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Topic: Urobilinogen

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	Bilirubin
		The blood transports the urobilinogen back to the liver where it is either re-excreted into the bile or into the blood for transport to the kidneys.
		Urobilinogen is finally excreted as a normal component of the urine.
		The amount of urobilinogen in the urine will be either normal or low if not enough bilirubin is being removed by the liver into bile and the intestines.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/634bilirubin.html (476 words)

	Bilirubin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the later portions of the small intestine (ileum) and the colon, about half of the bilirubinglucuronide is converted into urobilinogen.
		Urobilinogen is either reabsorbed or converted by the presence of oxygen to stercobilin.
		Small amounts of urobilinogen remaining in the blood are filtered by the kidneys, ending up in the urine as urobilin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bilirubin (1040 words)

	Urinalysis
		A small presence of urobilinogen is normal and is formed from bilirubin by the action of the intestinal bacteria.
		A large amount of urobilinogen may be present in blood disorders such as hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia or other forms of anemia.
		Urobilinogen may be reduced during antibiotic therapy and maybe absent when there is an obstruction of the biliary duct which conducts the bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.
	www.informedcenters.com /Urinalysis.htm (3323 words)

	[No title]
		Urobilinogen: This tests is based on the Ehrlich reaction in which p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with urobilinogen in a strong acid medium to produce a brown-orange color.
		Urobilinogen: The test area will react with interfering substances known to react with ehrlich's reagent, such as porphobilinogen and p-aminosalicylic acid.6 The test is not a reliable method for the detection of porphobilinogen.
		Urobilinogen: In a healthy population, the normal urine urobilinogen range obtained with this test is 0.1 to 1.0 Ehrlich unit per dl.
	www.rapidtest.com /URS-7.doc (2170 words)

	Urinalysis - Definition, Purpose, Precautions, Description, Preparation, Aftercare, Risks, Normal results
		Urobilinogen: Urobilinogen is a substance formed in the gastrointestinal tract by the bacterial reduction of conjugated bilirubin.
		Increased urinary urobilinogen occurs in prehepatic jaundice (hemolytic anemia), hepatitis, and other forms of hepatic necrosis that impair the circulation of blood in the liver and surrounding organs.
		The urobilinogen test is helpful in differentiating these conditions from obstructive jaundice, which results in decreased production of urobilinogen.
	www.surgeryencyclopedia.com /St-Wr/Urinalysis.html (2400 words)

	Urine Test - Medical Tests - Medical Encyclopedia - MSN Health & Fitness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Urobilinogen, a compound formed by the breakdown of bilirubin and eliminated from the body mostly in stool.
		Only small amounts of urobilinogen are normally found in urine.
		Urobilinogen in urine can be a sign of liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis) or blockage of the flow of bile from the liver or gallbladder.
	health.msn.com /encyclopedia/medicaltests/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100071664 (524 words)

	Student BMJ August 1998
		In the gut, the intestinal flora hydrolyse and reduce conjugated bilirubin to form urobilinogen, which is colourless and water soluble.
		Urobilinogen is a confusing term because under normal circumstances very little ends up in the urine--usually only a trace.
		Water soluble urobilinogen is absorbed into the plasma and filtered through the glomerulus into the urine, where it is colourless but detectable by dipstick.
	www.studentbmj.com /back_issues/1098/data/1098ed3.htm (1032 words)

	Chapter 6
		Eighty to ninety percent of the urobilinogen is oxidized to urobilin and excreted in the feces.
		The remaining urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the portal circulation and returned to the liver (constituting the so-called enterohepatic circulation), while some reaches the general circulation and is excreted by the kidney (this urobilinogen imparts a sight yellow color to urine as it is oxidized to urobilin on standing).
		That portion of urobilinogen reabsorbed into the portal circulation and carried to the liver may also enter the general circulation since liver cells are damaged.
	compepid.tuskegee.edu /syllabi/pathobiology/pathology/genpath/chapter6.html (3711 words)

	Urobilin & Urobilinogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Urobilinogens are colorless compounds formed by bacteria in the intestine from bilirubin after the conjugated glucuronic acid has been removed.
		A small portion of the urobilinogen is reabsorbed, extracted from the circulation by the hepatocytes and excreted by the kidney.
		The urobilinogen remaining in the intestine is oxidized to brown
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/medicine/units/biochem/coursenotes/blanchaer_tutorials/Frank_II/urobilinogen.html (120 words)

	urobilinogen - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Urobilinogen is a bile pigment that is produced by the degradation of conjugated bilirubin in the biliary tree and small intestine.
		Hence, urobilinogen is present in the urine of normal subjects.
		If there is an increase in urobilinogen in the urine then this indicates hepato-cellular dysfunction or an increased bilirubin formation, e.g.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-1348861910.htm (153 words)

	[No title]
		The determinations consisted of plasma bilirubin concentration, bromsulphalein retention, urobilinogen excretion in the urine, cephalin flocculation and thymol turbidity.
		The excretion of abnormal amounts of urobilinogen in the urine by patients resuscitated with expanders was fairly constant.
		Urobilinogen excretion in the urine was usually elevated in patients resuscitated with blood.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/korea/Vol1-BattleCasualties/Chapter9.htm (3169 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Approximately 2 of urobilinogen is reabsorbed from intestine
		The urobilinogen remaining in intestine is excreted in the feces and is oxidized to urobilin
		Urobilinogen excretion seems to peak between __ - __P.M. so screening for urobilinogen for liver damage should be done then.
	www.umpi.maine.edu /~graves/MLT101LEC13ou.htm (288 words)

	www.similima.com - virtual medical world of postgraduate homoeopaths
		Hepatocellular jaundice: urine is +ve for bile pigments and salts d.Determination of fecal and urinary urobilinogen,urobilinogen is formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin The amount of fecal urobilinogen depends primarily on the amount of bilirubin entering the intestine.
		Haemolytic jaundice : Faecal urobilinogen is increased in haemolytic jaundice.Hence faeces dark in colour
		Obstructive jaundice: Fecal urobilinogen is decreased or absent if there is obstruction to flow of bile.
	www.similima.com /pm74.html (1421 words)

	SFMMq1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The elevated urine bilirubin levels with no increase in urobilinogen levels, amber urine, and clay colored stool all point to posthepatic jaundice.
		The formation of urobilinogen by the intestines results in a brown fecal color.
		A yellow tint of the skin is caused by an excess of bilirubin in the body because it is highly pigmented.
	www.udel.edu /medtech/mclane/SFMMq1.html (163 words)

	Urine - 9 Glucose, Bilirubin, Ketone, Specific Gravity, Blood, pH, Protein, Urobilinogen, Nitrite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Cypress URINE – 9 is composed of firm plastic strips to which are affixed several separate reagent areas.
		This test is based on a modified Ehrlich reaction in which p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with urobilinogen in a strong acid medium to produce a pink colour.
		Urobilinogen: The test area will react with interfering substances known to react with Ehrlich’s reagent, such as porphobilinogen and p-aminosalicylic acid.
	www.diagnostics.be /products/clinical/quicktest/Urine/urine-9.htm (2592 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Urinary urobilinogen is increased reflecting the maximum conjugating output of the liver.
		Although there is a decrease in the amount of conjugated bilirubin reaching the gut, usually there is an increase in the concentration of urinary urobilinogen, resulting from a higher fraction of reabsorbed urobilinogen reaching the serum due to the obstruction in the enterohepatic circulation.
		Urobilinogen, in contrast, is decreased or absent since its production requires some flow of conjugated bilirubin into the bile.
	www.muhealth.org /~md2003/update7/urinalysis.doc (1995 words)

	Anemia: Pathophysiology, Classification, Clinical Investigation
		The bilirubin is greedily scarfed up by the liver, conjugated with glucuronide, squirted into the alimentary tract in the bile, and converted to urobilinogen by evangelical colonic bacteria.
		The urobilinogen is excreted in the stool (most of it) or reabsorbed and excreted in the urine (very little of it).
		In cases of accelerated rbc destruction, the capacity of the liver to capture bilirubin is saturated, and the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin in serum increases, occasionally to the point of producing clinical jaundice.
	web2.airmail.net /uthman/anemia/anemia.html (2119 words)

	Bilirubin
		When the bile salts reach the intestine via the common bile duct, the bilirubin is acted on by bacteria to form chemical compounds called urobilinogens.
		Most of the urobilinogen is excreted in the feces; some is reabsorbed and goes through the liver again and a small amount is excreted in the urine.
		An absence of bilirubin in the intestine, such as may occur with bile duct obstruction, blocks the conversion of bilirubin to urobilinogen, resulting in clay-colored stools.
	www.rnceus.com /lf/lfbili.html (828 words)

	CLS_1521_UA_Part_2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Approximately 5% is re-excreted in the bile and the remainder excreted in the kidney as "urobilinogen".
		Urobilinogen is normally present in the urine in concentrations < 2.5 mg/dL.
		Urobilinogen testing is basically limited to screening tests that help detect early liver disease and hemolytic disease (including transfusion reactions).
	www.clt.astate.edu /wwilliam/cls_1521_ua_part_2.htm (12598 words)

	BIle Pigment Formation
		Some urobilinogen (which is water-soluble) is reabsorbed from the intestine into portal blood, taken up by liver and reexcreted.
		On exposure to air the colourless urobilinogen is slowly oxidised to yellow urobilin.
		Excess bilirubin excretion also results in excess urobilinogen reabsorption, but liver processing of urobilinogen is swamped, to some extent, by the excess bilirubin load and so the urine urobilinogen concentration is increased.
	florey.biosci.uq.edu.au /GMC/GMCyr1L1_copyright.html (928 words)

	Subtopic 2: Chemical Testing
		It should be noted that reagent strips will not detect the absence of urinary urobilinogen, that is, the levels of urinary urobilinogen associated with decreased production of urobilinogen because of hepatic obstructive disease will not be differentiated from the lowest detectable color (2 mg/L).
		A fresh specimen is essential for the detection of urobilinogen, as it is a light-sensitive compound.
		The preferred specimen for detecting and/or quantifying urinary urobilinogen is a 2-hour early afternoon specimen.
	www.texascollaborative.org /spencer_urinalysis/ds_sub2.htm (2314 words)

	Urine Chemistries - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Urobilinogen, formed from bilirubin by intestinal microflora, is absorbed into the portal circulation and is excreted renally.
		A small amount of urinary urobilinogen is normal.
		Increased urinary urobilinogen occurs with hyperbilirubinemia; a negative test may be observed with biliary obstruction.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/150219.htm (862 words)

	ENLmedical.com: Conditions And Concerns: Medical Encyclopedia
		There may be a trace of urobilinogen in the urine.
		Bilirubin in the urine is a sign of a liver or bile duct disease, and you should consult the health care provider.
		Urobilinogen is found in small traces in the urine.
	www.enlmedical.com /article/003579.htm (1081 words)

	Abnormal values of urobilinogen of your urine?
		When abnormal values of urobilinogen is found during a urine test, further investigation is required to ascertain your true health status.
		Using a urine test is a quick and inexpensive way to check for urobilinogen in your urine, and is one of our test kit products that can be done in the privacy of your home.
		The test uses an aminobenzaldehyde which strongly reacts with urobilinogen under acidic conditions to produce a range of pink colors.
	www.anytestkits.com /utk-urobilinogen-in-urine.htm (339 words)

	Urine Reagent Strips Information for Health professionals - Health Sentinel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This tests is based on the Ehrlich reaction in which p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with urobilinogen in a strong acid medium to produce a brown-orange color.
		Retrieval of positive cases with the nitrite test range from as low as 40% in instances where little bladder incubation occurred, to as high as approximately 80% in instances where a minimum of 4 hours incubation occurred.
		In a healthy population, the normal urine urobilinogen range obtained with this test is 0.1 to 1.0 Ehrlich unit per dl.
	www.healthsentinel.co.uk /professional/urine-reagent-strips-info.htm (2289 words)

	QuickVue UrinCheck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Increased levels are detected in different forms of liver disease such as hepatic obstructive jaundice, hepatitis, cirrhosis and in disorders of bilirubin metabolism.
		Increased levels occur with increased hemoglobin catabolism, increased enteric production of urobilinogen, and increased production and reabsorption of urobilinogen in infections of the biliary tree, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcohol abuse and liver cancer.
		Increased levels are detected in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, starvation, weight-reducing diets based on high protein intake, vomiting and febrile states.
	www.alleight.com /Products/Quidel/QuickVue/UrinChek.htm (334 words)

	AccessMedicine - Harrison's Internal Medicine: Bilirubin Metabolism
		An appreciable fraction is converted by bacterial metabolism in the gut to the water-soluble colorless compound, urobilinogen.
		Urobilinogen not taken up by the liver reaches the systemic circulation, from which some is cleared by the kidneys.
		Unconjugated bilirubin ordinarily does not reach the gut except in neonates or, by ill-defined alternative pathways, in the presence of severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia [e.g., Crigler-Najjar syndrome, type I (CN-I)].
	www.accessmedicine.com /content.aspx?aID=91336 (267 words)

	Our medical urine test strips (urine dip sticks) will analyze and check your urine for 10 different parameters - from ...
		Our strips are available for home use, and test simultaneously for the presence of glucose, ketones, blood, protein, nitrite, pH, urobilinogen, bilirubin, leucocytes in urine as well as specific gravity.
		The test is based on a diazotisation reaction of 4- Methoxybenzene diazoniurn salt and urinary urobilinogen in a strong acid medium.
		This test can detect urobilinogen in concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/dl: It should be noted that most normal urines may give a slight pink reaction, and a high concentration of formalin may give a false negative result.
	www.anytestkits.com /urine-tests.htm (1560 words)

	Other urine tests
		Some of the urobilinogen formed in the intestine is excreted as part of the feces.
		Traces of urobilinogen in the blood that escape removal by the liver are carried to the kidneys and excreted in the urine.
		Urinary urobilinogen is increased by any condition that causes an increase in the production of bilirubin and by any condition that prevents the liver from removing the normally reabsorbed urobilinogen from the portal circulation.
	www.rnceus.com /ua/uaother.html (1104 words)

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