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Topic: Urum language

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	Probert Encyclopaedia: Language (U) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Ukrainian is a Slavic language spoken in Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia.
		Ulu Ceres is a dialect of the Malaysian language Jah Hut.
		Ulu Tembeling is a dialect of the Malaysian language Jah Hut.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /WU.HTM (963 words)

	Turkic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Turkic languages are a group of related languages that are spoken by a variety of people distributed across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China with estimated 100-130 million native speakers.
		Turkic languages are agglutinative and exhibit phonological vowel harmony.
		Various elements have passed to Turkic languages especially from Chinese, Persian, Russian and Arabic languages, and various elements from Turkic languages have been carried as far as the northernmost territories of Russia, and possibly even to North America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkic_language (286 words)

	North Azovian Urums
		The Urums are a national minority of Mediterranean and Crimean origin, residing in block in Ukraine, in 29 villages of Donetsk oblast which they have founded, in one village of Zaporizhzhia oblast, in Mariupol’ city, and also in other settlements, including Donetsk.
		The language of Urums is close to Crimean-Tatarish, Karaimish, Armeno-Qypchaq, Gagauzish and Turkish.
		The Urum language, folklore and manuscripts has been studied out since 1973 as a result of Dr. Alexander Garkavets' initiative, at his own expense, and from September 2000, by means of a non-governmental, non-commercial, nonprofit organisation - the Center for Eurasian Studies "Desht-i Qypchaq" established by Dr.
	www.unesco.kz /qypchaq/urums-en.htm (1293 words)

	English language history from other languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The invaders all spoke a language that was Germanic (related to what emerged as Dutch, Frisian, German and the Scandinavian languages, and to Gothic), but we will probably never know how different their speech was from that of their continental neighbors.
		The written and spoken language of London continued to evolve and gradually began to have a greater influence in the country at large.
		Languages that have contributed words to English include Latin, Greek, French, German, Arabic, Hindi (from India), Italian, Malay, Dutch, Farsi (from Iran and Afganistan), Nahuatl (the Aztec language), Sanskrit (from ancient India), Portuguese, Spanish, Tupi (from South America) and Ewe (from Africa).
	www.wordinfo.info /word-infoEngHistory.html (4513 words)

	Turkic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The Turkic languages are a group of closely related languages that are spoken by a variety of people distributed across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China.
		Chuvash, Bolgar (extinct and the inclusion of Bolgar in the Turkic language group is disputed),
		Various elements have passed to Turkic languages especially from Chinese, Persian, Russian and Arabic languages, and various elements from Turkic languages have been carried as far as southeastern Asia, the northernmost territories of Russia, and even North America.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Turkic_languages (263 words)

	USA: Letters of Thomas Jefferson: 1743-1826
		The Anglo-Saxon is only the earliest we possess of the many shades of mutation by which the language has tapered down to its modern form.
		It will incorporate into the present one all the riches of our ancient dialects; and what a store this will be, may be seen by running the eye over the county glossaries, and observing the words we have lost by abandonment and disuse, which in sound and sense are inferior to nothing we have retained.
		And, more than all things, we want a dictionary on the plan of Stephens or Scapula, in which the Saxon root, placed alphabetically, shall be followed by all its cognate modifications of nouns, verbs, &c., whether Anglo-Saxon, or found in the dialects of subsequent ages.
	odur.let.rug.nl /usa.990917/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl283.htm (1460 words)

	Urum - LanguageServer - University of Graz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The Turkic languages form a top-level constituent of the Altaic languages.
		The Urum language is said to be mutually intelligible with Crimean Turkish.
		The self-designation Urum literally means 'Roman', which was a common designation for Greeks and Christians in the Ottoman Empire.
	languageserver.uni-graz.at /ls/desc?id=69&type=r (194 words)

	Greek Writing System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Although at all times the main use of the Greek alphabet has been the writing of the Greek language (in its various forms), there are also some interesting cases where a largely unmodified Greek alphabet has been used within the Greek, or the Orthodox, culture area, to write non-Greek languages.
		Gagauz is a Turkic language (or dialect) spoken by about two hundred thousand persons, mostly in Moldova, but also in Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, and perhaps Greece and some of the central Asian republics.
		Urum or Greek Tatar, a Turkic language related to Crimean Tatar, is spoken in the Donetsk region (Ukraine), and is occasionally written in Greek script.
	www.writingsystems.net /systems/greek/languages.htm (696 words)

	Bibliographic Standards:UKMARC Manual
		For example, Serbian and Croatian are the same spoken language, but the former is written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the latter in the Latin alphabet.
		For example, the language Kewa, will not be assigned a code of its own but will be included in the Papuan-Australian group and given the code for that group.
		An ancient language form that does not have a unique code will be assigned the code for the major language group to which it belongs instead of the code for the modern form.
	www.bl.uk /services/bibliographic/marc/marcappbu.html (360 words)

	The history of the English language - an introduction
		Finally, the military influence on the language during the latter half of twentieth century was significant.
		It is the language in which Indian parents and fl parents in South Africa overwhelmingly wish their children to be educated.
		What's more, English is the language rated as most useful to know, with over 77% of Europeans who do not speak English as their first language, rating it as useful.
	www.anglik.net /englishlanguagehistory.htm (2889 words)

	Anglo-Saxon Versions of Scripture
		The reader may get an idea of the amount of change in the English language by viewing a Bible passage in Old English, Middle English and Early Modern English in parallel columns here.
		The first two periods of our language - Old and Middle English - fall within the Medieval period of European history, during which there are few examples of Bible versions.
		During the tenth century Alfred's successors managed to dominate the new population of Danes, and, because the culture and language of the Danes was similar to that of the Anglo-Saxons, the newcomers were gradually absorbed into the population of the northeast and Christianized.
	www.bible-researcher.com /anglosaxon.html (1836 words)

	U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Georgia: Language in everyday life
		Its main purpose is the preservation and development of the Assyrian language, culture, traditions and maintenance of contacts with its compatriots abroad.
		The Azerbaijani language is taught at the Department of Oriental Studies of Tbilisi State University.
		The Greek language is taught in schools and places of their concentrated settlement as well as in groups existing within the communities.
	www.us-english.org /foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=58&TID=6 (1496 words)

	codex argenteus: lingua gotorum aut lingua gotica? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		In addition specimens of the language are preserved in the five Codices Ambrosiani and the Codex Carolinus (all of which are codices rescripti, and fragmentary), and the fragmentary Codex Turiensis.
		The language of the Codex Argenteus and virtually all of the other Gothic fragments may be regarded as an ideolect used by Wulfila for his translation, and which may or may not represent Gothic as it was spoken by any of the Gothic peoples.
		Given that ethnicity and language are closely linked in the thinking of the time it is likely that at least discrete Ostrogothic and Visigothic languages may be postulated.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/1_3/davis1_3.html (1758 words)

	Turkic Branch of the Altaic Language Family
		Turkic languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by people spread across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China.
		Languages spoken on the territory of the former Soviet Union have a large number of Russian loanwords.
		All languages in this group are considered to be Category II in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/TurkicBranch.html (195 words)

	Complete Translation Services - The Origin and History of English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The English language is a progressively altered form of the languages spoken in previous generations, all the way back to the origin of language itself - and English continues to evolve.
		It is the second most spoken language in the world, with more than 400 million native speakers, 350 million more who speak it as a second language, and still another 100 million who use it as a foreign language.
		English is listed as the official or co-official language of over 45 countries and is spoken extensively in just as many more countries where it enjoys semi-official status by playing an important part in culture, politics or economics.
	www.completetranslation.com /english.htm (3657 words)

	The Rosetta Project: the 1000 language archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Send a message to a Urum language specialist or native speaker who might be able to review or contribute materials.
		The Rosetta Project is a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers working to develop a contemporary version of the historic "Rosetta Stone".
		We are creating this broad language archive through an open contribution, open review process and we invite you to participate.
	www.rosettaproject.org:8080 /live/search/invitecolleague?ethnocode=UUM&langname=Urum (162 words)

	List of languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Ethnologue lists about 6,800 main languages in its language name index (see the external link) and distinguishes about 41,000 alternate language names and dialects.
		This list deals with particular languages, and includes only natural languages spoken or signed by humans.
		See List of languages by name: Z for about 50 more.
	www.butte-silverbow.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/List_of_languages (921 words)

	Turkologic researches-Russian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		In this section are represented the electronic versions of scientific researches about Turkic peoples, Turkic languages, literary and folklore memorials.
		For adequate reading, printing and processing materials represented on the page it is necessary to copy the fonts contained in section Fonts and install on your computer.
		North Azovian Urums - Greeks Speaking Turkic Language
	www.qypchaq.freenet.kz /Researches-English.htm (297 words)

	QYPCHAQ
		The written monuments we present here were made with Armenian script in the Qypchaq language in Ukraine (Lvov, Kamenets-Podolsky, and others), Poland, Romania, Moldavia, Crimea and Turkey in 16-17 centuries.
		The mixed character of their culture is explained by the fact that many Armenians, being compelled to leave Armenia, lived together with Qypchaqs in Crimea and Bessarabia for a long time.
		The Qypchaq language in its origin and structure is close to some Turkic languages such as Crimean-Tatar, Urum, Karaimish, Crimchakish, Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk, Tatar, Kazakh, Noghay, Kyrghyz, Uzbek and others.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/source/armeno-qypchaq.html (786 words)

	[No title]
		Linguistic map of USSR¨Mongolian Only 2 Mongolian languages (Buriat, Kalmyk) spoken in USSR Classical Mongolian served as literary language for most Mongolian languages Vowel harmony, vowel length, human vs. non-human (in pl) Case before possessive affix (opposite order from Turkic)¡&ûûª,'Ñó¨2.
		Linguistic map of USSR¨!Tungus (these languages spoken in Siberia and China, related to Manchu) Evenki (30K), Even, Negidal; Orok (only 190), Oroch, Nanai, Udihe, Ulch all groups are small, traditionally nomads, dialectal fragmentation Agglutination, vowel harmony, lack of gender, contact with Russian & Turkic ¡&HÚHÚªB “ó¨2.
		Analyzing the USSR¨Language policy was careful & deliberate, for vast numbers of unrelated languages Goals were not transparent, sometimes contradictory, and always secretive Promotion of Russian accelerated over time, suppression of other languages, squelching of nationalist movementsó¨4.
	www.unc.edu /~lajanda/slav167langpolussrch1.ppt (396 words)

	Ask the Swami: Answers to Users' Questions About Hindu Dharma Vedas Buddha Avatar Homosexuality Cloning -- Beliefnet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		As limited as language (Sanskrit included) is in its capacity to convey spirituality, the extent that it does so in terms of theoretical knowledge is often considerable.
		For example, it is stated in the Bhagavatam that sages produced a new body--and subsequently a person named Bahuka--out of the dead body of Maharaja Venu, mamanthur urum tarasa.
		While this does not appear to be an instance of cloning per say, there are enough similarities to conjecture that the concept of cloning was not unheard of among the sages of ancient times.
	www.beliefnet.com /story/128/story_12870_2.html (376 words)

	ScienceDaily -- Browse Topics: Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Altaic/Turkic/Kypchak_Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		UCSF Study Finds English Proficiency A Major Hurdle In Patient Comprehension (August 17, 2005) — Limited efficiency with the English language is a barrier to medical comprehension and increases the risk of adverse medication reactions, according to a recent study led by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco.
		Studies Of Amazonian Languages Challenge Linguistic Theories (August 16, 2005) — Two studies that appear in the August/October 2005 issue of Current Anthropology challenge established linguistic theories regarding the language families of Amazonia.
		Crimean Tatar Language - Brief essay on the history and socio-linguistics of the Crimean Tatar language.
	www.sciencedaily.com /directory/Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Altaic/Turkic/Kypchak_Languages (627 words)

	Armeno
		The settlers of 70 Armenian colonies called themselves Armenians, but they did not know the Armenian language, and had been speaking, praying and writing mainly in Qypchaq with Armenian script.
		Practically it is the same as the language of the South-East Europe and Hungary Cumans in the 11-14th centuries.
		It is also near to the Qypchaq language of the monuments, written in Mameluke Egypt and in the territories of the Golden Horde in the 14-17th centuries.
	www.unesco.kz /qypchaq/armqyp-e.htm (783 words)

	Registan.net :: Central Asia News » Fun With Languages
		Urum is a Turkic language similar to Crimean Tatar in Ukraine that is spoken by “Greeks.” There are 45,000 in Donetsk and many have or are planning to leave for Greece.
		All of these sources of information mention the Urum being of Greek origin, but they also mention that “Urum” was a common Ottoman designation for Greeks and Christians.
		There was a linguistics grad in our peace corps group who told me about one way you can tell Uzbek is a fairly simple language is that it has very few words for colors, and of those that it does have, only a few are unconnected to something in the natural world.
	www.registan.net /?p=4367 (1087 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		The period in which Middle English was spoken extends roughly from the year 1066 after the Battle of Hastings until about 1500 when the language had evolved into Early Modern English (the language of William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson).
		This is the language that was spoken and written in England prior to William the Conqueror and the Norman invasion.
		Although my thoughts are still going, rather than risk boring any potential brave souls who have read this far into a state of rigor mortis, I'll close this post with an example of written Old English.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=9299320&postID=110209905689997504 (476 words)

	I n T h e W i r e (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		So eventually, the endings dropped off (sort of like dead toenails), and so English became an analytical language, where meaning is based on the position of words in a sentence, rather than a synthetic language, where meaning is based on inflections.
		Yet it was not the language it had been——it had been broadened, sweetened, rendered more complex and subtle.
		Through the journeys of missionaries, the language of Rome would add a third layer of richness to English, as well as fomenting a major linguistic crisis.
	www.inthewire.com /entry.asp?EntryID=43440 (1621 words)

	The Rosetta Project: the 1000 language archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Urum texts are available in the categories below.
		A brief language description provided courtesy of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
		Send a message to a language specialist or native speaker who might be able to review or contribute materials.
	64.81.54.21 /live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=UUM (99 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Graeme Davis University of Northumbria, UK Abstract The language of the Codex Argenteus has long been assumed to be the language of the Goths - lingua gotorum.
		The location of this manuscript from its composition until the sixteenth century, when it is recorded in Werden on the River Ruhr, is the subject of conjecture; subsequent accident has brought it to the library of the University of Uppsala, Sweden.
		There is a parallel in the development of Old Church Slavonic as a scriptural and liturgical language for the Slavic peoples.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/1_3/DAVIS.DOC (1903 words)

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