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	NSA - The VENONA Home Page
		VENONA was the codename used for the U.S. Signals Intelligence effort to collect and decrypt the text of Soviet KGB and GRU messages from the 1940's.
		VENONA Historical Monograph #4: The KGB in San Francisco and Mexico City and the GRU in New York and Washington Messages
		VENONA Historical Monograph #5: The KGB and GRU in Europe, South America, and Australia Messages
	www.realnews247.com /venona_project.htm (238 words)

	VENONA project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The VENONA project was a long-running and highly secret collaboration between United States intelligence agencies and the United Kingdom's MI5 that involved the cryptanalysis of messages sent by several Soviet intelligence agencies.
		In 1995, a bipartisan Commission on Government Secrecy, with Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan as chairman, was responsible for the release of Venona project materials (although many inside the NSA had also come to believe that the time had come to make it public, and argued internally for such a release).
		The Venona project was a thirty-eight year investigation conducted by the NSA and FBI counter-intelligence, and held classified for an additional fifteen years after the program ended.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/VENONA_project (1474 words)

	VENONA project - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The VENONA documents, and the extent of their significance, were not made public until 1995.
		VENONA evidence has also clarified the case of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, making it clear that Julius was guilty of espionage while Ethel was guilty of cooperating, while also showing that their contributions to Soviet nuclear espionage were less important than was publicly alleged at the time.
		VENONA material has now made it clear that Chifley was motivated by evidence that not only were there a large number of very damaging Soviet agents operating in Australia, but that these probably included members of his party.
	open-encyclopedia.com /VENONA_project (1188 words)

	Venona Ten Years Later: Lessons for Today
		Venona not only produced lessons about the past -- it also illuminated issues that governments and the public are grappling with today, including the risks and benefits of the disclosure of intelligence, the dangers of bureaucratic tunnel vision, and the ease with which ordinary people will commit crimes to advance Utopian ideologies.
		Venona was made possible because in 1942--during the darkest days of the war in Russia, when everything, including skilled manpower, was in short supply--Soviet code clerks produced and distributed to agents around the globe thousands of duplicate copies of “one-time” pads used to encrypt communications.
		The Venona secrets were disclosed at the July 1995 press conference largely as a result of prodding from the late Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who learned of the program when he headed the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy.
	hnn.us /articles/12812.html (1255 words)

	Venona
		Venona documents unmistakably identified Julius Rosenberg as the head of a Soviet spy ring and David Greenglass, his brother-in-law, as a Soviet source at the secret atomic bomb facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico.
		The decision to keep Venona secret from the public, and to restrict knowledge of it even within the government, was made essentially by senior Army officers in consultation with the FBI and the CIA.
		The Venona messages do not throw her guilt in doubt; indeed, they confirm that she was a participant in her husband's espionage and in the recruitment of her brother for atomic espionage.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/h/haynes-venona.html (5076 words)

	Venona Ten Years Later: Lessons for Today
		Venona not only produced lessons about the past -- it also illuminated issues that governments and the public are grappling with today, including the risks and benefits of the disclosure of intelligence, the dangers of bureaucratic tunnel vision, and the ease with which ordinary people will commit crimes to advance Utopian ideologies.
		Venona was made possible because in 1942--during the darkest days of the war in Russia, when everything, including skilled manpower, was in short supply--Soviet code clerks produced and distributed to agents around the globe thousands of duplicate copies of “one-time” pads used to encrypt communications.
		The Venona secrets were disclosed at the July 1995 press conference largely as a result of prodding from the late Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who learned of the program when he headed the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy.
	www.hnn.us /articles/12812.html (1255 words)

	Book Review: Venona and The Haunted Wood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Venona, the product of two American historians, and The Haunted Wood, a collaboration of an American historian and a Russian KGB operative—turned—journalist, provide crushingly authoritative answers to questions that have lingered since the days when the charges and countercharges hurled by ex—Communists and alleged Communists riveted the nation’s attention.
		The Venona project, subject of the study by John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, was a highly classified government effort to decrypt messages between the Kremlin and Soviet agents in the U.S. during the Second World War.
		Such caveats notwithstanding, Venona produced an intelligence bonanza, as was immediately evident when the project, long a closely held secret, and its findings were finally declassified in 1995.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9905/reviews/bacevich.html (1867 words)

	Platt \| Venona
		Benefiting from Venona as well as material from the archives of the Comintern and the Soviet and American Communist parties, this detailed, thorough description of Soviet espionage in America demonstrates how the Venona transcripts became the “touch-stone” of U.S. counterintelligence.
		Indeed, Venona decryptions identified most of the Soviet agents the FBI and MI-5 (British counterintelligence) arrested between 1948 and the mid-1950s.
		Venona confirmed the guilt of the atomic spies, Klaus Fuchs, Theodore Hall, and Julius Rosenberg.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_15/platt_15.html (1314 words)

	VENONA Project - My Homepage
		The word Venona did not have a meaning until the late 1940’s when it was used as the codeword for the project.
		VENONA employees had trouble figuring out what the messages said until 1946 when Meredith Gardner, a scientist with the ability to read six languages, was able to read parts of the messages that had been sent years earlier by the KGB and Moscow.
		During the forty years the VENONA Project was in effect the cryptographers worked really hard to decode the Soviet messages and their hard work paid off when the FBI made the arrest of the Rosenbergs and many other spies.
	www.piedmontcommunities.us /servlet/go_ProcServ/dbpage=page&gid=01325001151050417428684380 (1172 words)

	venona-crowell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		People continued to work on VENONA so long as the possibility remained that counterintelligence information might be developed that could possibly reveal new agents or espionage activities that might still be active.
		The key to the VENONA success was that mistakes were made in the construction and use of the one time pads---a fact that was discovered only through brute force and analysis of the message traffic.
		The VENONA project is one of the best, and I am proud to have had a small part in telling the story.
	history.acusd.edu /gen/text/coldwar/venona-crowell.html (1060 words)

	What Your Textbooks Won't Tell You About the Cold War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Venona proves that the staffs of such prominent journalists as Walter Lippmann and Drew Pearson were infiltrated by Communist agents, and other journalists, such as I.F. Stone, were agents themselves.
		Venona’s value to scholars hoping to gain an understanding of what really went on in the years leading up to the Cold War, however, lives on.
		Venona proves the opposite—their loyalty was to the Soviet Union, and many of the Party’s leadership and some of the hard-core membership served as spies in the Soviet cause.
	www.academia.org /campus_reports/2000/november_2000_4.html (1214 words)

	Venona: What My Father Didn’t Know
		By the end of Venona, 2,900 Soviet messages had been translated and the yield in intelligence regarding the way the Communist Party USA, directed entirely by the Kremlin, sought to uncover our secrets and to influence government policies is breathtakingly astonishing.
		It is based both on the declassified Venona information and on the archives of the Communist International that were kept in Moscow, as well as the files of other Communist parties in Eastern and Central Europe.
		Venona revealed that US policies were influenced or thwarted because of Americans who were Soviet agents and served high up in our government or were in positions to secure essential wartime information and information that affected our nation’s policies during the course of the Cold War.
	www.intellectualconservative.com /article2539.html (979 words)

	VENONA project -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This traffic, some of which was thought to be encrypted with a (Click link for more info and facts about one-time pad) one-time pad system, was stored and analyzed in relative secrecy by hundreds of cryptanalysts over a 40-year period starting in the early (The decade from 1940 to 1949) 1940s.
		The Venona Project actually initiated when the Chief of Military Intelligence, Carter Clarke, did not trust (Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)) Joseph Stalin.
		The release of the VENONA information has forced reevaluation of the (A period of general fear of communists) Red Scare in the US.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/ve/venona_project5.htm (1435 words)

	VENONA project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This traffic, some of which was thought to be encrypted with a one-time pad system, was stored and analyzed in relative secrecy by hundreds of cryptanalysts over a 40-year period starting in the early 1940s.
		The National Security Agency reported that, according to the serial numbers of the Venona cables, thousands were sent but only a fraction were available to the cryptanalysts.
		The decision to keep Venona secret and restrict knowledge of it within the government was made by senior Army officers in consultation with the FBI and CIA.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/VENONA_Project (2851 words)

	The Venona Secrets by Alan Caruba -- Capitalism Magazine
		The answer is "Venona", the name given to a top secret program to break Soviet codes and read intercepted communications between Moscow and its intelligence stations in the West.
		By the end of Venona, 2,900 Soviet messages had been translated and the yield in intelligence regarding the way the Communist Party USA, directed entirely by the Kremlin, sought to uncover our secrets and to influence government policies is breathtakingly astonishing.
		Venona revealed that US policies were influenced or thwarted because of Americans who were Soviet agents and served high up in our government or were in positions to secure essential wartime information and information that affected our nation's policies during the course of the Cold War.
	www.capmag.com /article.asp?ID=3010 (1038 words)

	Bernice Schrank\| Reading the Rosenbergs After Venona\| Labour/Le Travail, 49\| The History Cooperative
		The release of the Venona decrypts is embedded in an ongoing debate about the nature of the Cold War, and needs to be understood as justifying and advancing the official version of that period as its history continues to be scrutinized and contested from a variety of revisionary perspectives.
		Precisely because the Venona documents are so vague they invite readers to play "connect the dots" and superimpose on these disconnected and incomplete communications a narrative continuity that derives not from their intrinsic meaning, but from prior knowledge of the Rosenberg story.
		Sobell argues for this interpretation, stating that "it is not that Venona led the CIA to Julius Rosenberg, as claimed, but it was Greenglass that led the FBI to conclude that Antenna-Liberal was Rosenberg." Morton Sobell, "Sobell on ‘Venona and the Rosenbergs’;," 13 ttp://www2.h-net.mus.edu/~diplo/Sobell.htm (13 December 2001).
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/49/07schran.html (8965 words)

	Book Details - The Venona Secrets - Sample Chapter
		Venona was the U.S. code word given secret Soviet spy communications, equivalent to the word Ultra used for the Nazi secret messages.
		When Eric and I compared the Venona material with the documents we had obtained from the Soviet archives and with material the FBI had released about its investigations, we realized that the whole story had not yet been told.
		Venona, together with our other sources, made it clear that American Communists with access to sensitive information were expected by the Party to turn it over to the Soviets.
	www.regnery.com /regnery/010309_venona_preface.html (2902 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage In America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Venona was the cover name of a top secret US government project that from the 1940's to the 1980's intercepted and decoded Soviet government messages all over the world.
		Venona was officially revealed in 1995 The Soviets got hints about Venona, but thought their codes were safe.
		Venona continued to confirm that the American government and society was rife with Soviet espionage from within the ranks of the anti-American Democrat Left.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0756779286 (1537 words)

	The Venona Story
		The VENONA translations now released to the public often show an unexpectedly recent date of translation because the breaking of strong cryptographic systems is an iterative process requiring trial and error and reapplication of new discoveries, leading to additional ones.
		The successful decryption of the VENONA messages was a triumph of analysis by a small group of intelligent and dedicated women and men working long hours in their cramped offices at Arlington Hall.
		VENONA provides some insight into Illegals used by Soviet intelligence, although with the exception of the noteworthy activities of Akhmerov and a GRU-Naval operation involving an Illegal, there are only a small number of other cases of Illegals mentioned in the VENONA translations.
	www.nsa.gov /publications/publi00039.cfm (13044 words)

	CI Reader Volume 2 Chapter 4
		In October 1996 a conference on VENONA, cosponsored by CIA, NSA, and the Center for Democracy was held in Washington, D.C. For the conference, CIA and NSA collaborated on producing a publication, called VENONA, Soviet Espionage and The American Response, 1939-1957, as a handbook for scholars interested in VENONA.
		The VENONA messages are filled with hundreds of covernames (designations used in place of the real names to hide identities of Soviet intelligence officers and agents—that is, spies or cooperating sources—as well as organizations, people, or places discussed in the encrypted messages).
		The VENONA translations released to the public often show an unexpectedly recent date of translation because the breaking of strong cryptographic systems is an iterative process requiring trial and error and reapplication of new discoveries leading to additional ones.
	www.fas.org /irp/ops/ci/docs/ci2/2ch4_a.htm (4011 words)

	The Institute of World Politics > News & Publication > The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's ...
		In 1995 the Venona documents—secret Soviet cable traffic from the 1940s that the United States intercepted and eventually decrypted—finally became available to American historians.
		Included in The Venona Secrets are the details of the spying activities that reached from Harry Hopkins in Franklin Roosevelt’s White House to Alger Hiss in the State Department to Harry Dexter White in the Treasury.
		The Venona Secrets is a masterful compendium of spy versus spy that puts the Venona transcripts in context with secret FBI reports, congressional investigations, and documents recently uncovered in the former Soviet archives.
	www.iwp.edu /news/bookID.10/book_detail.asp (221 words)

	Venona, Soviet Espionage, Slouching Towards Bethlehem, Joan Didion, Travel to the Antarctic
		"Venona could only be a forgery if it had been supported by a massive conspiracy involving hundreds of people," they explain.
		This probably set the stage for an extraordinary act of arrogance by the United States military: that the very existence of the Venona Project was hidden from President Truman (the Commander-in-Chief of the military) by decision of the Army Chief of Staff.
		There is too the revelation that Harry Dexter White, Assistant Director of the Treasury Department, was personally able to keep a delivery of badly needed gold from the Chinese Nationalists to support their toppling finances, and that this reneging probably did much to defeat the Nationalists in their war with the Communists in 1948.
	www.ralphmag.org /AK/briefs.html (2628 words)

	The VENONA Intercepts, 1946-1980
		The VENONA intercepts, as they were codenamed, remained a closely-guarded secret, known only to a handful of government officials, until the program was declassified in 1995.
		Soviet intelligence learned of the VENONA program in 1949 through its highly-placed British agent, Kim Philby, but there was nothing they could do to stop it.
		Rumors of an important codebreaking effort circulated among journalists and historians throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s, but there was no formal confirmation of the existence of VENONA until it was declassified in 1995.
	www.mbe.doe.gov /me70/manhattan/venona.htm (669 words)

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