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Topic: Utilitarianism (architecture)

	Pound's Quest for the Paradiso
		As he grows increasingly suspicious of this notion, and of architecture's ability to "awaken" the masses and to reform institutions, he begins to invest his cultural critique in poetry--especially in The Cantos, where the architectural images he uses are fragmented, but nonetheless powerful in their socio-politically/historically significance.
		Architecture serves especially well as a dialectical image for Pound because of the multiple facets of its language, and because of its obvious ubiquity.
		As Keith Tuma explains, "Architecture is important to Pound because it is intimately connected with the daily life of the masses" (1990: 86), and whatever most often confronts the masses, Pound may have surmised, has the most power to change consciousnesses.
	webdoc.sub.gwdg.de /edoc/ia/eese/artic96/northcut/9_96.html (5783 words)

	"Anti-architecture and Religion", by Nikos A. Salingaros
		It is undeniable that the greatest architectural creations of mankind arose as a response to religious fervor; the desire to express in materials what human beings felt towards their Deity and Creator.
		Utilitarian objects were made with the same philosophy of striving to represent the complexity and beauty of the universe -- as best understood by human beings at that time -- in the things we built.
		Deconstructivist architecture can be described as the product of a group of architects creating their own cult by defining a new style of building.
	www.math.utsa.edu /sphere/salingar/antiarchitecture.html (2235 words)

	Architecture - The Georgian In America
		HERE are certain basic forms of architectural decoration that seem spontaneous in all primitive people at certain stages of their development, and so in the pre-Aryan architecture of America these forms are found to be almost identical with those discovered on other continents.
		The architecture of these various localities is colored to a greater or less degree by the nationality, the caste, and the individual characteristics of the settlers; but it has, in a general way, a blood relationship that is easily discernible.
		As architecture has from the earliest times expressed the desires of the people, and has honestly told the story of their necessities and their luxuries in a language that is universal and can be read by any one who will master its delicacies and its slang, so it is to-day.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles10/architecture-15.shtml (3559 words)

	Lecture 15, 16, 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The railway stations of the 19th century ushered in a new vision of architecture: one that was to be confronted with both the problems and the possibilities that industrialization and urbanization proposed.
		The professions of architecture and engineering were poised in Chicago to produce buildings using the new technology of the steel frame that were as of yet only theoretical speculations in Europe.
		The tension manifest in architecture between our value of technology and of nature might be traced in the three articles that we have read for today's class.J.B. Jackson begins this discussion with his article entitled "Gardens to Decipher and Gardens to Admire".
	www.cala2.umn.edu /arch1401/lect15_page.html (2939 words)

	Architecture
		With its heavy dimensions, its strong lines, and its utilitarianism, it fits, where all around it are high-rise dormitories, university buildings, student centers, and the flow of traffic.
		It is an architectural statement of Christianity with its roots in the altar of Abraham and in the catacombs of Rome, but is compatible with an era when space and human freedom are explored.
		Architecturally ingenious, this arrangement reinforces the peacefulness and the sense of unobstructed outreach within the chapel.
	www.calnewman.org /art.html (1504 words)

	Will Wilkinson / The Fly Bottle: Bentham on the Brain
		Rawls’s argument against utilitarianism, in a nutshell, is that it is inconsistent with our “sense of justice” and thus utilitarian principles will not gain our willing compliance, and will therefore fail to establish a stable social order.
		The reasons for rejecting utilitarianism were never that we don’t know where utility is in the brain, but that it wreaks havoc with native moral judgment and cuts against the grain of our motivational dispositions.
		Utilitarianism either fails to codify our moral judgments (as Greene conclusively shows), or it is just adjusted ad hoc to fit the curve of our moral judgments, but any theory can do that.
	www.willwilkinson.net /flybottle/archives/2005/06/bentham_on_the.html (2549 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Anti-Architecture And Religion
		Utilitarian objects were made with the same philosophy of striving to represent the complexity and beauty of the universe — as best understood by human beings at that time — in the things we built.
		Major corporations, governments, and even established religious institutions compete for their favors, spending money on alien-looking commissions — large sums of money that could otherwise be used to build structures adapted to human beings and the human spirit.
		Nikos Salingaros is Professor of Mathematics and Architectural Theorist at the University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=4736 (2281 words)

	the paper architecture of brodsky & utkin
		picked up a book yesterday from the princeton architectural press collecting some of the works by the russian architectural duo of alexander brodsky and ilya utkin and i’m very happy i did.
		in 1957 kruschev declared socialist realist architecture the “over-decorated” style and abolished the academy of architecture.
		as such their work constitutes a graphic form of architectural criticism, an escape into the realm of imagination that ended as a visual commentary on what was wrong with social and physical reality and how its ills might be remedied.
	thenonist.com /index.php/weblog/permalink/the_paper_architecture_of_brodsky_utkin (427 words)

	William Morris - Gothic Architecture
		The bones of it, its merely architectural part, are little changed from the Barbarian or primal building, which is a mere piling or jointing together of material, giving one no sense of growth in the building itself and no sense of the possibility of growth in the style.
		To my mind, organic Architecture, Architecture which must necessarily grow, dates from the habitual use of the arch, which, taking into consideration its combined utility and beauty, must be pronounced to be the greatest invention of the human race.
		The arch can do all that architecture needs, and in turn from the time when the arch comes into habitual use, the main artistic business of architecture is the decoration of the arch; the only satisfactory style is that which never disguises its office, but adorns and glorifies it.
	www.marxists.org /archive/morris/works/tmp/gothic.htm (4039 words)

	William Morris - The Revival of Architecture
		The course taken by the Gothic revival in architecture, which, as aforesaid, is the outward manifestation of the Romantic school generally, shows decided tokens of the growing consciousness of the essential difference between our society and that of the Middle Ages.
		All we have that approaches architecture is the result of a quite self-conscious and very laborious eclecticism, and is avowedly imitative of the work of past times, of which we have gained a knowledge far surpassing that of any other period.
		Under such conditions architecture, as part of the life of people in general, will again become possible, and I believe that when it is possible, it will have a real new birth, and add so much to the pleasure of life that we shall wonder how people were able to live without it.
	www.marxists.org /archive/morris/works/1888/revival.htm (1692 words)

	Utilitarian articles on Encyclopedia.com
		He established before World War I a predominantly utilitarian type of architecture that at the same time achieved qualities of clarity and impressiveness.
		Traditional art consisted of small utilitarian objects, such as weapons and tools, as well as diminutive animals, carved and incised in walrus ivory, bone, and stone.
		Brass was generally fashioned into utilitarian objects such as bowls, pots, and jugs.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Utilitarian (451 words)

	New York Architecture Images- Stalinist Architecture
		'Stalinist Architecture' is the term typically applied to the years between 1933 (the date of the final competition to design the Palace of the Soviets) and 1955 (The Academy of Architecture was abolished).
		According to the book "Architecture of the Stalin Era," by Alexei Tarkhanov and Sergei Kavtaradze, the architects settled on a terrace-like or tiered construction, often referred to as a "wedding-cake" style, to give each building a sense of "upward surge" toward a central tower.
		Unlike his counterparts, Perrault does not seek to adjust the existing architectural landscape to his own vision, but preserves the old surroundings as they are, even the iron-like Culture House, part of the Soviet cultural legacy.
	www.nyc-architecture.com /SCC/SCC030a.htm (5844 words)

	Taj Mahal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Whilst the rock-cut architecture which characterises much of this construction had little or no influence on the Taj Mahal, other Indian buildings such as the Man Singh palace in Gwalior were an inspiration for much Mughal palace architecture and the source for the chhatris which can be seen on the Taj Mahal.
		The layout of the garden, and its architectural features such as its fountains, brick and marble walkways, geometric brick-lined flowerbeds, and so on, are similar to Shalimar's, and suggest that the garden may have been designed by the same engineer, Ali Mardan.
		There is no contemporary evidence for this story, which may have emerged in the late nineteenth century when Bentinck was being criticised for his penny-pinching Utilitarianism, and when Lord Curzon was emphasising earlier neglect of the monument, and presenting himself as a saviour of Indian antiquities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Taj_Mahal (5317 words)

	Definitions, Distinctions, and Polarities \| Michigan Architecture \| TCAUP
		“Architecture is the reaction of a creative mind to a problem in the nature of materials” is the one most quoted.
		Corb's approach to architecture became more sculptural as he grew older, and this change is poignantly reflected in the definition.
		Architecture is the battlefield of the spirit.” So far as is known, Mies Van Der Rohe had nothing against either children or playgrounds but for him architecture was a profoundly serious effort—as it was for the other architects under discussion here.
	www.tcaup.umich.edu /arch/polarities.html (1996 words)

	The 21th Century Paradigm
		Although different architectural and art theories (whether explicit or implicit) have not been yet erected in epistemological knowledge, this fact was, however, confirmed through many outward signs that were noticed by many theoreticians and philosophers.
		These are some artistic concepts borrowed from science: the liberation and continuity of space, limitless forms in expansion, the dynamism of curvilinear forms (non-orthogonal), the demarcation of lines, the illusionism and the multitude of scenographic effects (optical illusions), etc. This led to plasticity, the symbiosis of traditional and contemporary forms in synthetic wholes.
		This mechanical mind of systematization, centralization, extension and movement was applied in urbanism (convergence towards centers), in palatial architecture (infinite perspectives), in landscaping (capricious, spontaneous nature), creating a variety of places in order to satisfy human sensation.
	www.ndu.edu.lb /academics/Palma/20010701/21.htm (2550 words)

	Is the mind a system of modules shaped by natural selection
		The chapter concludes by sketching how a modular architecture might be developed to account for the patently unconstrained character of human thought, which has served as an assumption in a number of recent philosophical attacks on mental modularity.
		And the expectations are that such a modular architecture is innate or innately channeled, and also that many of the modular components will operate in accordance with algorithms which are innate, or will make innate assumptions about the domains which they concern.
		And for sure there should be limits on information-flow through a modular architecture, since one would expect that, while some modules provide their outputs as input to some others, not every module is linked with every other.
	www.philosophy.umd.edu /Faculty/pcarruthers/Shaped-modules.htm (7975 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| Special Reports \| Architects attack 'philistine' move by Cambridge
		Griff Rhys-Jones, the comedian and presenter of Restoration, the popular heritage TV show, condemned the "utilitarianism" and "philistine attitude" of his former university and called on it to reconsider the closure of the cash-strapped department, which has produced a string of acclaimed architects since opening in 1912.
		All architecture is built up in schools and if this one stops that's a whole part of history which is finished.
		Luke McLaren, 22, a third-year architecture student and president of Artsoc, said the department's falling research rating was "a complete red herring" and the most popular and competitive department in Cambridge - there are nine applicants for every student accepted - was being ousted because it did not generate enough research cash.
	education.guardian.co.uk /universitiesincrisis/story/0,12028,1362574,00.html (713 words)

	Home > Publications >
		Far from being a limitation upon freedom or a threat to it, reference to the truth about the human person—a truth universally knowable through the moral law written on the hearts of all—is, in fact, the guarantor of freedom's future.
		In the light of what has been said, we understand how utilitarianism, the doctrine which defines morality not in terms of what is good but of what is advantageous, threatens the freedom of individuals and nations and obstructs the building of a true culture of freedom.
		Utilitarianism often has devastating political consequences because it inspires an aggressive nationalism on the basis of which the subjugation, for example, of a smaller or weaker nation is claimed to be a good thing solely because it corresponds to the national interest.
	www.eppc.org /publications/pubID.1813/pub_detail.asp (641 words)

	Rome of the West: Utilitarianism on the March
		Utilitarianism is nonpartisan; in the Kelo decision, it was presumably right-wing corporate interests who won (and also big government).
		Utilitarianism is subjective and is based on abstract utility-preferences and not human nature.
		But because utilitarianism is based on constructing a single 'utility function' (typically money) and not on a large number of moral values, it is easy to do.
	saint-louis.blogspot.com /2006/01/utilitarianism-on-march.html (724 words)

	ArtandCulture Movement: Pop-Tech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Willfully adapting the aesthetic of popular science fiction to its architecture, Archigram promoted its work in a comic book-like publication entitled "The Amazing Archigram." Ron Herron’s "Walking City" project of 1964 proposed massive self-enclosed urban bodies walking turtle-like beyond the skylines of existing cities.
		That both the military and the hippie commune movement showed keen interest in Fuller’s patented domes points to the utilitarianism of these structures, which were suited to a generic series of uses.
		While their projects were usually unbuildable, the retreat from "real" architecture signaled a wide dissatisfaction with the contemporary culture of the discipline.
	www.artandculture.com /cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/movement?id=125 (399 words)

	19th Century Nantucket Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We move into late 18th century Nantucket as graduates of medieval architecture where homes were structured inward, centered around the chimney, and the kitchen served as the focus of family life.
		It was not until Quakerism faded that architecture changed due to crisis in faith, according to Jeremy Salvitz of the Nantucket Historical Association.
		Through architecture it is possible to follow the economy and cultural influences on Nantucket history from the late 17th century early settlers to today.
	www.yesterdaysisland.com /features/19th_cent.html (1278 words)

	AcademicDB - Utilitarianism - John Stuart Mill.
		Jaclyn M. Matzen Philosophy 101 Jennifer Rosner 25 February 2002 Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill presents utilitarianism as a foundation of morals that support the "principle of utility" as a standard for right and wrong actions.
		One should take into consideration the superiority of mental pleasure over physical and account for every being that is capable of feeling pleasure or pain from a decision equally.
		Utilitarianism puts the focus on the result or consequence of one's decisions of action.
	www.academicdb.com /utilitarianism_-_john_stuart_mill_6574 (241 words)

	Give the gift of architecture this Christmas 12/15/04
		Architecture and engineering are humankind's efforts to reshape the environment.
		Architecture reflects and defines a culture's values, its aesthetics, the state of its political, economic and social structures.
		Likewise, while architecture had drifted more and more toward bland utilitarianism during much of the 20th century, elements like color, texture and ornamentation have come back strong in the last few decades.
	www.thenewsherald.com /stories/121504/lif_20041215010.shtml (948 words)

	The Hedonistic Imperative : Chapter Two
		Negative utilitarianism nonetheless stems, not from sublimated self-hatred or a nihilistic death-wish, but from a deep sense of compassion at the unimaginable scale and dreadful intensity of suffering in the world.
		Third, utilitarianism seems to demand, in effect, the ceaseless use of hand-held felicific super-computers to calculate the consequences of each of one's actions.
		The utilitarian ethic championed here, and the biological program it instrumentally dictates, leads ultimately to the amount of intrinsic value as well as happiness in the universe being maximised; and all sources of negative value extinguished.
	www.hedweb.com /hedethic/hedon2.htm (10456 words)

	utilitarianism - OneLook Dictionary Search
		utilitarianism : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		UTILITARIANISM : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info]
		utilitarianism : Glossary of research economics [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=utilitarianism&ls=a (265 words)

	Sérgio Bessa : Architecture Versus Sound in Concrete Poetry
		Moreover, Brazilian concrete poetry also shared with modern architecture ideas that run from the broad social concerns of modernism-- such as utopia, utilitarianism, and sanitation-- to technical and stylistic matters involving structure, modules, form, and repetition.
		Modernist architecture’s attack on the old eclectic architecture preexisting in Brazil-- a mixture of colonial-baroque, French neoclassicism, and Beaux Arts-- was paralleled by the Noigandres Group’s attack on the Portuguese language.
		The whole life of the average house, it seems, is a sort of indigestion." Wright’s organic approach to architecture is closer to Fahlström’s structural vision, for although "The Manifesto for Concrete Poetry" also makes use of architectural metaphor, the rigidity of this language is ultimately balanced by organic concerns.
	www.ubu.com /papers/bessa_ord.html (2339 words)

	ArchitectureWeek - Culture - From Maybeck To Megachurches - 2001.0822
		Goldberger mused that the architecture is "friendly and accessible, determined to banish the sense of mystery and otherworldliness that has long been at the very heart of the architecture of Christianity."
		The trend of the 90s may have been the growth of cultural pluralism evidenced in religious architecture in the form of a regional vernacularism.
		The patterns of architectural evolution seen in 20th century America, starting with experimental modernism and moving to internationalism, brutalism, and postmodern eclecticism, all have their religious building counterparts.
	www.architectureweek.com /2001/0822/culture_4-3.html (1133 words)

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