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Topic: VCSEL

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	VCSEL with distributed Bragg reflectors for visible light - Patent 5706306
		A VCSEL with distributed Bragg reflectors for visible light as claimed in claim 1 wherein the percent composition of indium in the indium aluminum gallium phosphide ranges from 44 percent to 54 percent and wherein the percent composition of gallium in the indium aluminum gallium phosphide ranges from 46 percent to 56 percent.
		A VCSEL with distributed Bragg reflectors for visible light as claimed in claim 8 wherein the percent composition of indium in the indium aluminum gallium phosphide ranges from 46 percent to 54 percent and wherein a percent composition of gallium in the indium aluminum gallium phosphide ranges from 46 percent to 54 percent.
		A VCSEL with distributed Bragg reflectors for visible light as claimed in claim 10 wherein the percent composition of aluminum in the indium aluminum gallium phosphide ranges from 5 percent to 15 percent.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5706306.html (2959 words)

	News Release - VCSEL
		The new 1.3-micron VCSEL is made mostly from stacks of layers of semiconductor materials common in shorter wavelength lasers -- aluminum gallium arsenide and gallium arsenide.
		VCSELs, which are grown by the thousands on a single wafer, have significant advantages over edge-emitting lasers in the areas of lower manufacturing, packaging, alignment, and testing costs, as well as lower power dissipation and higher reliability.
		VCSELs made of combinations of aluminum gallium arsenide and gallium arsenide have been used in the shorter wavelength window of 850 nanometers for local connections.
	www.sandia.gov /media/NewsRel/NR2000/laser.htm (840 words)

	News Release - Sandia VCSEL generates ultraviolet light
		Among their benefits, UV VCSELS (vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers) coated with phosphors have the capability to generate the white light most prized for indoor lighting — illumination currently provided by gas-filled fluorescent tubes widely used in offices, schools, factories, and by incandescent bulbs used in most homes.
		The process of emitting white light by VCSELS is similar to that in standard fluorescent tubes.
		VCSELS are made of nanoscopically thin layers of semiconductor materials that emit photons when electricity is passed through them.
	www.sandia.gov /media/NewsRel/NR2000/UVVCSEL.htm (882 words)

	M. Jungo - VCSEL Modeling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Furthermore, radically new methods for computing static VCSEL responses are derived based on the model's reformulation in the form of ordinary differential equations.
		Gain/cavity mismatch is due to the difference between the peak wavelength of the gain spectrum and the actual emission wavelength, whereas carrier leakage out of the quantum wells is related to the temperature-dependency of the bandgap and quasi-fermi levels.
		VCSELs are known to have intrinsic modulations bandwidth in excess of 25 GHz.
	people.ee.ethz.ch /~jungo/modeling.shtml (2422 words)

	NVG: VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser)
		VCSEL, or Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser, is a semiconductor microlaser diode.
		VCSELs emit light vertically, in a cylindrical beam from the surface of a fabricated wafer.
		VCSELs offer significant advantages when compared to edge-emitting lasers which are used in the majority of fiber optic communications devices.
	www.nvginc.com /vcsels.htm (191 words)

	VCSEL in optical data link polarization noise reduction
		Vcsel has a planar structure that is relatively inexpensive to fabricate and mass produce with high reliability.
		Furthermore, the planar nature of Vcsel and its low beam divergence ease the fabrication alignment and facilitate the coupling to a ribbon fiber to yield high quality of multichannel optical data link.
		One undesirable intrinsic characteristic of Vcsel is its undefined output polarization due to its azimuthal symmetric birefringence, resulting in relatively large polarization switching noise.
	www.inst.bnl.gov /programs/laseropt/lasers/vcsels.shtml (562 words)

	Silvaco - Products - VCSELS
		VCSEL is used in conjunction with the ATLAS framework to produce physically based simulations of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs).
		VCSEL joins sophisticated device simulation to obtain electrical and thermal behavior with state of the art models for optical behavior.
		VCSEL uses accurate numerical models to predict the gain and radiative rates including the effects of quantum confinement.
	www.silvaco.com /products/vwf/atlas/vcsels/vcsels.html (337 words)

	VCSEL's - Williams Advanced Materials
		VCSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers) are generally regarded as the impending replacement for edge emitter lasers.
		VCSELS have now been successfully manufactured in 850nm, 1310nm and 1550nm ranges, thus opening up a whole spectrum of fiber optic applications ranging from VSR (Very Short Reach) applications to long haul data communications.
		Fabricated in quantities of up to tens of thousands per wafer, VCSELs have the great advantage that they can be subjected to wafer level testing of their optical and electrical properties, including threshold, slope efficiency, resistance, and wavelength - thus weeding out defective devices early in the manufacturing process.
	www.williams-adv.com /markets/vcsels.php?puretech (454 words)

	What is vertical cavity surface emitting laser? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: VCSEL, vixel
		A vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is a specialized laser diode that promises to revolutionize fiber optic communications by improving efficiency and increasing data speed.
		The vertical in VCSEL arises from the fact that laser diodes are typically diagrammed showing the boundaries as horizontal planes, so the output of the VCSEL appears to emerge vertically in these drawings.
		VCSELs have been constructed that emit energy at 850 nanometers (nm) and 1300 nm.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci803517,00.html (343 words)

	picolight
		Picolight VCSELs are semiconductor lasers in which the active region on-chip is embedded between mirror layers on a semiconductor wafer.
		VCSELs are also less expensive to manufacture, easier to test and more efficient to operate than other laser technologies.
		These VCSELs enjoy all the advantages of their short-reach 850nm counterparts, while achieving the longer reach of FP and DFB lasers.
	www.picolight.com /tech/index.html (750 words)

	Red VCSEL-to-plastic fibre module
		The slope efficiency of a VCSEL is determined by a combination of its internal quantum efficiency and the optical coupling efficiency of its mirrors to the outside world.
		The VCSEL chip, fabricated from the structure described in section 2, is first mounted on a submount and surrounded by a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacer, which is provided with two micromachined holes that align the guiding pins of the MT connector.
		Although the carrier leakage in these VCSELs is relatively small, the free carrier population that is generated has a profound effect upon the absorption losses in the DBR mirrors and hence significantly reduces the efficiency with which light is coupled out of the device.
	nmrc.ucc.ie /projects/bredsels/paper.html (4907 words)

	Semiconductor Technology - Ulm Photonics VCSEL Fab
		The expansion brings a 240m² VCSEL cleanroom and a 100m² MBE cleanroom (both class 100 to 1,000).
		VCSELs instead emit energy perpendicular to the layer boundaries (hence 'vertically', since semiconductor layers are normally illustrated as horizontal).
		ULM photonics is using MBE to produce the VCSELs, which is a form of PVD for compound semiconductors.
	www.semiconductor-technology.com /projects/ulm_photonics (733 words)

	Lightwave Europe - ULM refines VCSEL manufacturing technique
		The VCSELs are made in the semiconductor indium aluminum gallium arsenide (InAlGaAs) that enables VCSEL transmission in the 750-1000-nm range.
		VCSEL mesa etching is the process by which the microstructures in the semiconductor material are carved or converted to dielectrics.
		To control the etch depth in the multilayer structure of the VCSEL cavity, typically laser interferometry or laser reflectometry is used.
	lw.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=ARTCL&ARTICLE_ID=181145&VERSION_NUM=1 (1541 words)

	VCSEL - Wikipedia
		VCSEL für Wellenlängen zwischen 650 nm und 1300 nm basieren praktisch ausschließlich auf GaAs-Wafern, während bei Wellenlängen zwischen 1300 nm und 2000 nm (sog.
		VCSEL mit noch höherer Wellenlänge sind derzeit experimentell und zumeist optisch gepumpt.
		Weit abstimmbarer VCSEL mit einem mikromechanisch (MEMS) beweglichen Spiegel.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/VCSEL (360 words)

	Photonics VCSELS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		VCSELs are becoming the component of choice for numerous applications, supplanting both LED- and edge-emitting sources, for diverse applications including data communication, optical interconnections and memory, sensors, printers, and so forth.
		The enormous success of VCSELs is attributed, in part, to their performance, producibility, and packaging perks.
		These commercial-grade VCSELs are designed to operate in a single longitudinal mode, determined from the Fabry-Perot resonance, but lase in multi-transverse modes.
	www.htc.honeywell.com /photonics/vcsels.html (518 words)

	U-L-M photonics VCSEL, Photodiodes and High Power VCSELs for Datacom, Automotive and Sensing
		VCSEL is pronounced 'vixel.' Each individual Laser fits on a chip area smaller than 0.25 to 0.25 mm.
		In contrast, the VCSEL emits its coherent beam perpendicular to the layer boundaries.
		VCSELs are emitter for fiber data communication at speeds much higher than 1Gbs for high performance systems like Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Channel (Fibre Channel), and ATM markets.
	www.ulm-photonics.de /docs/company/vcsel.htm (995 words)

	Photonic Device Research Group: About the Group
		Active devices, such as VCSELs, are the foundation for short and soon medium length optical fiber based interconnect applications.
		Currently, I have research efforts to develop new VCSEL devices, such as composite resonator VCSELs and vertical cavity photonic integrated circuits, as well as to establish new VCSEL applications, such as 2-dimensional source and receiver arrays for high aggregate rate interconnects.
		The micron-sized writing on the surface of the VCSEL was done using a focused ion beam (FIB) source.
	vcsel.micro.uiuc.edu /about.html (176 words)

	Semiconductor device with aligned oxide apertures and contact to an intervening layer - Patent 6314118
		Two key requirements for manufacturing a long-wavelength VCSEL optically pumped by an integrated short-wavelength VCSEL are precise alignment of the optical mode of the two VCSELs over a wafer scale, combined with electrical contact to both a p-doped layer and an n-doped layer of the short-wavelength VCSEL.
		A better technique than using patterned wafer fusion to define the optical mode of the long-wavelength VCSEL along with oxidation to define the optical mode of the short-wavelength pump is to use a self-aligned process, which does to not require manual alignment during processing.
		Precise alignment of the optical modes of the electrically pumped shorter wavelength VCSEL and the longer wavelength VCSEL that is optically pumped by the shorter wavelength VCSEL is an important aspect of manufacturing optically pumped long-wavelength structures.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6314118.html (4128 words)

	CommsDesign - VCSEL/EA Modulator Transmitter Combo Increases Metro Reach, Tunability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		By adding a tuning structure to the VCSEL during the growth process, a low-cost, wide-tuning, monolithic tunable laser is produced.
		The VCSEL has the inherent advantage over edge-emitting devices that it can be tested at the wafer level, and therefore processed and packaged with extremely high yield and low cost.
		Cost-effective wavelength locking is achieved with a small, low-cost universal wavelength locker that continuously monitors the transmit carrier signal and compares it's frequency to a known reference frequency at the specified ITU wavelength.
	www.commsdesign.com /design_corner/OEG20030211S0011 (2109 words)

	Thermo-Electric Model of a VCSEL Die
		The VCSEL die is a GaAs cube with approximately 300 microns on a side.
		As in the original thermal model, we assume the VCSEL is a small cylinder very close to the top surface of the die.
		In the original steady-state thermal model, the VCSEL was specified as the heat source of the die.
	www.math.umn.edu /~wittman/honeywell/therm_elec.html (987 words)

	VCSEL
		Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) are semiconductor lasers which emit perpendicular to their p-n junction, and feature circular, low-divergence beams.
		VCSELs are effectively isolated against such reflections due to their DBR output coupler structure.
		Furthermore, VCSELs may be easily incorporated into ICs and are also highly suitable for use in 2-dimensional arrays.
	www.lasercomponents.co.uk /wwwuk/news/vcsel.htm (688 words)

	VCSEL Definition: TechEncyclopedia from TechWeb
		A VCSEL's circular beam is easy to couple with a fiber, and due to its surface-emission architecture, can be tested on the wafer.
		VCSELs are also noted for their excellent power efficiency and durability.
		Note how the VCSEL emits light from its surface rather than its edge.
	www.techweb.com /encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=VCSEL (170 words)

	VCSEL mirrors
		Each pair is composed of a high and low index layer and although the reflectance at each interface is small, all the reflectances add in phase and the nett effect is a mirror of R
		This leads to excessive heating of the structure which is deleterious to the VCSEL performance as discussed in Section.
		With the higher contrast mirror pairs, fewer pairs are required to achieve sufficient reflectivity and in ultra-small devices with more highly divergent output, there is expected to be less diffraction loss in the higher contrast DBR.
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/physics/opto/hegarty/node16.html (324 words)

	Britney Spears: Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
		There are many designs of VCSEL structure however, they all have certain common aspects in common.
		Since the DBR layers also carry the current in the device, more layers increase the resistance of the device therefore discipation of heat and growth may become a problem if the device is poorly designed.
		The reduced cavity length in VCSELs and the addition of quantum wells significantly reduces the probability of stimulated emission in a single pass of the cavity.
	britneyspears.ac /physics/vcsels/vcsels.htm (1689 words)

	VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser)
		In addition, single mode VCSEL with 0.1nm spectrum linewidth is also available for better performance.
		VCSEL Diodes for General and Communication Applications with speed >3.125Gbps
		Connectorized VCSEL Diodes in SC and LC TOSA and FC and ST Receptacle
	www.lasermate.com /vcsels.htm (153 words)

	Simulation of Vertical-Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL)
		Structures of VCSEL cavities are complex and vary greatly in their characteristics from one type to another.
		Therefore a versatile approach, based on a finite-element expansion, was implemented, the only requirement being the rotational symmetry of the VCSEL cavity structure.
		The picture below is a solution of the homogeneous vectorial Maxwell wave equation in the frequency domain, for a complex dielectric function (refractive index and gain/loss).
	www.iis.ee.ethz.ch /~laser/research/vcsel_sim.html (113 words)

	VCSEL Drivers suit optical DVI/HDMI applications Product News Network - Find Articles
		The VCSEL driver which consumes only 166mW of power can potentially save up to 40 percent in power consumption and are currently being tested by DVI module makers in Japan and Korea.
		He also added that the quad channel VCSEL drivers feature four channels integrated into a single chip so there is no need to buy four separate chips for a single link.
		Among the key advantages the SiRES VCSEL drivers offer are the flexibility of selecting variable IBIAS and IMOD values programmable upper and lower threshold levels for VCSEL fault detection hence allowing the chip to be easily matched with third-party VCSELs.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PIL/is_2005_March_15/ai_n12940411 (637 words)

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