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Topic: Uruguay Round

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Uruguay

In the News (Fri 13 Nov 09)

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	WHETHER URUGUAY ROUND AGREEMENTS REQUIRED RATIFICATION AS A TREATY
		The Uruguay Round Agreements concluded under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade did not require ratification by the Senate as a treaty, but could constitutionally be executed by the President and approved and implemented by Act of Congress.
		Accordingly, we cannot agree that the powers assigned to the President by the Uruguay Round Agreements and their implementing legislation would be unconstitutional (unless the agreement were ratified as a treaty) because they might be exercised in a manner that persuaded the courts to rule that State laws were superseded.
		We remain persuaded that, in deciding not to submit the Uruguay Round Agreements to the Senate for the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present, the President is acting in a wholly proper and constitutional manner.
	www.usdoj.gov /olc/gatt.htm (8088 words)

	Uruguay Round - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The Uruguay Round was a trade negotiation lasting from September 1986 to April 1994 which transformed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade into the World Trade Organization.
		Previous GATT rounds had been the Dillon Round in 1961, the Kennedy Round (1964-1967) and the Tokyo Round (1973-1979).
		Under the WTO, the first round was the Doha Development Round launched in November 2001.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Uruguay_Round (106 words)

	International Trade, the Environment, and the States: An Evolving State-Federal Relationship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Other Uruguay Round standards language of concern to states includes such terminology as "necessary," "not more trade restrictive than necessary/required," "assessment or risk," and "scientific evidence" -- all terms that are poorly defined or previously defined by GATT panels in a manner that could lead subsequent panels to second guess the rationale underlying state standards.
		Uruguay Round legislation thus provides USTR with specific guidelines for involving states in subnational disputes brought by U.S. trading partners and those brought by the United States against subnational measures abroad.
		However, as with NAFTA and the Uruguay Round, the actual extent of state involvement is dependent upon the good faith of federal agencies to consult them and to consider state views.
	www.westgov.org /wga/publicat/tradepap.htm (8875 words)

	Developing countries and the Uruguay Round: An overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		For developing countries, one of the most important outcomes of the Uruguay Round is the substantial strengthening of the rules based multilateral trading system and its extension to new areas of activity.
		Adoption by developing countries of binding commitments in the Uruguay Round is a manifestation of their contribution to operating a transparent, open and predictable trade regime.
		In this respect, a Ministerial Declaration emanating from the Uruguay Round on the contribution of the WTO to achieving greater coherence in global economic policy-making is important.
	www.chasque.apc.org /frontpage/omc/areas/desar.zzz/rurov.zzz.html (5639 words)

	IFPRI: 2020 Brief 34: Implementing the Uruguay Round: Increased Food Price Stability by 2020?
		The aim of the agreement reached in 1993 at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is to reduce protectionism.
		The Uruguay Round agreement can be an instrument for helping the developing countries to achieve food security by 2020 and to assure access to basic food for all.
		As experience with implementation of the Uruguay Round agreement accumulates, these and related policy options need to be taken up for further consideration in the next round of trade negotiations expected to start at the end of the current six-year period.
	www.ifpri.org /2020/briefs/number34.htm (1727 words)

	USIS, Economic Perspectives, May 1999 - Agriculture: The United States and the 1999 WTO Ministerial Meeting, Uruguay ...
		Among the Uruguay Round's most significant accomplishments were the adoption of new rules governing agricultural trade policy, the establishment of disciplines on the use of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, and agreement on a new process for settling trade disputes.
		The Uruguay Round's overall impact on agricultural trade can be considered positive in moving toward several key goals, including reducing agricultural export subsidies, establishing new rules for agricultural import policy, and agreeing on disciplines for sanitary and phytosanitary trade measures.
		The Uruguay Round's SPS agreement imposed disciplines on the use of measures to protect human, animal, and plant life and health from foreign pests, diseases, and contaminants.
	usinfo.state.gov /journals/ites/0599/ijee/ag-wto.htm (1101 words)

	Uruguay Round Summary - WTO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		It provides a mechanism for the effective, international implementation of the Uruguay Round agreements, ensures that these agreements are accepted only as a single undertaking, and effects a smooth transition from the existing GATT system to the new world trading system.
		From a legal perspective, the Uruguay Round agreements would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible, to implement within the existing amending provisions of the GATT and the Tokyo Round Agreements.
		Attached to it are the results of the round, the multilateral trade agreements which are integral parts of the Agreement, binding on all members, and the plurilateral trade agreements (PTAs), which are binding on those who accept them.
	www.sice.oas.org /summary/ur_round/ur2.asp (1794 words)

	Uruguay Round - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Uruguay Round was a trade negotiation lasting from September 1986 to April 1994 which transformed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade into the World Trade Organization (WTO).
		It was launched in Punta del Este in Uruguay (hence the name), followed by negotiations in Montreal, Geneva, Brussels, Washington D.C., and Tokyo, with the 20 agreements finally being signed in Marrakesh - the Marrakesh Agreement.
		See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade for previous and subsequent rounds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uruguay_Round (103 words)

	MIXED PICTURE ON URUGUAY ROUND
		These trends, UNCTAD said, had exerted a negative influence on the Round and leading to a situation where countries are being tempted to reopen issues previously considered as settled, particularly in the rule-making areas.
		In this context, the paper said, it was important that the provisions of the Punta del Este declaration should be fully applied and implemented in the negotiations, particularly the firm recognition of the principle of differential and more favourable treatment to the developments, especially for the least developed among them.
		A successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round faces some potential impediments and a decisive factor for overcoming them would be the determination of participating governments to resist pressures from narrow interest groups, according to the UNCTAD secretariat.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/process/during/09240093.htm (556 words)

	URUGUAY ROUND - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
		Though the Uruguay Round of MTNs was launched in September 1986, it was preceded by four to five years of intense manoeuvres, discussions and pre-negotiations at the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
		Most of the old GATT activities, as the actual course of Uruguay Round negotiations, were held behind closed doors, with little notice or public (or media attention).
		The Uruguay Round negotiations were to have concluded at a Ministerial Meeting in Brussels in 1990, but that meeting ended in failure; the negotiations were continued on in Geneva at level of Geneva GATT representatives and, at end of 1991, the then GATT Director-General and chairman of the Trade Negotiations Committee, Mr.
	www.twnside.org.sg /title/hist-cn.htm (1325 words)

	Marketing the Uruguay Round in the Philippines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Before the Philippine Senate voted to ratify the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round Final Act on December 14, 1994, it was briefed on the issue by the Center for Research and Communication's Institute for International and Strategic Studies.
		The Uruguay Round Final Act was the outcome of a complex bargaining process that extended international trade rules to such thorny issues as agriculture, textiles and services for the first time.
		The Philippine Senate is faced with the question of whether to ratify the GATT Uruguay Round Final Act, which was signed by the Philippines in April 1994.
	www.cipe.org /publications/fs/ert/e14/uru-4.htm (3415 words)

	Uruguay Round (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Uruguay Round Draft Uruguay Round Tariff Schedule of the U.S. Vol.1 Agriculture.
		Uruguay Round Draft Uruguay Round Tariff Schedule of the U.S. Vol.2 Industrial Fish and HS Chapter 25 Through 73.
		Draft Uruguay Round Draft Uruguay Round Tariff Schedule of the U.S. Vol.3 Industrial HS Chapters 74 Through 98.
	www.natlaw.com /treaties/urug.htm (140 words)

	Economic -- Trade Agreements: Uruguay Round (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round negotiations was an important part of President Clinton's strategy for strengthening the domestic economy.
		The President led the effort to reinvigorate the Uruguay Round and to break the gridlock that had stalled the negotiations despite several years of preparation and another seven years of negotiations.
		Although environmental issues were not originally part of the Uruguay Round negotiations, the United States initiated discussions on the environment in the late stages of the negotiations.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/economics/agreements/941215WTO.html (4360 words)

	APEC Declaration on the Uruguay Round, Singapore, 30 July 1990
		Ministers from Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States met in Singapore on 30-31 July 90 and assessed the progress of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations in the light of the recent meeting of the Trade Negotiations Committee.
		Ministers agreed that a successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round is the single most important issue on the international agenda.
		They agreed that at this juncture of the negotiating process all participants must be prepared urgently to undertake commitments and political decisions to overcome the core difficulties in order that the Uruguay Round would achieve major and substantive results by December 1990.
	www.aseansec.org /1141.htm (436 words)

	Uruguay Round (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		For example, the Dillon Round from 1960 to 1962 was named after Douglas Dillon, the US Under Secretary of State who proposed the round.
		Thus the Uruguay Round was named in recognition of the Declaration launching the Round being agreed upon in Punta del Este, Uruguay in 1986.
		It was perhaps the most ambitious of all of the rounds to date and included agreement on the creation of the World Trade Organization.
	www.humanities.mcmaster.ca /~global/ur.htm (264 words)

	NO NEW ISSUES BEFORE CONCLUDING URUGUAY ROUND, SAYS G77
		Much had been said recently about the vital necessity of successful conclusion of the Round, it was regrettable that these "pledges" at the highest political level, practically in all major trading countries, had not resulted in practical actions at genuine success of negotiations in terms of balance and comprehensiveness, the G77 spokesman said.
		The Uruguay Round was now in another "pause", and there was no guarantee that the extension of fast-track authority in the United States would bring the Round to a successful close.
		The developing countries, the G77 spokesman added, would also continue to insist that any bilateral, plurilateral or multilateral negotiations in the context of the Uruguay round be conducted in a "transparent manner" as stipulated in the Punta del Este declaration and with observance of all negotiating objectives and principles governing the negotiations.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/areas/develope/03171193.htm (786 words)

	Aspen Publishers - The Gatt Uruguay Round: A Negotiating History (1986-1992)
		This extensive work covering the six years leading to the conclusion of the Uruguay Round comes in three separate volumes in which the talks and the positions taken are described in detail.
		The GATT Uruguay Round: A Negotiating History (1986-1992) is certainly the most complete work on the developments preceding the final conclusion of the Uruguay Round.
		Specific topics that played an important role during the Uruguay Round, such as agriculture, services, subsidies and antidumping, are treated in separate chapters, making it an ideal reference work for everyone interested in certain GATT issues.
	www.aspenpublishers.com /Product.asp?catalog%5Fname=Aspen&category%5Fname=&product%5Fid=9065446443 (203 words)

	ERS/USDA Briefing Room - WTO: Current Issues
		A separate agreement in the Uruguay Round, the SPS Agreement was also an important development for liberalizing agricultural trade.
		Despite the achievements of the Uruguay Round in reforming agricultural policy and liberalizing agricultural trade, distortions affecting agricultural trade still persist.
		WTO members failed at Seattle to launch a comprehensive round of multilateral trade negotiations, but negotiations on agriculture are proceeding as prescribed by the AoA.
	www.ers.usda.gov /briefing/wto/uraa.htm (1773 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Furthermore, the Uruguay Round agreements will substantially enhance the ability of the United States to use section 301 successfully to pursue unfair foreign practices in the areas of trade in services and the protection of intellectual property rights.
		That is not simply because the Uruguay Round agreements subject those areas to the disciplines of a multilateral trade agreement for the first time.
		Moreover, the mere fact that the Uruguay Round agreements treat a particular subject matter -- such as intellectual property rights -- does not mean that the Trade Representative must initiate DSU proceedings in every section 301 investigation involving that subject matter.
	www.ia.ita.doc.gov /download/saa-dr.htm (10528 words)

	URUGUAY ROUND OUTCOME WILL REDUCE POVERTY
		This is acknowledged elsewhere in the report which says of the modelling exercises and their estimates "...the one-time effects of the Uruguay Round on growth in the developing countries are very small.
		Any attempt by the UNCTAD secretariat to undertake any independent overall study of the gains and losses of the Uruguay Round, and taking not only the tariff and nontariff areas, but the entire outcome including those like TRIPs which are negative for the developing world have been discouraged and opposed by the industrialized countries.
		The report however notes that after all the results of the Uruguay Round work themselves out, they will bring about trade flows and patters that would be distinct from the old and that the net effectgs of the trade-flow shifts and increases are expected to be small for developing countries as a whole.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/areas/develope/06140095.htm (1335 words)

	Uruguay
		Uruguay, on the east coast of South America south of Brazil and east of Argentina, is comparable in size to Oklahoma.
		Uruguay revolted against Spain in 1811, only to be conquered in 1817 by the Portuguese from Brazil.
		Uruguay, made prosperous by meat and wool exports, founded a welfare state early in the 20th century under President José Batlle y Ordóñez, who ruled from 1903 to 1929.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0108124.html (763 words)

	Health Economics - The Uruguay Round and Drugs: 1. Introduction
		It is this component of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round that may have the greatest implications for the production of and access to drugs, especially in developing countries.
		The negotiations and the results obtained in the area of intellectual property underline the all encompassing nature of the Uruguay Round.
		Unlike the previous Rounds, it not only involved discussion of trade barriers at the border but also moved towards the harmonization of domestic policies (“beyond the border”), blurring the distinction between trade policy and other economic policies.
	www.who.int /medicinedocs/library.fcgi?e=d-0edmweb--00-1-0--010---4----0--0-10l--1es-5000---50-about-0---01131-0011cbMB3ocm9ee80ca70000000044c8ab49-0utfZz-8-0-0&a=d&c=edmweb&cl=CL3.1.42&d=Jh2998e.4 (678 words)

	1597. Egypt and the Uruguay Round
		Although the Uruguay Round will generally have a limited impact on Egyptian policies affecting goods, investment and services, commitments by Egypt can be seen as facilitating the move toward a free trade agreement with the European Union.
		The Uruguay Round will generally have a limited impact on Egyptian policies affecting goods, investment, and services.
		But Egypt's Uruguay Round commitments do, to a large extent, lock in the policy changes pursued by the government since the late 1980s.
	wbln0018.worldbank.org /Research/workpapers.nsf/(allworkingpapers)/FD2BDB25656C9C29852567E000541C96?OpenDocument (317 words)

	The GATT Uruguay Round and the World Trade Organization
		The emphasis changed and broadened in the Uruguay Round: non-tariff trade barriers received more attention; agriculture and textiles were included; trade in services and intellectual property was considered for the first time; the powers and structure of the GATT organization were modified and strengthened.
		The Uruguay Round sustains this use, subject to due restraint, to enforce a WTO decision that a U.S. trading partner is violating its commitments.
		The Uruguay Round is a significant step towards free trade, even though it does not go as far as some supporters originally hoped.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/agecon/trade/seven.html (2917 words)

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