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	Urukagina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Urukagina was a ruler (énsi) of Lagash in Mesopotamia about the 24th century BC.
		He is best-known for his reforms to combat corruption, which are sometimes cited as the first example of a judicial code.
		Urukagina freed the inhabitants of Lagash from usury, burdensome controls, hunger, theft, murder, and seizure(of their property and persons).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urukagina (159 words)

	Urukagina Bio: The Online Library of Liberty
		Urukagina, the leader of the Sumerian city-state of Girsu/Lagash, led a popular movement that resulted in the reform of the oppressive legal and governmental structure of Sumeria.
		The oppressive conditions in the city before the reforms is described in the new code preserved in cuneiform on tablets of the period: "From the borders of Ningirsu to the sea, there was the tax collector." During his reign (ca.
		Urukagina banned both civil and ecclesiastical authorities from seizing land and goods for payment, eliminated most of the state tax collectors, and ended state involvement in matters such as divorce proceedings and perfume making.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/AuthorBioPage.php?recordID=0014 (279 words)

	Chrenkoff
		The oldest recovered code is attributed to Urukagina of Lagash in the 24th century B.C. A striking fact about this code is that it is clearly reactive – an oppressive ruling dynasty had been overthrown, and Urukagina had been selected as the new ruler of Lagash.
		Thus, the Urukagina code clearly indicates that the concept of the "rule of law" and the use of a clear and publicly-promulgated legal code are not recent innovations – but date back to the dawn of civilization.
		Urukagina’s code also makes it abundantly clear that the right to private property (and the legal protection of private property) is one of the oldest legal concepts known to man.
	chrenkoff.blogspot.com /2004/11/guest-blogger-mesopotamia-redeemed.html (1133 words)

	Terstate
		On one occasion UruKAgina used the formula "from the limits of Ningirsu [that is, the city god of Girsu] to the sea," having in mind a distance of up to 125 miles.
		For many years, scholarly views were conditioned by the concept of the Sumerian temple city, which was used to convey the idea of an organism whose ruler, as representative of his god, theoretically owned all land, privately held agricultural land being a rare exception.
		If the foregoing passage about restoring the ensi's fields to the divinity is interpreted carefully, it would follow that the situation of the temple was ameliorated and that palace lands were assigned to the priests.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/terstate.html (1143 words)

	The Reforms of Urukagina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		to Urukagina, picking him out of the entire population, he [Ningirsu] enjoined upon him (the restoration of) the divinely decreed way of life of former days.
		He [Urukagina] carried out the instructions of his divine lugal, Ningirsu.
		The widow and orphan were no longer at the mercy of the powerful: it was for them that Urukagina made his covenant with Ningirsu.
	ragz-international.com /reforms_of_urukagina.htm (940 words)

	bondedit2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It seems that the local priests/ rulers in the village of Lagash were overthrown and replaced by a man named Urukagina when the local residents got fed up with all of the various temple taxes they had to pay.
		Urukagina did a good job of reforming the system, but apparently made a few too many tax cuts.
		Modern politicians face the same basic problem as Urukagina— although the potential consequences are far less deadly.
	home.earthlink.net /~jfujita/bondedit2002.html (520 words)

	BIBLIOGRAPHY
		Mesopotamian societies had a respect for the rule of law, but formal law codes did not manifest until the first dynasty of Hammurabi, or perhaps later.
		Urukagina, king of Lagash, assumed the throne during a period of lucrative prosperity – a prosperity supported by heavy taxation and tribute demand from Sumer and most of Akkad.
		Of great importance in terms of legal evolution, these reforms reflect the first example of what was to become the standard role for a king – the righter of social wrongs and defender of the weak.
	www.gmalivuk.com /otherstuff/fall02/danking.htm (4824 words)

	King Urukagina of Babylonia Biography
		As we study the recovered fragments that record Urukagina's very words, we catch from them some insight into the daily life of the world around him.
		He was not the son of a preceding king, the heir of the royal house, but seems to have sprung into power in Lagash as the leader of a peasants' revolution.
		Urukagina, once firmly in command, reorganized the entire government of the land.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/The_Story_of_the_Greatest_Nations_and_the_Worlds_Famous_Events_Vol_1/kinguruk_he.html (515 words)

	Living in Truth by Charles N.Pope - Chapter 7: "A Sceptre Shall Rise" (The Genesis of Israel)
		Urukagina is the first known reformer of Post-Flood civilization, and a champion of the "little guy."
		By the time of Urukagina, it was again teaming with the offspring of Noah.
		If not one and the same, Urukagina would certainly have been a very close male relative of Akki, perhaps his father.
	www.domainofman.com /book/chap-7.html (9190 words)

	[No title]
		The new ruler, Urukagina, removed the oppressive taxes, prevented exploitation of the poor, and cracked down on rampant crime.
		Less than ten years later, Urukagina and Lagash were defeated by Umma, led by the ambitious Lugalzaggisi.
		It's stories like these that make the theft and destruction of the artifacts and records from Sumerian civilization a crime that will be felt for the rest of humanity's recorded history.
	www.banktech.com /printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=14700753 (709 words)

	stupidity.com / The Story of Stupidity / Pre-Western Stupidity
		He had some success combatting bribery of officials and protecting the helpless against extortion, but neither the reforms nor the liberty he boasted he had given the people outlasted him.
		All was ended by Lugl-zaggisi, who invaded Lagash at the height of its prosperity, overthrew Urukagina and sacked the city.
		With the passing of Urukagina, the priests recovered their power, as they would do in Egypt with the passing of Akhenaton, and abuse and corruption were restored as official norms.
	www.stupidity.com /story1final/prewest.htm (2639 words)

	Oldest evidence of oilwrestling 4650 years old!
		Finally a strong man and wrestling champion named Urukagina threw off the allegiance to Kish and proclaimed himself king of Lagash.
		Pehlivan Urukagina instituted sweeping reforms directed against the extortion of the priesthood.
		What happened with the wrestler-king Urukagina is not known, but his defeater Lugalzagesi went on to conquer and claimed all the land between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean.
	www.kirkpinar.50megs.com /chafadji.htm (1919 words)

	Emergent city-
		This applies even to as spectacular a discovery as that of the royal tombs of Ur with their hecatombs (large-scale sacrifices) of retainers who followed their king and queen to the grave, not to mention the elaborate funerary appointments with their inventory of tombs.
		On the other hand, there is the archive of some 1,200 tablets--[insofar as these have been published]--from the temple of Baba, the city goddess of Girsu, from the period of Lugalanda and UruKAgina (first half of the 24th century).
		These battles, favouring now one side, now the other, continued under Eannatum's successors, in particular Entemena, until, under UruKAgina, great damage was done to the land of Lagash and to its holy places.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/citstate.html (447 words)

	Bluepoint Leadership Development
		For example, in some of the earliest writings concerning leaders of theocratic city states in the Sumer delta, lugal became a political title and is generally translated as "king." The Sumerian lugals made the general welfare their major concern.
		Best known is Urukagina, who declared himself lugal of Lagash near the end of the Old Sumerian period and ended the rule of priests and "powerful men," each of whom, he claimed, was guilty of acting "for his own benefit."
		Sargon I succeeded Urukagina and it was written he "did not sleep: in his efforts to promote prosperity and that in this new free enterprise economy trade moved as freely 'as the Tigris where it flows into the sea,...
	www.bluepointleadership.com /index.php?link=000078 (690 words)

	[No title]
		I don't know whether the Sumerologists are still arguing about it, but Uruinimgina is the form used in teh Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary.
		It must be stressed, however, that there is no real consensus about the reading: D.O. Edzard in the volume in honor of Miguel Civil, Sabadell (1991) (I'm quoting by heart) pleads a reading Irikagina.
		I should mention that "lady of heaven" which in HEbrew would be malkat hashamayim, is the expression behind the term mele'ket hashamayim mentioned in the book of Jeremiah as the boject of illicit worship.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/2000/v2000.n024 (6726 words)

	Guidelines for Week 3 Reading Assignment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Under these conditions, their power often turned to abuse and extortion of the poor.
		Urukagina (Uru-inim-gina in the Knapp text) was a strong individual who managed to seize power in the city of Lagash and to establish himself as a monarch.
		Urukagina is given divine sanction to redress the situation and restore the old ways.
	luna.cas.usf.edu /~murray/classes/ah/wk3_guide_01f.htm (676 words)

	City by the Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Urukagina led him under another archway to a single room seeming to make up the whole temple, vast as its outside and empty, save for the square pool at its center and the single stone sculpture rising from it vaguely discernible in the distance.
		What He-Man had not told Urukagina, and he knew not why, was that the thief in the night was of his own tribe.
		Her braid, though much longer than his, was in the traditional style of his people, down the middle of her back as was customary for women.
	members.aol.com /dynotus1/sea.htm (4067 words)

	Cities of Sumer - Lagash (Modern Telloh) Girsu [Hiba]
		Most of the finds belong to the 3rd millennium BC from the Early Dynastic, Akkad and Ur III Periods and include a large number of cuneiform tablets and many fine statues of Gudea, who was governor of Lagash in the 22nd eentury BC.
		One of the most important tablets from Telloh is the so-called Urukagina reform text.
		Urukagina was the last Early Dynastic king of Lagash (mid 24th century BC on the middle chronology) and the text records a series of sweeping reforms he instituted directed against a corrupt and overpowerful palace bureacracy
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/238911 (325 words)

	Mesopotamia
		Eventually, after kingship became institutionalized, "Sumerians viewed kingship as divine in origin--kings, they believed, derived their power from the gods and were the agents of the gods" (Spiel.
		Of these Sumerian lugals, enlightened despots who made the general welfare their major concern, the best known is Urukagina of Lagesh.
		Urukagina declared himself lugal near the end of the Old Sumerian period and ended the rule of priests and "powerful men," each of whom he claimed, was guilty of acting `for his own benefit'” (Wallbank,12).
	socsci.gulfcoast.edu /rbaldwin/mesopotamia.htm (3499 words)

	History of Sumer - Brief Overview
		From about 3000 BC on the clay tablet records found in the ruins of Ur present an account of the accessions and coronations, uninterrupted victories and sublime deaths of petty kings who ruled the city states of Ur, Lagash, Uruk and the rest; the writing of history is a very ancient thing.
		One king, Urukagina of Lagash, was a royal reformer, an enlightened despot who issued decrees aimed at correcting the exploitation of the poor by the rich, and of everybody by the priests.
		The reign of Urukagina of Lagash ended in the normal manner: another king, named Lugal-Zaggisi invaded Lagash, overthrew Urukagina, and sacked the city.
	www.theology.edu /sumer.htm (3661 words)

	After The Me as Sumerian Law
		That is surely not right but he was the first we know to codify common law.
		Urukagina's Code- 2350 BC is mentioned in other documents as a consolidation of existing "ordinances" or laws laid down by Mesopotamian rulers.
		Urukagina seem to have been the first to take the power role of the virtual idol … (even that belongs to the pattern of development.
	www.catshaman.com /0inanna/0law.htm (6313 words)

	AthensNews onLine SEARCH
		Thus in Mesopotamia, Sargon of Akkad (c 2300 BC) boasted that he brought back figs from Anatolia among other things, but these were most probably new varieties.
		The still earlier texts of Urukagina of Lagash already mention the fruit.
		In Egypt, the cultivation of the fig tree is also very ancient.
	www.athensnews.gr /athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=12970&m=A40&aa=1&eidos=S (857 words)

	The Qur'an as Scripture, Part 2
		Then there appeared a man Muhammad, just an ordinary man, one from among themselves, who had shared as they had in the caravan trade so important for their economy, but who claimed to have heard the voice of Allah calling him to a mission to restore a "way of God" which had been forgotten.
		As in the case of Urukagina his reform included large measures of social and political reform, but his reforms were based on religion.
		In essentials his mission was an attempt to bring the life of the community in which he lived once again under divine direction as it had been in olden time.
	answering-islam.org /Books/Jeffery/Scripture/part2.htm (11060 words)

	Sumer
		The shepherds of wool sheep paid a duty in silver on account of white sheep, and the surveyor, chief lamentation-singer, supervisor, brewer and foremen paid a duty in silver on account of young lambs.
		19 When Ningirsu, warrior of Enlil, granted the kingship of Lagash to Urukagina, selecting him from among the myriad people, he replaced the customs of former times, carrying out the command that Ningirsu, his master, had given him.
		25 Urukagina solemnly promised Ningirsu that he would never subjugate the waif and the widow to the powerful.
	www.humanistictexts.org /sumer.htm (4794 words)

	[No title]
		RE: ane Philistines not Greek Re: ane Urukagina, Ishtar/Inanna and tar(a) Etymologies?
		To: ane Sent: Saturday, January 29, 2000 11:34 AM Subject: Re: ane Urukagina, Ishtar/Inanna and tar(a) Etymologies?
		If you want to know what heaven is start with Wayne Horowitz's book on Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/2000/v2000.n030 (1944 words)

	Urukagina, Amagi ToC: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Urukagina, Amagi ToC: The Online Library of Liberty
		The oppressive conditions in the city before the reforms is described in the new code preserved in cuneiform on tablets of the period.
		It may not be used in any way for profit.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0684 (201 words)

	K & W Farms, Inc. - History of the Fig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The common fig probably originated in the fertile part of southern Arabia (Solms-Laubach 1885).
		Ancient records indicate both King Urukagina of the Sumarian era (2900 B.C.) and the Assyrians (2000 B.c.) were familiar with it.
		No records of its introduction to this area exist, but the caprifig, ancestor of the edible fig, is still found there growing wild.
	www.meccagold.com /history.htm (3826 words)

	Business Software Review : Article '23rd century BC' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Significant persons Djoser, king of Egypt, commissions the Step Pyramid at Saqqara.
		Khufu, king of Egypt, builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza Urukagina, king of Lagash, creates the first known judicial code.
		24th century BC Significant persons Urukagina Sargon of Akkad Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon, priestess and the first author known by name Dangun Inventions, discoveries, introductions The first official mentioning of beekeeping in Egypt Source: [1] (http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/beekeeping.htm) Ancient Egypt: Beekeeping and waxnl:24e eeuw v.
	www.business-software-review.org /DisplayArticle67303.html (558 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Exhibitions
		Translation: "The goddess Bau, the one who gives advice, has found a place for service for Urukagina!
		— (this is) its name." The note "(this is) its name" probably referred to some object that Urukagina gave as a gift to the temple and devoted to the goddess Bau.
		Maybe it was impossible to write on the object itself (it could be a date palm, or some other tree planted by the king in the temple’s garden).
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/12/2003/hm12_1_16_03.html (109 words)

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