celts who preserved the enlightenment, the arts and Christianity and gave it back to man when he saw the light.
	users.ev1.net /~gpmoran/CeltChron1.htm (5288 words)

	a37cel
		This new culture was discovered in 1846 when Georg Ramsauer, director of the Hallstatt state mines on the shores of Lake Halstatt in Austria, began to excavate the graves of a prehistoric cemetery where a flourishing community had buried their dead in the first half of the first millennium BC.
		Only the last two phases, with the appearance of iron, are known commonly among archaeologists as the Hallstatt culture; the first two phases are identified with the previous Urnfield culture.
		Parallels to this horse-gear may be identified in the steppes of southern Russia, particularly in a culture which are convincingly identified with that of the Kimmerians who appear to have been pushed westward by the Scythians.
	www.world-destiny.org /a37cel.htm (4916 words)

	soc.culture.celtic FAQ
		Trevor Roper in his research suggests that the Highlands of Scotland were culturally deprived approaching the 16'th century and that the literature of the Highland Scot was a crude echo of the Irish literature.
		Clearly, the cultural expressions of Cape Breton Island are well entrenched in a global sense regardless of their traditional origins.
		Culture ~~~~~~~ The modern day culture of Mannin may be difficult to distinguish from north-western English due to the demographic changes over the past century and particularly the past thirty years.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/cultures/celtic/celtic-faq (10954 words)

	[No title]
		It was the period of the Urnfield culture (after 1200 BC), spread by the migration of its bearers, the
		The monuments seem to be a phenomenon associated exclusively with a period of consolidation and growth that followed the initial establishment of farming cultures in the centre of the continent.
		Evidently, the later culture of Band Ceramics is to be considered a derivation from the great culture, which at present-day was discovered in Lusatia: communal longhouses, substantial villages… They were also characteristic for the Band Ceramics.
	www.carantha.net /forum_veneti_part_i_m.htm (8732 words)

	[No title]
		The Celts evolved from the Urnfield Culture (given that name because of the burial system of cremation and placement of ashes in urns which in turn were buried in fields...) much earlier than the Romanized Celtic world of the late 500-400 BC.
		The time in European history of this snapshot of Celtic cultural development is approximately 800 B.C. The Celtic people here were an iron using people who traded salt to the south as far as Italy and as far north as Bohemia.
		La Tene Culture can be divided into three periods: Early La Tene, 600-500 B.C.; Middle La Tene, 300-100 B.C.; and Late La Tene which leads into the end of Celtic dominance in central Europe as the Roman Empire began to expand north of the Alps.
	www.ibiblio.org /gaelic/Celts/celtshistory.html (1057 words)

	Mystic Goddess New Age Spiritual Metaphysical Pagan Wiccan Witchcraft Store in Clearwater, Florida
		In trying to understand the motivations, attitudes, philosophies, and laws of the Celts, we are handicapped by the early prohibition of the Celts against committing their knowledge to written record.
		So it was not until the Greeks and Romans began to write their accounts of the Celts, sometimes culturally misconceived and invariably biased, that the Celts emerged into recorded history.
		Its roots go back to the artisans of the Urnfield culture and the Hallstatt Culture (8th century BC to 5th century BC)bc at the beginning of the Iron Age.
	www.mysticgoddess.org /celtic2.htm (2072 words)

	the Slovenian
		The uniqueness of Venetic Culture in Slovenia and Italy are the famous Situlas, art from the 6th to 4th Century B.C. Situla is a small bucket with a handle, often decorated with scenes from everyday life or from nature.
		The skill of the Veneti with handmade craft is seen in the three vessels from the 6th Century B.C. used for decorative and cultural purposes.
		Caption: Part of a Roman headstone that is built into the wall of the parish church at Leskovec near Krško and the replica stands in the field near Drnovo (Neviodunum).
	theslovenian.com /articles/tomazic.htm (5671 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The town and the term is Russian for tumulus, the distinctive mound-grave of the nomadic culture to whom the name Kurgan was given.
		From these latter people emerged the Battle-Axe Culture, Tumulus and then the Urnfield Culture which spread into central Europe and evolved into the Halstatt Culture.
		A Celtic culture began to emerge in Europe around 800 BC as loosely associated Celtic tribes who shared a common language, cultural ties and closely related religious ideas began to interact.
	users.ev1.net /~gpmoran/mrn4.htm (1579 words)

	Wikinfo \| Urnfield
		The Urnfield culture was an ancient culture of central Europe about which little is known, as they left no writing.
		Their name comes from their custom of cremating the dead and placing them in cemeteries consisting of rows of urns that remained above-ground with no burial.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Urnfield (173 words)

	Trojans/Bronze Age Lists
		As a temporary measure to allow for Late Bronze Age European warriors armed with javelins, slashing swords and armour (Urnfield culture) in the Nordic Bronze Age list, simply include these options for the warriors, or include the 'Sea-Peoples' or 'later type' spearman as described in the Trojan list.
		This is not because Foundry are confused, but was deliberately planned in order to provide just the kind of variation within a range to allow imaginative and informed player to find the figures needed to adapt variant armies from the range.
		The Bronze Age in Europe lasted from circa 3000 BC to circa 600 BC and is represented by various cultures which flourished in different parts of Europe.
	www.inisfail.com /~ancients/jervis-trojans-bronze-age-army.html (998 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 99212463 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Table of contents for Land and ancestors : cultural dynamics in the Urnfield period and the Middle Ages in the southern Netherlands / editors, F. Theuws & N. Roymans.
		Urnfield symbolism, ancestors and the land in the Lower Rhine Region, Nico Roymans/Fokko Kortlang
		Urnfield and settlement traces from teh Iron Age at Mierlo-Hut, Adri Tol
	www.loc.gov /catdir/enhancements/fy0634/99212463-t.html (197 words)

	zimbabwe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Bell Beaker culture of the early Bronze Age
		Graves were not obvious during the Urnfield period, 1250-700 BC,
		Hallstatt lasted from 1200-500 BC -overlapping with the Urnfield culture
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~tt27/bronzeiron.htm (374 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 99212463
		Publisher description for Land and ancestors : cultural dynamics in the Urnfield period and the Middle Ages in the southern Netherlands / editors, F. Theuws & N. Roymans.
		Contributions include the publication of primary data of excavations published for the first time and analysis on a more abstract level.
		The studies include among others: Urnfield symbolism, ancestors and the land in the Lower Rhine Region (Roymans/Kortlang) Urnfield and settlement traces from the Iron Age at Mierlo-Hout (Tol) The archaeology and history of the curia of the abbey of St. Truiden at Hulsel (Theuws) Gift exchange, eternity and landed property.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/uchi053/99212463.html (219 words)

	RealMagick Article: Origins of the Celts by Michael Wangbickler
		Story of the Celts: Who are the Celts?
		"The ancient Celts were a group of culturally similar peoples who once occupied most of central and western Europe, north of the..."
		Story of the Celts: The Celts in Britain by John Patrick Parle
	realmagick.com /articles/32/1032.html (1028 words)

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