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Topic: Utricle

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	Vestibular Function & Anatomy
		The otolithic organs are the utricle and saccule which are sensitive to linear acceleration.
		The utricle lies in the elliptical recess on the medial wall of the vestibule and is oriented in the horizontal plane.
		The structure of the utricle and saccule is different from the semicircular canals.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Vestibular-2004-0414/Vestibular-2004-0414.htm (1731 words)

	Otoliths
		The utricle is one of two "otolithic organs" in the human ear, the utricle and saccule.
		The utricle is contained within a swelling adjacent to the semicicircular canals, and the saccule is close to the cochlea.
		The utricle is largely horizontal in the head, and largely registers accelerations acting in the horizontal plane of the head (called the axial plane by radiologists).
	www.tchain.com /otoneurology/disorders/bppv/otoliths.html (757 words)

	Codium setchellii microscopic views
		Utricles in this species are heavily branched; the shape is usually cylindrical, but may be narrowly clavate (Abbott and Hollenberg 1976).
		The utricle may be between 65 and 90 micrometers in diameter and typically 0.65 to 1.0 millimeters long.
		Utricle walls up to 16 micrometers thick; the walls are lamellate at the apex and lack internal sculpturing.
	www.mbari.org /staff/conn/botany/greens/Codium_setchellii/microscope.htm (234 words)

	Sondag_chapter2
		The plane of the macula utricle is mostly horizontal except the anterior part that is elevated about 300 with reference to the plane of the horizontal canal.
		Within the maculae utricle and saccule the hair cells are oriented in opposite directions on either side of the striola.
		The maculae utricles and saccules project mainly to the lateral and medial nucleus, while the semicircular canals project mainly to the medial and superior nucleus.
	www.desc.med.vu.nl /Publications/Thesis/Sondag/Sondag_chapter2.htm (2815 words)

	Comparison between ultrasonography and retrograde urethrography for detection of prostatic utricle associated with ...
		Ultrasonography revealed the prostatic utricle in 27 (75%) of the 36 patients; in 6 of the 27, it was not detected by retrograde urethrography.
		Retrograde urethrography revealed the prostatic utricle in 30 (83%) of the 36 patients; in 9 of the 30, it was not visualized by ultrasonography.
		In the remaining 44 patients, the prostatic utricle was not detected by either examination method.
	www.medscape.com /medline/abstract/11377330?prt=true (243 words)

	CHAPTER 44: THE EAR
		Other portions (the utricle and semicircular ducts) of the internal ear constitute the vestibular apparatus, although equilibrium is also maintained by vision and proprioceptive impulses.
		The vestibular part, concerned with equilibration, is distributed to the maculae of the utricle and saccule and to the ampullary crests of the semicircular ducts.
		44-18 The neuro-epithelial areas in the membranous labyrinth are in the ampullae of the semicircular ducts (ampullary cristae), in the utricle and saccule (maculae), and in the cochlear duct (spiral organ).
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_44.html (4112 words)

	details
		Cysto-urethroscopy and cannulation of the prostatic utricle was initially undertaken with a cystoscope that was left in situ inside the prostatic utricle to facilitate subsequent identification and mobilization during the laparoscopic procedure.
		Dissection was further facilitated by lifting and counter-traction of the prostatic utricle using the indwelling cystoscope.
		The prostatic utricle was completely mobilized and divided at its confluence with the urethra using an ultrasonic scalpel.
	cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn /ChinaPaper/details.asp?PubMedID=11298044 (270 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the top diagram the kinocilium is located to the utricle side of the ampulla and the stereocilia are toward the semicircular canal.
		In the lower portion of the diagram the kinocilium is again located to the utricle side of the ampulla.
		However, this time the fluid is moving from the utricle side of the ampulla into the semicircular canal due to the movement of the head in space.
	www.uwm.edu /~tking/king6_8.htm (203 words)

	CHAP VII
		The orientation of the hair cells is such that the receptors of the horizontal canal, for example, are excited by deflection of the cupula towards the utricle (utriculo-petal endolymphatic flow) whereas the two vertical canals are excited by deflection of the cupula away from the utricle (utriculo-fugal endolymphatic flow), as illustrated in Figure VII-9.
		The utricle and saccule serve in the maintenance of body posture by responding to linear acceleration and changes in head position.
		This high resting discharge is necessary for the expression of functional polarization of the hair cells; when the cupula moves towards the utricle in the horizontal canal there is an increase in discharge rate; movement in the opposite direction results in a decrease in discharge rate.
	www.neurophys.wisc.edu /~ychen/textbook/chap-7.html (1789 words)

	ICP monitors
		Distributed in the ampullae of the semicircular canals, utricle of the inner ear and the saccule of the inner ear.
		• The macula of the utricle is oriented in the horizontal plane and responds to linear acceleration in all planes while the saccule is oriented in the vertical plane.
		The primary vestibular fibers from the cristae of the semicircular canals are distributed mainly to parts of the superior and medial nuclei; those from the utricle macula terminate in the ventral part of the lateral nucleus; the saccule macula terminate in the dorsolateral part of inferior vestibular nucleus.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.2-Anatomy-CranialNerves/CN08-vestib.html (2103 words)

	Chapter 9 - Vestibular Functions
		The utricle and saccule are termed otolith organs because they contain some crystals of calcium carbonate that play a major role in their excitation.
		The utricle is an oval tube, whereas the saccule is flattened and irregular; otherwise, their structures are similar.
		The lumen of each semicircular canal is connected with the utricle, but the superior and posterior canals join each other before entering the utricle; thus, there are five openings into the utricle (two from the horizontal canal, one each from the posterior and superior canals and one for the joined posterior and superior canals).
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann9.html (4959 words)

	Kros hair cell lab - The utricle and saccule
		The utricle responds particularly to linear acceleration in the horizontal plane; its otolithic membrane occupies the 'floor' of the fluid filled sac (hold your mouse over the image to view a cutaway).
		As the head accelerates either forwards or backwards, the inertia within the otolithic membrane opposes the motion, bending the embedded stereociliary tips of the sensory hair cells away from the direction of acceleration.
		Depending on the heads' position, the utricle or saccule may be stimulated by gravity.
	www.biols.susx.ac.uk /home/Kristian_Flint/Alan_Owen/EDUCATIONPAGE/Education_files/Vestibular_files/UtSac/UtSac_frame.htm (405 words)

	BPPV controversies
		This debris is tenatively thought to be loose "otoconia", derived from the utricle.
		The utricle may have been damaged by head injury, infection, or other disorder of the inner ear, or may have degenerated because of advanced age.
		They are probably dissolved and reabsorbed by the "dark cells" of the labyrinth (Lim, 1973, 1984), which are found adjacent to the utricle and the crista.
	www.tchain.com /otoneurology/disorders/bppv/bppv_contro.html (426 words)

	Mouse Utricle - Cunningham
		This is a photo of a mouse utricle that has been double-labeled with antibodies against calmodulin (green) and calbindin (red).
		This is a movie of the dissection of the adult mouse utricle.
		The utricle is one of the vestibular organs of the inner ear, and it contains sensory hair cells that are similar in structure and function to the hair cells of the cochlea.
	www.musc.edu /pathology/cvs/LCdissect.html (133 words)

	Sect. 8, Ch. 7: The Vestibular Apparatus
		On each side of the head, there are three semicircular canals, each of which connects to the utricle.
		The utricle connects to the saccule, which connects to the cochlear duct via the ductus reuniens.
		The receptor cells for vestibular function (hair cells) are located in patches of neuroepithelium in the ampulla of each semicircular canal, in the macula of each utricle, and in the macula of each saccule.
	www.lib.mcg.edu /edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch7/s8ch7_4.htm (173 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The prostatic utricle is a section of the first portion of three which form the male urethra.
		The prostatic utricle forms a cul-de-sac about 6 mm.
		Some authors call it the "uterus masculinus," because it corresponds to the uterus and vagina in the female.
	www.innerbody.com /text/repo24-new.html (60 words)

	utricle - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		An otolith, (oto-, ear + lithos, a stone) or otoconium is a structure in the saccule or utricle of the inner ear.
		It is comprised of a combination of a gelatinous matrix and calcium carbonate crystals...
		The vestibular apparatus or vestibular labyrinth contains the three semicircular canals, the utricle and the saccule.
	encarta.msn.com /utricle.html (167 words)

	eMedicine - Anatomy of the Vestibular System : Article by Steve C Lee
		The peripheral vestibular apparatus consists of the saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals.
		The utricle is larger than the saccule and lies posterosuperiorly to it in the elliptical recess of the medial wall of the vestibule.
		The macula of the utricle lies mainly in the horizontal plane and is located in the utricular recess, which is the dilated anterior portion of the utricle.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic693.htm (3136 words)

	Neuroendocrine cells of the verumontanum: a comparative immunohistochemical study.
		Cells immunoreactive for PSA were present at the level of the utricle and the extreme distal portion of the ejaculatory ducts.
		RESULTS: There were significantly more NE cells in the prostatic utricle than in the main prostatic ducts of the verumontanum and the peripheral prostatic acini.
		The distribution and number of NE cells in the prostatic utricle and in normal areas of the prostate were analysed using chromogranin A (CgA) and serotonin immunohistochemistry; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) immunostaining was performed systematically on a consecutive section.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/1669982.html (306 words)

	Cochlear Implant Albany .:. Balance & Vestibular Problems at Capital Region Otolaryngology Head & Neck Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The utricle connects with the ends of each of the semicircular ducts and has an outpouching or recess that houses the macula utricle, a neuroreceptor.
		The saccule communicates with the utricle via a small duct and with the cochlear duct of the auditory apparatus via the ductus reuniens.
		The maculae of the utricle and saccule are similar in structure to the cristae.
	www.capitaloto.com /balance.htm (3752 words)

	New insights into Paleozoic charophyte morphology and phylogeny -- Feist et al. 92 (7): 1152 -- American Journal of ...
		This is a rudimentary utricle with the calcified external
		Utricle with three external thick branches surrounding the 12-celled, dextrally spiralled, gyrogonite.
		the presence of utricles in the Mesozoic Clavatoraceae is a
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/92/7/1152 (3929 words)

	ABL - Proliferation and Regeneration of Sensory Hair Cells
		In one study of the hake, Merluccius merluccius (a relative of the cod), we demonstrated that proliferation continues in all three otolithic end organs until fish are at least nine years old.
		As shown figure 1, the increase in number of hair cells is far greater in the saccule than in the utricle and lagena.
		Figure 1 shows that the total number of sensory hair cells in all three end organs of a single ear is over 2 million by the time the fish is 70 cm long (or about nine years of age).
	www.life.umd.edu /biology/popperlab/research/proliferation.htm (405 words)

	Patterning of the mammalian cochlea -- Cantos et al. 97 (22): 11707 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		It is conceivable that the utricle and saccule
		The utricle and saccule are incompletely separated, and the shapes of the saccule and cochlea often are malformed.
		the utricle and saccule are smaller in size (11).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/22/11707 (4309 words)

	Example: Cristae Ampullares (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The cristae ampullares (CA) in the semicircular ducts detect movement; the two maculae (one in the utricle and one in the saccule) are similar structures, designed to detect the effect of gravity on the animal.
		In the image to the right, the macula (Mac) located in the utricle is shown.
		The utricle is membranous labyrinth, filled with endolymph.
	education.vetmed.vt.edu /Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab11/Ear/EXAMPLES/Exmacula.htm (503 words)

	1999; Developmental innervation patterns and morphology of the utricle in Xenopus laevis
		When SEM was used to observe hair cell bundles in the adult utricle, over 2500 hair cells were visible in the epithelia.
		Comparison of the utricle with the sacculus shows that the number of hair cells, and the axon: hair cell ratio, is similar in these endorgans.
		Studies are underway to determine the age at which the utricle first produces hair cells.
	www.aro.org /archives/1999/759.html (412 words)

	Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials
		So, the actual anatomy of the individual otoliths—there is the utricle and the saccule, and the utricle is oriented on a horizontal plane, or on an axial plane, while the saccule is actually oriented in a sagittal or parasagittal plane.
		In the horizontal canal, they are towards the utricle, and in the vertical canals are away from the utricle.
		In the utricle they are directed towards the striola and in the saccule, they have the opposite direction.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/grand/03_03_05.htm (4995 words)

	Salsola in Flora of China @ efloras.org
		Perianth 5-parted; segments ovate-lanceolate or oblong, adaxially concave, membranous, becoming hardened later, glabrous or pilose, with a transverse, winglike appendage near middle abaxially; distal portion of segments incurved, apices usually connivent, together embracing utricle and appearing conic; abaxial appendage spreading, membranous in fruit, sometimes undeveloped and appearing crestlike or tuberculate.
		Fruit a utricle, globose; pericarp membranous or fleshy.
		Stem and branches striate; leaves all alternate; utricle 2-2.5 mm in diam.
	www.efloras.org /florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=129079 (1097 words)

	Membranous Labyrinth - The Hearing Aid Advice Centre for Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Two sacs, the utricle and saccule, lodged in the bony vestibule.
		The utricle is a sac which receives the five openings of the membranous canals.
		From both the utricle and the saccule a small duct is given off and these join to form the endolymphatic duct which passes through the vestibule and ends blindly.
	www.thehearingaidadvicecentre.co.uk /scotland/the_ear/membranous_labyrinth.html (301 words)

	Temporal Bone and Ear Anatomy - Kevin Kavanagh MD
		Slide of Stapes Footplate, Vestibule (Utricle and Saccule), Cochlea, dehiscent Facial (VII) Nerve, Internal Auditory Canal, Malleus, Incus and Ear Drum.
		The distance between the stapedial footplate and the saccule varies from 1.0 to 1.4mm and from the footplate to the utricle varies from 0.7 to 1.4 mm.
		In 25 specimens the shortest distance between the footplate and the saccule was 0.8 mm and between the footplate and the utricle was 0.38 mm.* In patients with Meniere's disease the endolymph is under high pressure and the membranes of the utricle and saccule are distended.
	www.ear-anatomy.com /home_page_html.htm (713 words)

	Dizziness Explained
		The saccule with vertical linear movement, the utricle with horizontal movement.
		The Utricle and saccule, in the meantime, are primarily concerned with maintenance of posture.
		Information from the utricle and saccule affect mostly the midline cerebellum (flocculus) and the cerebellum, in turn, uses this to compute instructions on balance and stance.
	www.pneuro.com /publications/dizzy/index.html (11017 words)

	Acanthophora spicifera
		Medullary filaments mostly 26-46 µm diameter, one to several filaments arising from base of each utricle by slender outgrowth, forming a sharp demarcation between utricle and filament.
		Utricles are long (400-1000 µm) and wide (130-400 µm), many are conical-shaped with a thickened apex wall.
		These utricles usually have a short bulbous hair or extremely long (2500 µm) hairs attached, with a darkened swollen tip.
	www.hawaii.edu /reefalgae/invasive_algae/chloro/codium_reediae.htm (406 words)

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