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	Uruk - OnlineEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Hebrew Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles SSE from Baghdad.
		Uruk played a very important part in the political history of the country from an early time, exercising hegemony in Babylonia at a period before the time of Sharrukin of Akkad.
		Uruk was first excavated by a German team led by Julius Jordan before World War I. This expedition returned in 1928 and made further excavations until 1939, then returned in 1954 under the direction of H.
	www.neareasternarchaeology.com /encyclopedia/index.php?title=Uruk&redirect=no (442 words)

	Uruk - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles SSE from Baghdad.
		Uruk played a very important part in the political history of the country from an early time, exercising hegemony in Babylonia at a period before the time of Sargon.
		Uruk was first excavated by a German team led by Julius Jordan before World War I. This expedition returned in 1928 and made further excavations until 1939, then returned in 1954 under the direction of H. Lenzen and made systematic excavations over the following years.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Uruk (528 words)

	Uruk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Uruk (Sumerian Unug, Biblical Erech, Greek Orchoë and Arabic وركاء Warka), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates, on the line of the ancient Nil canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 miles (230 km) SSE from Baghdad.
		According to the Bible (Genesis 10:10), Erech, probably Uruk, was said to have been the second city founded by Nimrod.
		Uruk was first excavated by a German team led by Julius Jordan before World War I.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uruk (621 words)

	Ancient Uruk (Biblical Erech) [Arabic Warka] in Iraq
		Uruk was one of the major city-states of Sumer.
		The Uruk Period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and in the ensuing Early Dynastic Period it was by far the largest settlement known up to that time.
		Uruk was the home of the epic hero Gilgamesh and played an important role in the mythology of Mesopotamia to the end...
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Uruk_Warka_Erech.html (256 words)

	Uruk (Akkad), Iraq
		Uruk, situated 250 km south of Baghdad, on an ancient branch of the Euphrates River in Iraq, known in the Bible as Erech (now Warka), is the
		The Uruk period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and led to the full civilization of the Early Dynastic period.
		On the northwest side of the Eanna sanctuary is a Ziggurat (an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower consisting of a lofty pyramidal structure built in successive stages with outside staircases and a shrine at the top, where the priests ruled from) laid out by Ur-Nammu of Ur in the Ur III period (late 3rd millennium BC).
	www.atlastours.net /iraq/uruk.html (637 words)

	Rise and Fall of Ancient Sumer
		Generally, this signaled the end of Urbaid and the beginning of the Uruk period, but the date of this transition is uncertain.
		Uruk remained an important religious center and its shrines were embellished by many of the later rulers of Mesopotamia.....The modern name of Uruk is Warka and it was recorded in the Bible as the town of Erech.
		Whether the elaborate writing system of the early Uruk texts with its large number of signs was the result of a long development or of a rapid breakthrough, perhaps by a single individual, is not known.
	www.mystae.com /restricted/streams/vela/uruk.html (959 words)

	Uruk
		Uruk is one of the oldest excavated cities in the world.
		Uruk was a major city already in 3300 BCE, covering an area of about 2 km² with perhaps 40,000 inhabitants.
		Uruk's religious and political bureaucracy was central in the development of cuneiform writing.
	i-cias.com /e.o/uruk.htm (321 words)

	Root Entry
		The growth in the Uruk region at the expense of the Nippur-Adab region has been considered suggestive of a situation in which people emigrated from the north to the environs of Uruk, swelling the population of the city and its hinterlands, and ensuring the dominance of the Uruk region.
		Uruk, for all its undoubted importance as the largest urban center in the fourth millennium, was not the sole center of the (Uruk) universe.
		Uruk period colonies are one of the most interesting aspects of the relationships among the peoples of the lower alluvium, Assyria, and the surrounding lands.
	www.science.widener.edu /ssci/mesopotamia (6769 words)

	TolkienWiki: Uruk-hai
		Related, no doubt, was the word uruk of the Black Speech, though this was applied as a rule only to the great soldier-Orcs that at this time issued from Mordor and Isengard.
		From all this it would appear that the terms Uruks and Uruk-hai are interchangeable and that Uruks is indeed just the anglicised form of Uruk-hai.
		"Uruks" are large intelligent orcs bred for heavy infantry and support roles, such as operating siege engines, or occupying watch towers on Mordor's frontiers.
	www.thetolkienwiki.org /wiki.cgi?Uruk-hai (722 words)

	Uruk-hai - Tolkien Gateway
		The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, eg in the tower of Minas Morgul when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower.
		The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges than the Orcs, eg the Orcs demanding to eat the hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective.
		The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).
	tolkiengateway.net /wiki/Uruk-hai (1033 words)

	Sumerian History
		The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically-produced on a slow wheel, to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass-produced by specialists on a fast wheel.
		It is fairly certain that it was during the Uruk period that Sumerian cities began to make use of slave labor, and there is ample evidence for captured slaves as workers in the earliest texts.
		The end of the Uruk period coincided with a dry period from 3200-2900 BC that marked the end of a long wetter, warmer climate period from ca.
	www.crystalinks.com /sumerhistory.html (2458 words)

	URUK GROUP - Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Management, Turnkey Project Implementation, Petro-chemical and ...
		URUK Engineering Services was formed to participate actively and effectively in the reconstruction of Iraq.
		That is why URUK has introduced “Total Facilitation” – a turn-key and modular service that ensures that companies participating in the reconstruction effort have the resources and the partners necessary for successful project implementation.
		URUK is committed to performance excellence through the vast experience of our dedicated staff and their proven capabilities in project implementation in Iraq and elsewhere.
	www.urukgroup.com /index.html (304 words)

	The Uruk Expansion: Cross Cultural Exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization (Excerpt 39)
		ABSTRACT: By the Uruk Period in the second half of the 4th millennium BC highly integrated societies of the southern alluvium had succeeded in establishing a system of interaction tying their resource deficient homeland with the resource rich but less developed periphery.
		Uruk artifacts are found in two distinct types of sites across the northern planes: [1] sites in which isolated Uruk objects appear in the context of an otherwise local late chalcolithic assemblage and [2] sites characterized by a cultural assemblage that is overwhelmingly southern Mesopotamian in origin and Uruk in type.
		The location of Uruk enclaves at focal nodes of the lines of communication across the Syro-Mesopotamian Plains is indicative of their function: their settlement pattern seems efficiently suited only to control the flow of resources.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /39.html (740 words)

	Iranian experts say ancient Elam began Uruk period simultaneously with Mesopotamia and Egypt
		Uruk was an ancient Mesopotamian city located northwest of Ur (Tall Al-Muqayyar) in southeastern Iraq.
		The turn of the 4th to 3rd millennium is accepted as the date of the flourishing of the archaic civilization of Uruk and of the invention of writing.
		The period is known as the Uruk era.
	www.mehrnews.ir /en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=146550 (270 words)

	Ancient Sumer History in Mesopotamia
		They are the Uruk Period -- which saw the dominance of the city-state of that same name -- the Jemdet Nasr Period -- the Early Dynastic Periods (2900-2370 BC) -- the Akkadian Period -- Ur III Period; the entire span lasting from circa 3800 to 2000 BC (A).....
		Uruk probably had a population of around 45000 at the end of the period.
		In fact the city-state of Uruk also seems to have been at the heart of a trade network which stretched from southern Turkey to eastern Iran (A).....
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Sumer.html (1998 words)

	Financing Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Five thousand years ago, Uruk was a lush metropolis of temples, houses and gardens; a powerful city-state whose cultural and political influence extended the length of the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates.
		It has been argued that Uruk was the birthplace of urbanism, of monumental architecture, of written numerals, of written language and the world's first literature.
		The ruler was the people's representative to the goddess, and he presented to her the fruits of Uruk's citizens's labor.
	viking.som.yale.edu /will/finciv/chapter1.htm (8030 words)

	Uruk: The First City (ca. 3500-3000 B.C.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		By around 3200 B.C., the largest settlement in southern Mesopotamia, if not the world, was Uruk: a true city dominated by monumental mud-brick buildings decorated with mosaics of painted clay cones embedded in the walls, and extraordinary works of art.
		At this time Uruk was surrounded by a massive wall, which according to tradition was built on the orders of King Gilgamesh.
		Nissen, Hans J. "Uruk and the Formation of the City." In Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus, edited by Joan Aruz with Ronald Wallenfels, pp.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/uruk/hd_uruk.htm (385 words)

	Uruk-hai - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since he had previously served in the Army of Gondor as "Thorongil" and probably encountered the Uruks of Mordor, this strongly implies that those of Isengard are a different breed of Uruk, modified by Saruman.
		Saruman's Uruk-hai fought against the Rohirrim at the Battles of the Fords of Isen, the first of where King Théoden's son Théodred was killed, and the Battle of the Hornburg, where they were defeated and destroyed.
		These Uruks of Mordor referred to Sauron as the Great Eye, and Grishnákh was one of their captains.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uruk-hai (1147 words)

	Uruk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Uruk was one of the largest cities in early Mesopotamia.
		It was thought to have a population of about 50,000 people according to Conrad Phillip Kottak in Anthropology, the Exploration of Human Diversity.
		This seems to be an ideal spot for an outpost or fort because it is on the trade route and trade was important because Uruk relied on irrigation and grain from the highlands.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/uruk.html (308 words)

	Uruk
		The first major city in Sumeria, founded about 3500 B.C. The first king of Uruk was Gilgamesh.
		This man is alternately said to be the inspiration for the great story the Epic of Gilgamesh or the actual man. Whatever the case, Gilgamesh built the city's walls.
		In its day, Uruk was larger than other city-states put together.
	www.socialstudiesforkids.com /wwww/world/urukdef.htm (97 words)

	Uruk (Iraq) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Uruk, now known as Warka, was occupied for at least 5,000 years, from early in the Ubaid period until the third century AD.
		The city was surrounded by a wall that, according to later accounts, was built by Gilgamesh, a legendary king of the city.
		After the third millennium BC Uruk declined politically but it remained an important religious centre and its shrines were embellished by many of the later rulers of Mesopotamia.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/goto?id=enc393 (223 words)

	temple1
		Let them flow heart to heart against - Give them each other to fight, Leaving Uruk in peace!' So the Goddess of Creation took and formed in her mind This image, and there it was conceived - in her mind, and it was made of material That composes the Great God, He of the Firmament.
		Come to Uruk of the strong walls To Inanna's Temple of Love, And to the Eanna, Where the Sky God An can be found.
		The land of Uruk was around it, The land was placed roud about it.
	www.angelfire.com /tx/gatestobabylon/temple1.html (8650 words)

	URUK
		We, the children of the Great Goddess Inanna, proclaim a founding of the city-state of URUK.
		URUK, whose symbol is the Bull of Heaven, was first founded in the ancient
		Under the patronage of Holy Innana and her lover Dumuzi we, her children, rebuild anew the city-state of URUK, without walls or borders.
	home.austin.rr.com /uruk (113 words)

	Hacinebi Uruk Artifacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Uruk seal impressed artifacts are illustrated on a separate page of this website.
		Wall cones are a common form of Uruk architectural decoration throughout 4th millennium southern Mesopotamia and at Uruk colonies such as Jebel Aruda and Hassek.
		Uruk cylinder-seal impressed administrative artifacts: hollow clay ball with tokens, tablet, jar stoppers and jar sealings.
	faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu /anthropology/stein/HNfindsUrukartifacts.html (189 words)

	La ville d'Uruk (photograpies, plans, histoire...)
		Uruk est la réunion de deux villes : Uruk et Kullab.
		Uruk est une ville importante pour les Sumériens.
		Uruk fut aussi la deuxième ville qui détint la royauté après le déluge (selon la Liste royale sumérienne).
	www.ezida.com /uruk.htm (218 words)

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