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Topic: Utilitarian bioethics

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	Bioethics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bioethics is the ethics of biological science and medicine.
		Bioethics concerns the ethical questions that arise in the relationships between biology, medicine, cybernetics, politics, law, philosophy, and theology.
		Bioethics involves many public policy questions that are often politicized and used to mobilize political constituencies, hence the emergence of biopolitics and its techno-progressive/bioconservative axis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bioethics (772 words)

	Utilitarian Bioethics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Utilitarian Bioethics is a very controversial branch of Utilitarian ethics and bioethics that espouses directing medical resources where they will contribute most to the sum of the number of happy people in the world.
		As with much of utilitarianism, Utilitarian Bioethics is internally coherent only if one takes as proven the concept that the economic distribution of resources is a zero-sum game.
		Therefore, the upsides of Utilitarian Bioethics include increased medical expenditure on other patients with a higher chance of survival (and thus their chances would improve of a return to a productive, happy, healthy status).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Utilitarian_Bioethics (420 words)

	Utilitarianism - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Utilitarianism is both a metaethical doctrine, and a theory in normative ethics.
		Utilitarianism is the classic consequentalist theory of ethics, and as such is opposed to non-consequentalist theories, such as deontology[?] or virtue ethics.
		Utilitarianism influenced economics, in particular utility theory, where the concept of utility is also used, although with quite different effect.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /ut/Utilitarianism.html (673 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As a theory of the good, utilitarianism is welfarist, holding that the good is whatever yields the greatest utility --'utility' being defined as pleasure, preference-satisfaction, or in reference to an objective list of values.
		Critics of utilitarianism claim that this view suffers from a number of problems, one of which is the difficulty of comparing utility among different people.
		In a similar vein, utilitarian anarchist William Godwin famously observed that if the life of the Archbishop of Cambray is preferable to the life of his chambermaid, the fact that the latter is my mother "would not alter the truth of the proposition".
	online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/u/ut/utilitarianism.html (806 words)

	Utilitarianism - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics that prescribes the quantitative maximization of good consequences for a population.
		Utilitarianism was originally proposed by David Hume but later given a definitive formulation in 18th century England by Jeremy Bentham and others such as John Stuart Mill.
		Preference utilitarianism is a particular type of utilitarianism which defines the good to be maximized as the fulfillment of persons' preferences.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Utilitarian (3389 words)

	Utilitarian Bioethics
		The proposal that utilitarian ethicists should resort to the techniques of Madison Avenue to educate the wider community is likely to met with an fastidious shudder of distaste - or outright incredulity - by (most) professional philosophers.
		Further, not all abolitionists are utilitarians; and it may be unwise to imply that commitment to the eradication of suffering is the exclusive prerogative of one contested ethical theory.
		A strength of classical utilitarianism and the felicific calculus is that it provides, in principle, an objective criterion of whether an action - or rule of action - is right or wrong.
	www.utilitarianism.net /biotech.html (2833 words)

	Ethics Text page
		Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics based on quantitative maximization of some good for society or humanity.
		Rule utilitarians would then add that there are general exception rules that allows the breaking of other rules if this increases happiness, one example being self-defense.
		Utilitarians argue that justification of either slavery, torture or murder would require improbably large benefits to outweigh the direct and extreme suffering to the victims and excludes the indirect impact of social acceptance of inhumane policies.
	pirate.shu.edu /~mckenndo/ethics-Utilitarianism.htm (2490 words)

	Utilitarianism : search word
		Although Mill was a utilitarian, he argued that not all forms of pleasure are of equal value, using his famous saying "It is better to be Socrates dissatisfied, than a fool satisfied." He disagreed with Bentham's hedonic calculus holding that quality is better than quantity.
		Utilitarian anarchist William Godwin famously observed that if the life of the Archbishop of Cambray is preferable to the life of his chambermaid, the fact that the latter is my mother "would not alter the truth of the proposition".
		John Rawls rejects utilitarianism, both rule and act, on the basis that it makes rights depend on the good consequences of their recognition, and thus he argues that it is incompatible with liberalism.
	www.searchword.org /ut/utilitarianism.html (2004 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : The Bioethics Mess
		This is an explanation of the history of medical ethics, the modern term bioethics and the deterioration of the understanding that the life of each individual human being is sacred.
		Few "professional" bioethics experts, the doctors and lawyers who sit on hospital and government bio-ethics committees, have academic degrees in the discipline, and even for those few who do, there is no uniform or standardized curriculum.
		The problem with this line of reasoning is that the ethical principles used in the "discourse" are still the same-defined bioethics principles, and those who typically reach the "consensus" are the bioethicists themselves, not the patients, their families, or society at large, so the process is not exactly neutral or democratic.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=4123 (2921 words)

	The Bioethics Mess
		Few "professional" bioethics experts, the doctors, researchers, and lawyers who sit on hospital and government bioethics committees, have academic degrees in the discipline, and even for those few who do, there is no uniform or standardized curriculum.
		Most professors of bioethics don't know the historical and philosophical roots of the subject they teach; the courses vary from institution to institution; there are no local, state, or national boards of examination; and there are no real professional standards.
		Bioethics has also heavily influenced legal and media ethics and is even taught in high schools.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/medical_ethics/me0024.html (2852 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Utilitarian ethics was formulated first by Jeremy Bentham 6 in 1781, and later 3 championed and elaborated by 6 the philosopher John 6 Stuart Mill.
		On the 1 one hand the standard 0 of right and 8 wrong, on the 4 other the chain of 6 causes and effects, 7 are fastened to 3 their throne.
		A closely related and very 2 controversial branch is 2 Utilitarian Bioethics, which concludes 4 from Utilitarian Ethics 7 that killing unhappy people 8 is a net 6 positive value, and 5 that therefore people with 5 birth defects, people 8 with terminal diseases, and 1 depressed people are 5 candidates for Euthanasia.
	www.rutle.com /utilitarian_ethics_.htm (334 words)

	[No title]
		Utilitarianism has always had a serious problem with defining in practice what "good" is, but it is generally reduced to some sort of lack of pain, or pleasure.
		As utilitarian, the general norm or standard against which one determines if an individual action is right or wrong is "utility"; i.e., if that action is useful to achieving good consequences, those being defined as "the greatest good for the greatest number".
		First, bioethics is not really just the "general moral consensus of the people", but rather it is an idiosyncratic systematic academic theory of ethics alongside many other such academic ethical theories or systems vying for recognition in the universities - bioethics simply being the one that was made up by the National Commission.
	www.lifeissues.net /writers/irv/irv_02ethics.txt (4110 words)

	lifeissues.net \| Hentoff's Aim at Singer Misses Mark
		Furthermore, utilitarianism is not a "neutral ethics" -- the so-called "perfect" ethics to be used in a "pluralistic" society.
		Utilitarianism defines itself in the ethics textbooks as a normative ethical theory, i.e., it takes a stand on what is right or wrong.
		Utilitarianism is also an ethical theory that was quite literally laughed out of the academies of Europe over a century ago because it could not defend itself academically.
	www.lifeissues.net /writers/irvi/irvi_43hentoffsinger.html (2632 words)

	From Death Options to Compulsory Murder: A message to the tribe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Utilitarian bioethics is an interesting concept, and Peter Singer, if you haven't heard, is an interesting guy who has been thinking, talking, and writing about utilitarian bioethics for the past 20 years.
		Your nondisabled friends, relatives, and neighbors are being bombarded by the media with many bioethical concerns, from stem cell research to physician assisted suicide.
		Either utilitarian bioethicists are jockeying for better leverage, or this is the most complex example of dumb luck I've ever seen.
	www.tell-us-your-story.com /_disc69r/0000000d.htm (904 words)

	Bioethics news for April 2005
		Peter Singer, a professor of bioethics at Princeton University in New Jersey, was a pioneer in the advocacy for infanticide.
		Easton Courier, Instead of focusing on bioethics, abortion and the sex abuse scandal that are of chief concern in the United States, she said the new pope might focus on...
		Hamden Journal, Instead of focusing on bioethics, abortion and the sex abuse scandal that are of chief concern in the United States, she said the new pope might focus on...
	www.mongabay.com /rfid/Bioethics_2005-04.html (8664 words)

	[No title]
		Utilitarians and utilitarianism focuses on utility, as opposed to aesthetics, and the happiness of society as a whole with no concern being placed on social, religious or moral values; in brief, to each according to what’s best for all.
		Bioethics is defined as the study of the ethical questions involved in the application of new biological and medical findings.
		A history of utilitarianism and utilitarian bioethics followed, which included a summary of the 1974 National Research Act and the subsequent 1978 Bellmont Report, which identified three medical principles to be utilized, under Federal law, in the use of human subjects for medical research.
	www.mnsilc.org /minutes/Jun2003.htm (3748 words)

	The Center for Bioethics and Culture Network :. Article Display
		After laying the groundwork in the first chapter and discussing some cases known to him personally, he writes in the second chapter about "Life Unworthy of Life," a phrase taken from the title of a book published in Germany in 1920.
		For one new to this whole area of bioethics, the material in this book is both completely novel and generally appalling.
		I am neither a Luddite nor a hermit, yet I consistently found myself still at the point of considering certain things to be 'unthinkable' (in Niehaus's characterization), whereas they had already progressed, completely unnoticed, to the unexceptional.
	www.thecbc.org /redesigned/research_display.php?id=58 (766 words)

	The Dread Pundit Bluto: Utilitarian Bioethics and the Ideology of the Terri Schiavo Tragedy
		The Dread Pundit Bluto: Utilitarian Bioethics and the Ideology of the Terri Schiavo Tragedy
		Utilitarian Bioethics and the Ideology of the Terri Schiavo Tragedy
		Terri Schiavo's starvation also represents a triumph for Utilitarian Bioethics, the special project of Princeton professor Peter Singer.
	dreadpundit.blogspot.com /2005/03/utilitarian-bioethics-and-ideology-of.html (490 words)

	"Modern" Bioethics
		Inherent in the term "modern bioethics" is the idea that bioethics changes over time and "old-fashioned bioethics" no longer applies.
		Patient autonomy and self-determination are fundamental elements of medicine and bioethics.
		Judges are not immune to the multitude of influences within the bioethical milieu where the culture of life and the culture of death vie for majority approval on a daily basis.
	www.pregnantpause.org /ethics/modern.html (1292 words)

	Bioethics - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Bioethics involves many public policy questions that are often politicized and used to mobilize political constituencies, hence the emergence of biopolitics.
		Bioethicists focus on using philosophy to help analyze said concerns, though bioethics is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary.
		Religious bioethicist's have developed rules and guidelines on how to deal with these issues from within the viewpoint of their respective faiths.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Bioethics (823 words)

	Secondhand Smoke: Progressive Bioethicists Want More Influence, Poor Babies
		Of course, I find most of mainstream utilitarian bioethics to be not liberal at all, particularly given that most believe human beings can be separated into caste-creating distinctions between so-called persons and human non persons.
		On the contrary, progressive bioethics is focused on issues of promoting scientific inquiry that carries the promise of promoting prosperity for all people, especially those of us in the most precarious positions in society.
		Progressive bioethics is very much interested in issues of justice and preserving individual morality in the face of majoritarian principalism such as that put forth by the President's Council.
	www.wesleyjsmith.com /blog/2005/10/progressive-bioethicists-want-more.html (948 words)

	Bittersweet » Blog Archive » The Philosophy of Death
		Shorn of the argot of Academia, Utilitarian Bioethics is a philosophy that sees human happiness as a zero-sum game.
		Therefore, all resources, including medical should be doled out on the basis of what will best increase the total of human happiness, which sounds benign enough until the real ramifications become apparent.
		Utilitarian Bioethics aka the philosophy of death can only lead to Eugenics the science of death and manipulation of the weaker gene pools, which was practiced to an art form by the Nazi’s of Germany.
	www.bittersweetme.net /blog?p=1234 (525 words)

	Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum
		At the discretion of the Dean of Bioethics, students who have received sufficient philosophical and theological preparation can be admitted to the Master’s program.
		This two-year program is designed for working professionals and students attending other academic institutions who desire to deepen their understanding of the principal bioethical issues in the light of Catholic moral teaching.
		The program covers four semesters and offers students fundamental bioethical principles, a history of Bioethics, the study of the principal issues in Bioethics and applications to the biomedical, biojuridical and pastoral fields.
	www.ateneo.org /bioetica/template_interno.html?id_articoli=183 (659 words)

	Peter Singer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Another claim is that Singer's utilitarian ideas lead to eugenics.
		Singer's fundamental principles are shared by some other utilitarian philosophers, but his conclusions based on these principles in controversial areas such as abortion, infanticide and euthanasia, and his refusal to hide his conclusions behind euphemisms, may help explain why his works have attracted particular attention.
		In 1999 he was appointed Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics of Princeton University's Center for Human Values, and relocated to the United States.
	www.enlightenweb.net /p/pe/peter_singer.html (1059 words)

	Conscience-Which medical ethics for the 21st century?
		Secular bioethics is an academic ethical theory that was made up in 1979 by a group called the National Commission, and documented in their Belmont Report.
		Third, bioethics is not a "neutral" ethical theory at all, but defines itself as "normative" - i.e., it takes a stand on what is right or wrong.
		A fairly widespread perception exists, both within and without the bioethics community, that the prevailing U.S. approach to the ethical problems raised by modern medicine is ailing.
	www.consciencelaws.org /Examining-Conscience-Ethical/Ethical01.html (4966 words)

	Against Bioethics - The MIT Press
		And yet, argues Jonathan Baron in Against Bioethics, applied bioethics lacks the authority of a coherent guiding theory and is based largely on intuitive judgments.
		Utilitarianism holds that the best option is the one that does the most expected good.
		Baron discusses issues in bioethics that can be illuminated by such analysis, including "enhancements" to nature in the form of genetics, drugs, and mind control; reproduction; death and end-of-life issues, including advance directives, euthanasia, and organ donation; coercion and consent; conflict of interest and the reform of internal review boards; and drug research.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item?ttype=2&tid=10843 (546 words)

	Which Medical Ethics for the 21st Century
		First, bioethics is not really just the “general moral consensus of the people”, but rather it is an idiosyncratic systematic academic theory of ethics alongside many other such academic ethical theories or systems vying for recognition in the universities — bioethics simply being the one that was made up by the National Commission.
		Third, bioethics is not a “neutral” ethical theory at all, but defines itself as “normative” — i.e., it takes a stand on what is right or wrong.
		Should we enter the 21st century embracing the relativistic and utilitarian bioethics of the National Commission — an ethics which in no way really reflects the consensus of the majority of human beings, an ethics which is artificial, not neutral, is theoretically indefensible and practically unworkable, and therefore already defunct?
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/medical_ethics/me0007.htm (4861 words)

	OPEN COLUMN
		Missouri lawmakers will weigh whether embryonic stem cell research is the key to ending disease or throws the deadbolt on human life.
		Editor, the Tribune: A healthy, severely brain-damaged, 41-year-old woman was put to death by starvation and dehydration at the hands of her estranged husband and an indifferent judiciary.
		Americans had better wake up and educate themselves about the extreme relativism inherent in the utilitarian bioethics movement, which advocates the termination of "nonpersons,"; such as the severely handicapped, the mentally disabled, unwanted unborn children and anyone else whose quality of life is determined to be burdensome or filled with suffering.
	www.showmenews.com /2005/Apr/20050415Comm004.asp (192 words)

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