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Topic: Urogenital sinus

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	XI. Splanchnology. 3. The Urogenital Apparatus. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The urogenital apparatus consists of (a) the urinary organs for the secretion and discharge of the urine, and (b) the genital organs, which are concerned with the process of reproduction.
		The remainder of the vesico-urethral portion forms the body of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra; its apex is prolonged to the umbilicus as a narrow canal, which later is obliterated and becomes the medial umbilical ligament (urachus).
		The remainder of the phallic portion is for a time tubular, and then, by the absorption of the urogenital membrane, it establishes a communication with the exterior; this opening is the primitive urogenital ostium, and it extends forward to the corona glandis.
	www.bartleby.com /107/252.html (3757 words)

	Endotext.com - Pediatric Endocrinology, Sexual Differentiation
		The urogenital sinus is individualized in 7-9 mm (~5 week) human embryos, when a transverse urorectal septum divides the cloaca into the rectum dorsally and the primitive urogenital sinus ventrally, closed by the genital membrane which disappears in 20-22 mm (~8 week) embryos (167).
		The Müllerian tubercle demarcates the cranial vesicourethral canal from the caudal urogenital sinus.
		The urethral plate, an extension of the urogenital sinus which is present within the genital tubercle from the earliest stages of development (172), lies in the roof of the primary urethral groove and extends to the tip of the phallus.
	www.endotext.org /pediatrics/pediatrics7/pediatrics7_2.htm (5050 words)

	Urogenital sinus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The urogenital sinus (also known as the persistent cloaca) is a part of the human body while it is an (An animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life) embryo.
		It is the ventral part of the cloaca, formed after the (A waste pipe that carries away sewage or surface water) cloaca separates from the (The terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus) rectum.
		It eventually becomes, among other things, the (A distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas)) bladder.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/ur/urogenital_sinus.htm (115 words)

	UrologyHealth.org - Pediatric Conditions - Abnormalities - Vaginal Anomalies: Urogenital Sinus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A urogenital sinus anomaly is a defect present at birth in which the vagina and urethra open into a common channel, rather than separately.
		In a low confluence urogenital sinus anomaly, the common channel is short, the urethral opening is close to its normal location and the vagina is almost normal in length.
		In a high confluence urogenital sinus anomaly, the common channel is long, the urethral opening is internal and the vagina is quite short.
	www.urologyhealth.org /pediatric/index.cfm?cat=01&topic=152 (1035 words)

	Normal Bladder Development 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The mesonephric (Wolfian) duct descends from the mesonephros to meet the urogenital sinus.
		The ureteric bud arises from the mesonephric duct and progresses laterally to invade the metanephrogenic blastema (precursor of the mature kidney).
		The urogenital sinus is divided between the orifices of these two tubes.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/meded/urology/bnldevb.htm (171 words)

	Gynecology - Vaginal Discharge
		Persistent urogenital sinus, in which the urethra and vagina share a single external orifice, is apparent at birth and may exist in various anatomical forms.
		The urethra and vagina may communicate anywhere between the bladder neck and the urogenital sinus and the deformity may exist as part of an intersexual state or it may be an isolated finding.
		The most complex urogenital sinus deformity is a cloaca, in which a common canal is shared by the urethra, vagina and the rectum.
	www.learnpediatrics.com /genitourinary/gynGenitalia.htm (1203 words)

	Sinus Medication -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The urogenital sinus (also known as the persistent cloaca) is a part of the human body while it is an embryo.
		A urogenital sinus anomaly is also a rare birth defect in women where the urethra and vagina both open into a common channel.
		Sinus rhythm is indicative of normal electrical conductance of the heart.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/133/sinus-medication.html (641 words)

	[No title]
		This mesoderm is overgrown by the epithelium of the vesico-urethral portion of the urogenital sinus.
		During division of the cloaca into rectum and urogenital sinus, the caudal portions of the mesonephric ducts are gradually absorbed into the wall of the urinary bladder.
		The epithelium of the remainder of the prostatic portion of the urethra (distal to the orifices of the ejaculatory ducts) and the membranous urethra is derived from the endoderm of the middle portion of the urogenital sinus.
	www.kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/em15.wbc (2756 words)

	Text for Urogential Development
		During the initial stages, the gonads develop from coelomic epithelium, the mesoderm of the urogenital ridge, and primordial germ cells that enter this region of the embryo.
		The fused portion, the uterovaginal canal bedomes the uterus and the upper 1/3 of the vagina.
		The lumen of the vagina remains separated from the remaining urogenital sinus by a thin membrane, the hymen.
	isc.temple.edu /marino/embryology/Kidney98/kidney_text.htm (1989 words)

	Untitled Document
		Urogenital Sinus - Pigs have a relatively long urogenital sinus formed by the fusion of the urethra with the vagina.
		While humans have a urogenital sinus during embryological development, it is lost except for the vestibule which is considered to be part of the external genitalia.
		Hemiazygous vein/coronary sinus structure -- One of the most notable differences of pigs from humans is in the veins that drain the posterior chest wall.
	www.goshen.edu /bio/PigBook/humanpigcomparison.html (1053 words)

	Pediatric Urology - Genitoplasty
		The primitive hindgut or cloaca is the precursor of the urogenital sinus and the dorsal hindgut.
		When the urogenital sinus persists, the vagina and urethra are joined, the Mullerian tubercle does not form properly, and there is no formation of a vaginal plate.
		Once the phallus is degloved with the preputial skin remaining intact, the dorsal neurovascular bundle is dissected from the corporal body dorsally, and the urogenital sinus is separated from the corpora ventrally.
	www.cornellurology.com /uro/cornell/pediatrics/genitoplasty.shtml (2838 words)

	eMedicine - Genital Anomalies : Article by Luigi Avolio, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		After the cloacal septum separates the hindgut from the urogenital sinus, the fused caudal ends of the müllerian ducts form the müllerian tubercle as they come in contact with the posterior aspect of the sinus.
		The most severe degree of urogenital sinus persistence often is associated with anterior displacement of the anus, suggesting that a urorectal septum anomaly also is involved.
		A genitogram, with retrograde injection of contrast material, is useful to delineate the anatomical aspects of the sinus and to clarify the relationship between the vagina and urethra.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2798.htm (5662 words)

	Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret - Nature Genetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		At this stage, the distal ureters separated from the Wolffian ducts and moved along the urogenital sinus to a position at the base of the bladder.
		The wedge was tightly associated with the urogenital sinus, which was not labeled with GFP and thus was not visible in the microscopy images.
		In urogenital explants from E12 wildtype embryos cultured in medium containing vitamin A, the distal ureters separated from Wolffian ducts and the trigonal wedge formed in between (Fig.
	www.nature.com /ng/journal/v32/n1/full/ng952.html (5696 words)

	Normal Ureter Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Starting at the midpoint and progressing in both directions toward the developing kidney and the urogenital sinus, the lumen of the ureter reforms.
		The last segments of the ureter to gain a lumen are at either end (kidney or urogenital sinus).
		As the mesonephric duct and ureter are absorbed into the base of the bladder, they rotate so that the ureter meets the bladder cephalad to the point at which the mesonephric duct meets the urethra.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/urology/nlurtdv.htm (419 words)

	Urogenital System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Fig 317a The cloaca and urogenital ducts of a turtle (Romer/Parsons, 1986).
		Fig 317b The cloaca and urogenital ducts of an Echidna, a monotreme (Romer/Parsons, 1986).
		in males the urogenital* sinus is the penile urethra
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/30urogenitalLec.html (1849 words)

	Urogenital sinus calculi in a sand tiger shark (Odontaspis taurus) -- Walsh and Murru 23 (3): 428 -- Journal of ...
		Urogenital sinus calculi in a sand tiger shark (Odontaspis taurus) -- Walsh and Murru 23 (3): 428 -- Journal of Wildlife Diseases
		Urogenital sinus calculi in a sand tiger shark (Odontaspis taurus)
		Two calculi were found in the urogenital sinus of a 70 kg female sand tiger shark (Odontaspis taurus).
	www.jwildlifedis.org /cgi/content/abstract/23/3/428 (142 words)

	Endotext.com - BENIGN PROSTATE DISORDERS
		In the developing prostate, urogenital sinus mesenchyme acting under the influence of testicular androgens induces ductal morphogenesis, the expression of epithelial androgen receptors, regulates epithelial proliferation and specifies the expression of prostatic-lobe specific secretory proteins.
		The first step in development of the prostate begins with the urogenital sinus mesenchyme signalling to the epithelium, causing it to form epithelial buds.
		By the 7th week, the growth of the urogenital sinus involves the progressive incorporation of the terminal part of the mesonephric duct into the wall of the urogenital sinus.
	www.endotext.org /male/male9/male9.htm (1041 words)

	[No title]
		The seminal colliculus, a small elevation in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra is the adult derivative of the sinus tubercle and is homologous to the hymen in the female.
		The sinus tubercle arises from the projection of the uterovaginal primordium (the fused portion of the paramesonephric ducts) into the dorsal wall of the urogenital sinus.
		The vagina forms from 2 sources 1) the urogenital sinus is the source of the vaginal epithelium and 2) the uterovaginal primordium is the source for the fibromuscular wall of the vagina.
	www.kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/em16.wbc (3605 words)

	Dahiya Grant Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The urogenital sinus and prostates from rats from 14 days of gestation through birth, and then at 5, 10, 15 and 90 days postnatal have been examined for smooth muscle markers.
		Alpha actin is widely expressed throughout urogenital sinus mesenchyme of the developing rat fetus.
		Second important finding was that when BPH-l cells were used to established tissue recombinants with rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) in male nude mouse and rat hosts, the grafts followed an orderly developmental progression which closely mimicked that of human fetal prostate grafts grown in athymic rodent hosts.
	www.sf.med.va.gov /research/PIs/dahiyaga.htm (2667 words)

	Case Based Pediatrics Chapter
		The indifferent gonad is located on the urogenital ridge, with the Wolffian and Mullerian ducts nearby, which are destined to form the male and female internal ducts, respectively.
		The position of the urethral meatus helps to determine the extent to which the urogenital sinus has closed (a separate urethral meatus and vaginal opening shows complete closure of the urogenital sinus while a single orifice suggests the persistence of a common urogenital sinus with the vagina and urethra connected distally).
		The genitalia are ambiguous with severe hypospadias, a urogenital sinus, and labioscrotal fusion, with an undescended testicle.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s13c11.html (3853 words)

	Roles for Nkx3.1 in prostate development and cancer -- Bhatia-Gaur et al. 13 (8): 966 -- Genes and Development
		from the urogenital sinus mesenchyme induce the adjacent epithelium
		The anterior, dorsolateral, and ventral prostatic lobes, as well as the BUGs (dark gray) are ductal derivatives of the urogenital sinus; the bladder and urethra (medium gray) are its nonductal derivatives.
		lobes arise from the rostral urogenital sinus at ~17.5 dpc, whereas
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/13/8/966 (7011 words)

	ZOO. 453 - Mammalian Urogenital Sys. Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The liver is the large grey mass in the mid-ventral part of the body.
		Below that, is the common exit for urinary and reproductive systems the urigenital sinus.
		The larger, darker space at the bottom is the urogenital sinus.
	courses.washington.edu /vertebra/453/photos/urogenital_photos/mammal_urogenital_photos.htm (529 words)

	TheFetus.net - Persistent urogenital sinus-Adrian Clavelli, MD, Horacio Ahielo, MD, L. Otaño, MD and E. Watman, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In McKusic-Kaufman syndrome, hydrometrocolpos is due to either cervical or vaginal atresia and not to an urogenital sinus(1).
		In this case, prenatal images show a hydrometrocolpos (distended vagina a bicornuate uterus by urine) caused by the vaginal obstruction and the reflux of urine.
		The case is an urogenital sinus with the uretra going into the anterior aspect of the vagina.
	www.thefetus.net /page.php?id=1275 (507 words)

	[No title]
		Urogenital Sinus (from hindgut) Differentiation: Males — prostate, bulbourethral glands Females — urethral and paraurethral glands, greater vestibular gland, remainder of vagina (inferior portion) Fig.
		Thus, the lower two-thirds of the vagina is formed from this endodermal outgrowth of the urogenital sinus.
		Thus, the penile urethra is a combination of the urogenital sinus derived urethra and ectodermal derived terminal bits of urethra.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/emb09.doc (2645 words)

	Administration of 5{alpha}-Androstane-3{alpha},17{beta}-Diol to Female Tammar Wallaby Pouch Young Causes Development of ...
		The urogenital sinus region of the A56 females (Fig.
		urogenital sinus of the C56 females was not enlarged (Fig.
		adequate to virilizes the urogenital sinus, and 10 µg/g
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/7/2643 (4478 words)

	Re: What adaptive purpose does the hymen serve?
		At their posterior end, the Müllerian Ducts do not open into the urogenital sinus, but rather they form a tubercle at the presumptive opening of the vagina.
		During the development of the uterus and vagina, these organs are separated from the urogenital sinus by an epithelial plug which eventually thins and perforates to form the hymen.
		The hymen is simply the vestigial membranes of the vagina and urogenital sinus at their point of fusion.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/1997-08/866064393.An.r.html (277 words)

	Development of the Urogenital System
		The urinary and genital systems have a common developmental route beginning from the urogenital ridge which comes from intermediate mesoderm.
		The urinary bladder begins with the urorectal septum giving the anal canal and the urogenital sinus.
		The paramesonephric duct and the urogenital sinus are separated by the hymen which ruptures during development.
	rossmed.drbuschman.com /notes/semesterone/urodev.htm (1755 words)

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