Uyghur Empire - Factbites

Uyghur Empire - Factbites
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Topic: Uyghur Empire

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	About The Chinese Communist Empire
		Uyghurs in the Turkic group were the earliest to use alphabets.
		The Uyghur language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family.
		Another example: paper is another invention of the Uyghur’s, but the Chinese have been claiming that paper is a Chinese invention, but the scientists have proved that the Uyghur people used the paper 400 years before Chinese claimed they had invented it.
	www.worlduyghurs.org /AboutET.htm

	Chinese Dynasties
		The empire expanded westward as far as the rim of the Tarim Basin (in modern Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region), making possible relatively secure caravan traffic across Central Asia to Antioch, Baghdad, and Alexandria.
		Domestic economic instability and military defeat in 751 by Arabs at Talas, in Central Asia, marked the beginning of five centuries of steady military decline for the Chinese empire.
		Chinese civilization, as described in mythology, begins with Pangu - sometimes spelled Bangu - the creator of the universe, and a succession of legendary sage-emperors and culture heroes (among them are Huang Di, Yao, and Shun) who taught the ancient Chinese to communicate and to find sustenance, clothing, and shelter.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinadynasties.html

	Custom3
		The Kushan were a central Asian people, originally from Uyghur Region, who had settled in five kingdoms in what is now Afghanistan.
		The Kushan Empire adopted Buddhism as its official religion.
		Kujala Kadphises founded the empire by uniting these kingdoms.
	uyghur.50megs.com /custom3.html (627 words)

	Selling Out the Uyghurs: Why 8,000,000 People You've Never Heard Of Hate Us
		The Uyghurs, whose rich pre-Muslim Buddhist culture gave their language (which can be written in Arabic and Roman script) to Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire, were a threat to national cohesion.
		The massive Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, hundreds of miles beyond an eroded mound that was once the Great Wall, lies southwest of Mongolia, east of Afghanistan and north of the Tibetan plateau.
		Military insiders say most of the Uyghurs will eventually be released, but not to China--our ally in the "war on terrorism"--because they would probably be tortured and/or executed.
	www.commondreams.org /views04/1215-32.htm (1136 words)

	All Empires - The Orkhon Uighur Empire
		He defeated the Khyrghiz, married with a Tang princess and improved the Uyghur relationships with China.
		At that time, the army of Tang China was defeated by Muslim Abbasids at the Battle of Talas in 751, and the Tang began to withdraw from Central Asia.
		This khaghanate was brought under Eastern Türküt rule again (which was destroyed by the Tang in 630 but it managed to declare it's independence in 682) during the reign of Khutlugh Iltirish Khaghan.
	www.allempires.com /empires/uighur/uighur1.htm (1136 words)

	Uygur of Xinjiang: Uygur Separatism - Culture History Language
		The Manchu Empire of China invaded the Uyghur Kingdom in 1759 and controlled it until 1864 despite some 42 revolts by the Uygurs against their rule.
		After this invasion, Eastern Turkestan was renamed Xinjiang which means "new territory" or "New Dominion" in Chinese and in 1884 it was annexed into the territory of the Manchu empire.
		In 1911 the Nationalist Chinese overthrew Manchu rule and established a republic.
	www.uygurworld.com /_sgt/m2m4_1.htm (1448 words)

	Al-Muhajabah's Islamic Blogs: Selling Out the Uyghurs
		The Uyghurs, whose rich pre-Muslim Buddhist culture gave their language (which can be written in Arabic and Roman script) to Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire, were a threat to national cohesion.
		The massive Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, hundreds of miles beyond an eroded mound that was once the Great Wall, lies southwest of Mongolia, east of Afghanistan and north of the Tibetan plateau.
		In "Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland," Graham Fuller and Jonathan Lippman write that this "U.S. declaration [was] catastrophic" for the Uyghurs.
	www.muhajabah.com /islamicblog/archives/the_clipboard/010084.php (1979 words)

	History
		The founder of this Uyghur Empire was Kutluk Bilge Kul Khan.
		After the fall of the Kok Turk Empire in Central Asia, the Uyghurs established their first state in Mongolia in 744, with the city Karabalgasun, on the banks of the Orkhun River, as its capital.
		In mid-10th cent, the Qarakhanids and Uyghurs converted from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955): In 934, during the rule of Satuk Bughra Khan, the Karakhanids embraced Islam.
	www.oqya.5u.com /about.html (1483 words)

	History
		After the fall of the Kok Turk Empire in Central Asia, the Uyghurs established their first state in Mongolia in 744, with the city Karabalgasun, on the banks of the Orkhun River, as its capital.
		The Uyghurs living in the southern part of Khan Tengri, established the Karakhanid Uyghur Kingdom in 840 with the support of other Turkic clans like the Karluks, Turgish and the Basmils, with Kashgar as its capital.
		After the the Kirghiz replaced the Uyghurs in Mongolia in AD 840, the Uyghurs fled to Kansu province, south and north of Khan Tengri (Tianshan Mountains) and established three separate Uyghur kingdoms.
	www.oqya.5u.com /about.html (1483 words)

	Uyghur Muqams and Uyghur History (Intro. and Chapter 1 and 2)
		The Tiele were defeated by Bumin Qaghan of the Türks in a battle in 546, and after the division of the Türk Empire into two parts around 582 the Tiele were incorporated into the West Türk Empire.
		In 447 the Tabghach settled 3000 families of the Tiele, Dingling and Gaoqü in the capital Pingcheng.
		In 486 one of the twelve sub-tribes of the Gaoqü escaped from Rouran rule in the Orkhon area and established a Qaghanate based in the towns of Besh Baliq and Qocho, and ruling in Jungaria where later the Uighurs would establish themselves.
	www.utoledo.edu /~nlight/dissch1.htm (1483 words)

	East Turkestan
		East Turkestan continues to be a region where the Uyghurs are waging a life and death struggle for survival.
		Since East Turkestan is under Chinese control, the Uyghurs are discriminated by the Chinese Administration in all walks of life.
		After this invasion, Eastern Turkestan was given the name Xinjiang which means "new territory" or "New Dominion" and in 1884 it was annexed into the territory of the Manchu empire.
	www.unpo.org /member.php?arg=21 (2449 words)

	East Turkestan
		After this invasion, Eastern Turkestan was given the name Xinjiang which means "new territory" or "New Dominion" and in 1884 it was annexed into the territory of the Manchu empire.
		Eastern Turkestan, also known as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is artificially divided into 5 autonomous districts and 38 national rural districts.
		Thus, in the territory of Eastern Turkestan two Uyghur kingdoms were set up: the Karakhanid, who were Muslims, and the Karakhojas, who were Buddhists.
	www.unpo.org /member.php?arg=21 (2442 words)

	East Turkestan
		After this invasion, Eastern Turkestan was given the name Xinjiang which means "new territory" or "New Dominion" and in 1884 it was annexed into the territory of the Manchu empire.
		Eastern Turkestan, also known as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is artificially divided into 5 autonomous districts and 38 national rural districts.
		Thus, in the territory of Eastern Turkestan two Uyghur kingdoms were set up: the Karakhanid, who were Muslims, and the Karakhojas, who were Buddhists.
	www.unpo.org /member.php?arg=21 (2449 words)

	All Empires - The Gök Türk Empire
		With this event, the Uyghur Empire (also known as On Uyghur-Toquz Oghuz Qaghanate) was founded..
		The most famous and important legacy of the Gök Türks were their inscriptions, which covered a general history of the Gök Türk Empire, starting from the time of Bumïn Qaghan in the mid-6th century.
		These inscriptions were written by Bilge Qaghan's nephew Yollïg (or Yollugh) Tigin, and were the most important written records concerning the Gök Türk history (apart from the detailed Chinese sources).
	www.allempires.com /empires/gokturk1/gokturk1.htm (2382 words)

	Uyghur Muqams and Uyghur History (Intro. and Chapter 1 and 2)
		Then in 745 the Uighurs pushed aside the Qarluq as well, and unified the empire under their own command.
		The resentment of the Tiele, Toqquz Oghuz, Qarluq and Basmil tribes towards the East Türks grew as a result of the latter's constant attacks upon them, and the Tang Chinese were able to gain the nominal submission and alliance of many segments of these tribes.
		After the death of Bilgä Qaghan in 734, the East Türks fragmented into rule under several successors, and were overthrown in 742 by an alliance of Qarluq, Uighur and Basmil, who divided the rule among themselves until 744 when the Uighurs and Qarluq forced the Basmil from power.
	www.utoledo.edu /~nlight/dissch1.htm (2382 words)

	History
		After the fall of the Kok Turk Empire in Central Asia, the Uyghurs established their first state in Mongolia in 744, with the city Karabalgasun, on the banks of the Orkhun River, as its capital.
		In mid-10th cent, the Qarakhanids and Uyghurs converted from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955): In 934, during the rule of Satuk Bughra Khan, the Karakhanids embraced Islam.
		Thus, in the territory of Uyghur Region two Uyghur kingdoms were set up: the Karakhanid, who were Muslims, and the Karakhojas, who were Buddhists
	www.oqya.5u.com /about.html (2382 words)

	Uyghur Muqams and Uyghur History (Intro. and Chapter 1 and 2)
		As we will see, despite Mahmûd Kâshgharî's rejection of ties to the Uighurs, many of the proverbs documented in the Uighur kingdoms are similar to those popular among the Qarakhanids as well, while those of the Türk Empire inscriptions show less continuity with later forms.
		They go on to become the founders of the Qarakhanids as well, and their descendant Sultan Satoq Boghra Khan converted the Qarakhanids to Islam.
		The religious references now had to be removed if the songs were going to be broadcast on state radio, since the state could not support religion.
	www.utoledo.edu /~nlight/dissch1.htm (2382 words)

	Uyghur Muqams and Uyghur History (Intro. and Chapter 1 and 2)
		The Türk inscriptions composed between 714 and 735 suggest that the Uighur confederation of north Mongolia had fallen apart and the Uighurs themselves became a minor tribe within the Türk Empire.
		The resentment of the Tiele, Toqquz Oghuz, Qarluq and Basmil tribes towards the East Türks grew as a result of the latter's constant attacks upon them, and the Tang Chinese were able to gain the nominal submission and alliance of many segments of these tribes.
		After the death of Bilgä Qaghan in 734, the East Türks fragmented into rule under several successors, and were overthrown in 742 by an alliance of Qarluq, Uighur and Basmil, who divided the rule among themselves until 744 when the Uighurs and Qarluq forced the Basmil from power.
	www.utoledo.edu /~nlight/dissch1.htm (2382 words)

	c_asia
		Although the Mongol, Uyghur, and Tibetan peoples of this area are struggling to maintain their lands and cultural identity, they may not be able to withstand the Han Chinese demographic tide of massive Chinese inflows of people into their regions.
		But it did achieve another distinction that has not been duplicated since: the Mongol Empire was the only entity in history to successfully bring together east and west cultures into a single realm.
		At the end of the thirteenth century, the Mongol Empire had grown into the largest continuous political unit the earth had ever seen--and has never seen since.
	www.fw.vt.edu /boyer/geog1014/TOPICS/124cent_as/c_asia.html (1628 words)

	Custom3
		The Kushan were a central Asian people, originally from Uyghur Region, who had settled in five kingdoms in what is now Afghanistan.
		The Kushan Empire adopted Buddhism as its official religion.
		Kujala Kadphises founded the empire by uniting these kingdoms.
	uyghur.50megs.com /custom3.html (1628 words)

	Central Eurasian Studies N492
		We will consider the link between ecology and economy, the effects of Uyghur, Chinese, Mongol, and Manchu empire-building, the process and consequences of Islamicization, the abortive Jadidist movement, and the first stirrings of nationalism.
		This course will introduce Xinjiang's complex cultural, ethnic, religious, and geopolitical history from the first millennium BCE to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
		We will give attention to the problem of sources and contemporary historiographic controversies.
	www.indiana.edu /~ceus/u320-the-history-of-xinjiang-bovingdon.html (1628 words)

	TURKIC LITERATURE IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD (Ch. 3)
		Despite the claims by modern Uyghur historians that the Qarakhanid Empire was founded by Uighurs, Kâshgharî rejects any sense of ethnic connection with Uighurs because they are not Muslims.
		The earliest extant Muslim Turkic literature, composed in the latter half of the eleventh century, seems to reflect these Türks' project of creating a literary tradition that was autonomous from the Iranians, and showing that Turkic culture was as good or better than that of the Iranians.
		He states that the vowels used in past tense endings by the Oghuz, Qipchaq, Arghu and Känchäk are all incorrect, not the same as those used by Türks (DLT 504, TTD 3:190).
	www.utoledo.edu /~nlight/dissch3.htm (1628 words)

	90-019.erd
		A large group of Soviet scholars included many specialists not only on the Persian and Tajik music but also on many musics of the Southern part of the Soviet Union, including Uzbek, Kazakh, Uyghur, and Turkmen.
		Borbad, a Persian-speaking musician, theorist and poet lived during the final years of the Sassanian empire, at the time immediately preceeding the advent of Islam.
		It was organized by the Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR, Union of Composers, Union of Writers, Ministry of Culkture of Tajikistan and A. Domish Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan and it was the first major international conference of this kind organized in Tajikistan.
	www.lib.umd.edu /ETC/ReadingRoom/Newsletters/EthnoMusicology/Digest/90-019.erd (527 words)

	GIVE AND TAKE: GENEALOGIES IN UYGHUR MUSIC AND ART
		Abû Nasr Muhammad al-Fârâbî (870-950) was a Turk from the village of Farab in the Balasaghun region (to the south of Issiq köl) of the Qarakhanid Empire.
		A Chinese state ideology of cultural autonomy also contributes to suppressing connections to Arab and Persian culture, but even in private most urban Uyghur intellectuals that I talked to clearly feel they should discount the importance of cultural debts and affirm narratives showing Uyghurs as culture donors.
		Durkheim defined this as a task of the state: "The State is a special organ whose responsibility it is to work out certain representations which hold good for the collectivity" (247).
	www.utoledo.edu /~nlight/dissch6.htm (527 words)

	Orkhon script
		It was later used by the Uyghur Empire; a "Yenisei" variant is known from 9th-century Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and perhaps the Hungarian Szekler script of the 16th century.
		The Orkhon Valley inscriptions were discovered by Nikolay Yadrintsev's expedition in 1889, published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Orkhon_inscriptions.htm (231 words)

	GIVE AND TAKE: GENEALOGIES IN UYGHUR MUSIC AND ART
		Abû Nasr Muhammad al-Fârâbî (870-950) was a Turk from the village of Farab in the Balasaghun region (to the south of Issiq köl) of the Qarakhanid Empire.
		The description reads "The Uyghur Qarluq scholar, the Aristotle of the Middle Ages, Abu Nasr Muhammat ibni Muhammat ibni Tarkhan ibni Uzluq Farabi." He is wearing a turban, reading from a Qur'ân, and behind him are books and a qalun set into alcoves in the wall.
		He writes that Pahlavân Muhammad Koshtîngîr was of such miraculous superiority that he was an elite among scholars (ûlûgh `ulamâ), a pole among the friends of God (qutbu'l-avliyâ), and the greatest of heroes.
	homepages.utoledo.edu /nlight/dissch6.htm (18644 words)

	PERSPECTIVES ON THE UNREST IN THE ALTAI REGION OF THE USSR
		It can be stated that after the Turk Empire (East and West) of the 4th-6th c., (in the vicinity of the Orkhon-Yenisei stelea), came various Uyghur and Kirghiz political entities.
		Thus, when it was recently reported that political unrest and ethnic conflict broke out in the Tuva ASSR, that news came as a surprise to some Moscow based politicians.8 This is primarily because, in the Soviet historiography, the Altai region rates only spotty coverage, mostly recording the past 100 years of Russian settlement and exploitation.
		The designation "Altai," as Uzbek and Kazakh, are primarily geographical, tribal or confederation names, not ethnonyms.3 Those names were taken from geographic reference points, by early explorers or ethnographers and mistakenly or deliberately turned into "ethnic" or "political" classifications.
	www.ukans.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae14.html (18644 words)

	East Turkestan
		The Manchus who set up a huge empire in China, invaded the Uyghur Kingdom of Eastern Turkestan in 1759 and dominated it until 1862.
		In the last revolt of 1863, the Uyghurs were successful in expelling the Manchus from their motherland, and founded an independent kingdom in 1864.
		During this period the Uyghurs revolted 42 times against the Manchu rule with the purpose of regaining their independence.
	www.unpo.org /member.php?arg=21 (2433 words)

	Uyghur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Official recognition of the Uyghurs came under the rule of Sheng Shicai, who deviated from the official Kuomintang "five races of China" stance in favor of a Stalinist policy of delineating fourteen distinct ethnic nationalities within Xinjiang.
		Famous Uyghurs include Tumen,,,Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, Kashgarli Mehmud(Mehmud kashgari), Yusuf Balasaguni(Yusuf Has Hajip), Farabi(Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Tarkhan ibn Uzalagh al-Farabi),,,,,, Ehmetjan Qasimi,, Turghun Almas,, Rebiya Kadeer and Wu'er Kaixi.
		The Uighur Empire according to the T'ang Dynastic Histories: a study in Sino-Uighur relations 744–840.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Uyghur (2433 words)

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