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	Union of Utrecht - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Union of Utrecht (Dutch: Unie van Utrecht) is a treaty signed on January 23, 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under control of Spain.
		The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, which was not recognised internationally until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Eighty Years' War.
		Map of the Spanish Netherlands, the Union of Utrecht and the Union of Arras (1579)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Union_of_Utrecht (368 words)

	IBC Foundations
		The “Union of Utrecht” is a union of churches and their bishops governing them who are determined to maintain and pass on the faith, worship, and essential structure of the undivided Church of the first millennium.
		In the “Declaration of Utrecht”, fundamental for Old Catholic doctrine, the communion of the Union of Utrecht which came into existence in the context of the First Vatican Council confesses the catholic faith as expressed in the Church in the east and west by the seven Ecumenical Councils.
		4.1 Regarding the Union of Utrecht all this means that it is primarily the task and service of the bishops to maintain the catholicity of the church in the unity of the tradition of faith, to respond to arising new problems and to take decisions concerning the relationships to other churches.
	www.utrechter-union.org /english/ibc_foundations1.htm (1095 words)

	Encyclopedia: Union of Utrecht
		Map of the Spanish Netherlands, the Union of Utrecht and the Union of Arras (1579) The Union of Atrecht (French: Arras) was an accord signed on January 6, 1579 in Atrecht (Arras), under which the southern states of the Spanish Netherlands, mostly today in Wallonia and the Nord region in...
		Utrecht is a municipality and the capital city of the Dutch province of Utrecht.
		Utrecht is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Union-of-Utrecht (1673 words)

	Utrecht (city) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Utrecht is famous for the Dom Tower of Utrecht and the canal structure in the inner city.
		Utrecht University is the largest university of The Netherlands (24,628 students as of 2003).
		Utrecht is also home to two other large institutions of higher education: the HvU University of Professional Education Utrecht (30,000 students), and the HKU Utrecht School of the Arts (3,000 students).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Utrecht_(city) (1034 words)

	Old Catholic Church - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The consists of the Dutch Church of Utrecht (see: Ancient Catholic Church), the, the, and similar movements in Austria, the Czech Republic, and elsewhere, organized into the Utrecht Union.
		The Utrecht Union is in full communion with the Anglican Communion, as per the Bonn Agreement of 1931 [1] (http://www.alt-katholisch.de/oekumene/anglican.htm).
		Thereafter in the Netherlands the Utrecht hierarchy was referred to as the "Old Catholic Church", to distinguish it from the "new" Catholic Church established by the Pope.
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Old_Catholic_Church (990 words)

	Union of Utrecht: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Union of Utrecht (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Union of Utrecht (Dutch: Unie van Utrecht) is a treaty signed on January 23, 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under control of Spain.
		The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the of the foundation of Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, which was not recognised internationally until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
		The treaty was a reaction of the Protestant provinces to the 1579 Union of Arras[?] (Dutch: Unie van Atrecht), in which the southern provinces (most of them now part of Belgium) declared their support for the Catholic Spanish.
	www.encyclopedian.com /un/Union-of-Utrecht.html (150 words)

	UNION OF UTRECHT FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Union of Utrecht (Dutch: ''Unie van Utrecht'') is a treaty signed on January_23, 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under control of Spain.
		The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic_of_the_Seven_United_Netherlands, which was not recognised internationally until the Peace_of_Westphalia in 1648 ended the Eighty_Years'_War.
		However, the Union contributed to the deterioration in the relationship between the provinces and their lord, and in 1581 the United Provinces declared their independence of the king in the Oath_of_Abjuration.
	www.witwib.com /Union_of_Utrecht (314 words)

	Utrecht (province) - Wikitravel
		Utrecht is a central province of the Netherlands.
		Utrecht, which is the capital of the province of the same name.
		Utrecht was originally a bishopric that was often at war with its neighbors Gelderland, Holland (now the provinces of North-Holland and South-Holland) and Brabant (now North-Brabant and Flemish Brabant).
	wikitravel.org /en/Utrecht_(province) (201 words)

	Utrecht - NSwiki, the NationStates encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1582 the Union of Utrecht was ratified between Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijssel, Groningen and Friesland.
		There were opponents to the Union of Utrecht in the States, even though the secretary of the States advised for the signing of the treaty, but they were finally persuaded to join anyway.
		Utrecht has a few remaining patches of natural beauty and landscapes north of Knootcap, where hilly woodland areas alternate with open and broad river and polder districts.
	ns.goobergunch.net /wiki/index.php/Utrecht (468 words)

	Interact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The city of Utrecht is situated in the geographical centre of the Netherlands and is the fourth largest city with a population of 256,000.
		Utrecht is situated close to Amsterdam, the Dutch capital with its Schiphol International Airport, Rotterdam, the second largest city of the Netherlands with the largest harbour in the world and The Hague, the seat of the central government.
		Utrecht is also part of the "Randstad", the metropolitan area between Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht.
	www.interact-network.org /index.php?cities=UTR (823 words)

	AllRefer.com - Utrecht, city, Netherlands (Benelux Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Utrecht was founded by the Romans as Trajectum ad Rhenum [Lat.,=ford of the Rhine].
		The bishops of Utrecht, as princes of the Holy Roman Empire, later ruled the area around the city and the lordship (now province) of Overijssel.
		Utrecht is the site of a 14th-century cathedral and a famous university (founded 1636) with a quaint old campus and vibrant new one.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/U/Utrecht.html (301 words)

	Polish National Catholic Church - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The PNCC left the Union over a variety of issues, but the most significant was the elevation of women to the priesthood by other Utrecht Union Churches.
		The PNCC was founded in the late 1800s in North America by Polish Roman Catholics resentful of diocesan ownership of their parishes and the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church in North America at that time by German and Irish prelates.
		As a member of the Union of Utrecht the PNCC rejects a number of Roman Catholic dogmas insisting that they are theological novelties, including the infallibility of the Pope, the Immaculate Conception of the Mary the Ever-Virgin and Mother of God, and original sin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_National_Catholic_Church (405 words)

	History
		The Church of Utrecht assisted the Old Catholics in building their churches: In 1872 the Archbishop of Utrecht confirmed the children of excommunicated Old Catholics in Germany and in 1873 the Bishop of Deventer consecrated the first German bishop, J.H. Reinkens, in Rotterdam.
		For this purpose the five Old Catholic bishops met on September 24, 1889 in Utrecht: H. Heykamp (Archbishop of Utrecht), C.J. Rinkel (Bishop of Haarlem), C. Diependaal (Bishop of Deventer) J.H. Reinkens (Bishop of the Old Catholic Church in Germany) and E. Herzog (Bishop of the Christ Catholic Church of Switzerland).
		The Old Catholic Church of Slovakia was recognized by the IBC as the youngest member of the Union of Utrecht in 2000.
	www.utrechter-union.org /english/history001.htm (939 words)

	INTECOL 2004: The venue: Utrecht
		Utrecht, the historical heart of The Netherlands, is well known as an excellent meeting and congress destination.
		Inhabited since Roman times, Utrecht was once the stronghold of powerful and wealthy bishops who dominated the ancient city and surrounding region, opposing the Counts of Holland until the Union of Utrecht brought about their reconciliation in 1579.
		The province of Utrecht is a green province and a large part of this green belongs to the 'Utrechtse Heuvelrug' (Utrecht Ridge) and the bordering wetlands of the 'Vechtplassen' area..
	www.bio.uu.nl /intecol/venue/utrecht_city.html (669 words)

	Union of Utrecht (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Utrecht, 23 Jan 1579; Deputies from six provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands met here to sign an historic agreement which pledged all of them to act together as allies in the event of war.
		It was doubtful whether the Union of Utrecht would succeed in unity the Low Countries, however.
		Earlier this month at Arras the Walloons, the Catholics in the south of the region, joined a union witht he states of Hainaut and Artois and opened talks with the Spanish overlord, the duke of Parma, so a new Catholic powerbloc might emerge.
	www.rootsweb.com /~wggerman/map/unionofutrecht.htm (203 words)

	United Provinces - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1579, a number of the northern Netherlands signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defense against the Spanish army.
		The provinces of the republic were Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelre, Overijssel, Friesland and Groningen.
		However, the princes of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent were chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces, and Zeeland and usually also Utrecht were always ruled by the Holland Stadtholder.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/United_Provinces (740 words)

	Union of Atrecht - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Union of Atrecht (French: Arras) was an accord signed on January 6, 1579 in Atrecht (Arras), under which the southern states of the Spanish Netherlands, today in Wallonia and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais (and Picardy) régions in France, expressed their loyalty to the Spanish king Philip II and recognised the landlord, Don Juan.
		The regions that were lenient to the Union but did not sign it were Namur, Luxembourg and the Duchy of Limburg.
		Alexander Farnese, the duke of Parma, started his conquest of the separatist parts (members of the Union of Utrecht) in these parts.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Union_of_Atrecht (326 words)

	IBC Foundations
		This result is made known to the churches of the Union of Utrecht, together with the arguments advanced in the IBC, the local churches, and - if it is the case - in universal Old Catholic discussion forums.
		All the bishops of the Union of Utrecht are to be invited to the consecration by the respective church.
		In the case of ordinations of bishops in churches with whom the Union of Utrecht is in full communion, a decision of the Bureau suffices which is notified to the other members of the IBC.
	www.utrechter-union.org /english/ibc_foundations2.htm (1546 words)

	Touchstone Archives: Old Catholics, New Doctrines
		The “Union of Utrecht” is the term given, since 1889, to those Old Catholic churches that arose, for the most part, in the aftermath of Vatican I as a reaction to that council’s definition of the doctrine of papal infallibility in 1870.
		The Dutch bishops agreed, and although the archbishop of Utrecht died on the day he was supposed to consecrate a bishop for the Germans, the bishop of Deventer did so in 1873, and in 1876 the new German bishop consecrated a bishop for the Swiss.
		Perhaps the most significant single event in the evisceration of the Union of Utrecht was Archbishop Kok’s 1976 decision to remain in communion with Anglican churches that had begun to ordain women to the priesthood.
	touchstonemag.com /archives/article.php?id=12-01-021-f (4719 words)

	Touchstone Archives: Disunion of Utrecht (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Though the principal cause of the split was the admission of women to the ministerial priesthood by several of the Old Catholic churches, the decision reflected longstanding tensions between the “progressive” majority and the PNCC over other issues, such as homosexuality and ecumenism.
		The Union claims to maintain the faith of the Undivided Church, but in recent years its West European members have enthusiastically embraced innovations that have no foundation in the early Church, such as women priests and the approval of homosexual conduct.
		With the departure of the PNCC from the Union of Utrecht, the latter is now an exclusively European body, and even that has experienced an embarrassing defection since the IBC’s meeting in Prague.
	www.touchstonemag.com /docs/issues/17.4docs/17-04-056.html (1682 words)

	Brief History of Utrecht (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In August 2002, I left New Zealand for the city of Utrecht, in the Netherlands, to study at the University of Utrecht.
		The earliest incarnation of Utrecht was, in fact, that of a Roman fort protecting the northern borders of the empire from invasion.
		A permanent reminder of the Union of Utrecht can be seen in Dom Square, in the statue of John van Nassau who, with his brother William of Orange, led the provinces of The Netherlands against the rule of Phillip of Spain.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~koetsier/nl.htm (345 words)

	The Union of Utrecht (from Netherlands, The) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		On January 23, 1579, the agreement at Utrecht was concluded, forming a “closer union” within the larger union of the Low Countries led by the States-General sitting in Brussels.
		Included in the Union were the provinces and cities committed to carrying on resistance to Spanish rule: Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland (Guelders), and Zutphen (a part of Overijssel) as the first signatories, …
		A schism developed in the Roman Catholic church in Holland in 1702 when Petrus Codde, archbishop of Utrecht, was accused of heresy for suspected sympathy with Jansenism, a heresy emphasizing God's grace and predestination, which was condemned by Pope Alexander VII in 1656.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=35831 (894 words)

	Bynkershoek: Whether the States-General Have the Right to Interfere in the Affairs of the Several Provinces
		And they have indeed surrendered their rights in certain questions in so far as this was necessary for the formation of the Union of Utrecht of January 23, 1579.
		But even before this Union it was generally agreed that the States-General should not undertake to pronounce judgement in matters that concerned the several provinces.
		Moreover, that first section of the Union of Utrecht does not now apply to disputes between the city and the land (Ommeland) of Groningen, though it applied formerly.
	www.lonang.com /exlibris/bynkershoek/bynk-223.htm (1513 words)

	Old Catholic Church - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Union of Utrecht consists of the Dutch Church of Utrecht (see: Ancient Catholic Church), the Old Catholic Church in Germany, the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland, and similar movements in Austria, the Czech Republic, and elsewhere, organized into the Utrecht Union.
		The Utrecht Union is in full communion with the Anglican Communion, as per the Bonn Agreement of 1931 [1].
		Although the Bishops of many of these groups can trace lines of Apostolic Succession through Old Catholic Churches, most of these are regarded as Episcopi vagantes by the churches of the Utrecht Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Catholic_Church (1043 words)

	Station Information - Union of Utrecht
		The treaty was signed by Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and the province (but not the city) of Groningen.
		A number of cities, mainly in Flanders and Brabant, joined the Union after it was signed.
		HOwever, these cities were conquered by the Spanish army, and did not become a part of the Republic.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/u/un/union_of_utrecht.html (160 words)

	Treaty of Utrecht (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There have been several Treaties of Utrecht Union of Utrecht of 1579 Treaty of Utrecht (1713) (The Peace of Utrecht between France and England settling the War of the Spanish Succession and Queen Anne's War.
		Treaty of Utrecht (1713) (The Peace of Utrecht between France and England settling the War of the Spanish Succession and Queen Anne's War.
		Probably the officials were aware mention this so that the tourist who comes this way may learn to for his accommodation, but to give him repose and to familiarize him reader an idea of the slowness of travel by steamboat in these.
	www.termsdefined.net /tr/treaty-of-utrecht.html (357 words)

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