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Topic: VM (nerve agent)

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	Wikinfo \| Nerve agent
		Nerve agents (also known as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature) are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals (organophosphates) that inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in animals and which are used as insecticides and chemical weapons.
		Nerve agents have not been used on large scales in wars, though there have been persistent reports of entire Kurdish villages in Iraq being killed by the use of nerve agents during the 1980s.
		Nerve agents are covered by the Chemical Weapons Convention which took effect in 1997 and forbids their use for countries which have ratified it.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Nerve_agent (1394 words)

	Nerve Agents: General
		The immediate treatment for nerve agent intoxication is intravenous injection of 2 mg atropine sulfate (pediatric dose calculate based on 0.02 mg/kg with a minimum dose of 0.1 mg) (intramuscular injection should be considered if the patient is hypoxic and ventilation can not be initiated, as there is a risk of ventricular fibrillation).
		Agents absorbed by cloth (clothing, blankets, etc.) may be released as a vapor by the cloth for for a significant period after exposure.
		As knowledge of the toxic properties of nerve agents spread in the wake of the Second World War and the rise of the Cold War, there were a number a number of incidents of attempts to acquire and threats to use nerve agents by non-state actors.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Chemical/Nerve/nervgen.shtml (2735 words)

	Nerve agents
		The military nerve agents are a family of highly toxic phosphoric acid esters, structurally related to the larger family of organophosphate compounds.
		Nerve agents are relevant to illnesses in Gulf War veterans for two reasons: Iraq had developed a chemical capability and had used nerve agents prior to the Gulf War, and there was some potential for exposure of U.S. troops during the conflict.
		Nerve agent effects were satisfactorily modeled in the 1940s and 1950s, providing an understanding of the mechanisms of action and the clinical pathological findings and guiding therapy.
	www.rand.org /pubs/monograph_reports/MR1018.5/MR1018.5.chap5.html (19048 words)

	long term health effects associated with exposures
		GB is a nerve agent and is chemically known as isopropyl methyl phosphonofluoridate.
		Of particular importance would be the effects of sub-clinical exposures to nerve agents on the central nervous system and the immune system, and the effect of HD on the eye and respiratory tract.
		The nerve agents are neurotoxicants, and while it is clear that they are not associated with delayed neuropathy, well-designed studies that examine the neurologic impact of low doses of nerve agents still need to be conducted.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /agent.html (6902 words)

	Toxicity of the Organophosphate Chemical Warfare Agents GA, GB, and VX: Implications for Public Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Agent GA differs from other G nerve agents in some of its biochemical effects on the brains of exposed animals and also in the rarity of GA-induced convulsions, even at lethal doses (23).
		The nerve agents are among the most potent of all chemical warfare agents and are highly toxic in both liquid and vapor form.
		The nerve agents of primary concern in the unitary stockpile are GB (sarin) and VX; GA (tabun) is present in a small quantity at only one location in the United States (Tooele Army Depot in Utah).
	www.ehponline.org /members/1994/102-1/munro-full.html (16193 words)

	GWVRP: Document Detail
		This is consistent with the generally held view that the injury mechanism of nerve agents is understood, that is, the irreversible binding of the agent to cholinesterase.
		Since the nerve agents and insecticides are both OPs there is a tendency to extrapolate from the effects of one type of OP to the other.
		Another critical difference is that nerve agents require doses many-fold the LD50 to produce polyneuropathy and inhibition of neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in nerve tissue, as opposed to the far lower doses required for such effects by OP pesticides.
	www.gulfweb.org /doc_show.cfm?ID=111 (4062 words)

	VM (nerve agent) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		VM (Phosphonothioic acid, methyl-, S-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl) O-ethyl ester) is a "V-series" nerve agent closely related to the better-known VX nerve agent.
		Like most of the agents in the V-series (with the exception of VX), VM has not been extensively studied outside of military science.
		In addition to the standard seizures, some of the second generation V series agents are known to cause comas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/VM_(nerve_agent) (261 words)

	vm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		VM seeks fund as aid for city indigentsSun.Star, Philippines - 1 hour agoAS ADDITIONAL assistance for indigent residents of Baguio seeking medical assistance, scting Vice Mayor Leandro Yangot Jr.
		Church, VM buck ConAssVisayan Daily Star, Philippines - Dec 8, 2006The Diocese of Dumaguete is supporting the stand of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines against amending the Constitution through a Constituent...
		VM will hire its fifth coach since the legendary John Cistone retired after the 1996 season.
	www.33beat.com /vm.html (227 words)

	Lectures 5 & 6: Ionic Basis of the Action Potential
		He knew that the interior of nerve cells was negative with respect to the outside of the cell in resting cells.
		But as long as Vm remained below the threshold, no AP occurred; that is, the AP was all or none, depending on whether the Vm exceeded threshold.
		However the slight increase in Vm is detected by the Vm-sensing input to the voltage clamp, which now passes current in order to maintain Vm at the holding potential.
	www.lclark.edu /~reiness/neurobiology/Lectures/lecture5.htm (3544 words)

	Publications: Chemical and Biological Terrorism: The Threat According to the Open Literature - Toxicity
		Chemical weapons such as nerve agents are generally credited with being capable of causing casualties in the range of hundreds to a few thousand (Kupperman and Trent 1979: 63 and 84; Kupperman and Woolsey 1988: 5; Mengel 1976: 446).
		Very few of the chemical agents terrorists would be likely to use are naturally occurring....Most chemical agents would have to be produced in the laboratory." However, he goes on to disparage the level of technical expertise required: "With a basic working knowledge of chemistry, however, this would not be a difficult task for the terrorist.
		Also as in the case of biological agents, the popular scenario of contamination of a large water supply is unlikely to be a feasible method of terrorist attack with chemical agents.
	www.csis-scrs.gc.ca /en/publications/other/c_b_terrorism03.asp (11377 words)

	Untitled
		Nerve agents are chemicals that were first developed in Germany as an organo-phosphorus insecticide.
		These chemical agents were only made yet not used during World War II due to a treaty to ban all of the agents.
		Table of most common nerve agents (in chronological order) and their lethal doses NameFirst Made(Year)Lethal DoseBreathing (mgmin/m3)Lethal DoseSkin (mg)Tabun (GA)1936150-4001,000-1,700Sarin (GB)193875-1001,000-1,700Soman (GD)194435-5050-100VX1952106-10There are several less common nerve* agents: GE, GF, VE, VG and VM One of the major mechanisms that are found in the literature is the hydrolysis of these chemicals.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~gmorehea/weapons.doc (1892 words)

	2005 FDA Science Forum Poster Abstract: B-07 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This assay monitors an agent's ability to alter the expression of a key class of developmental control genes, homeobox (Hbox) genes, during retinoic acid (RA)-induced nerve cell (NC) differentiation in P19 mouse stem cells.
		Although NC differentiation was observed in valproate-treated cultures, these cultures had a significant population of proliferating/undifferentiated cells not seen in control cultures.
		Conclusions: Agents that selectively alter the normal expression of key developmental control genes are potential teratogens and candidates for further evaluation in animal bioassays.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~frf/forum05/B-07.htm (263 words)

	Vms Realty
		Ambler Realty sued the village, arguing that the zoning ordinance had substantially reduced the value of their property by limiting its use, amounting to deprivation of Ambler's liberty and property without due process.
		VM is a virtual machine operating system which provides each user with what seems to be their own personal mainframe; CMS is a relatively simple single-user operating system, designed to run principally under VM.
		When used with CMS, VM is an operating system which can support users, and not just a hypervisor.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/218/vms-realty.html (890 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Letter to Reiterate Certain Public Health and Safety Concerns to Firms Manufacturing or Importing Dietary ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		FDA strongly recommends that firms should consider the public health consequences of this disease in taking whatever steps are necessary to assure themselves and the public that such ingredients do not come from cattle born, raised, or slaughtered in countries where BSE exists.
		While transmission of the causative agent of BSE to humans has not been definitively documented to date, inter-species transfer has been demonstrated (e.g., mice can be infected by exposure to infected bovine tissues).
		Although there is still no definitive evidence that the consumption of bovine tissues that contain the transmissible agent for BSE cause CJD in humans, FDA is concerned that appropriate measures to eliminate the use of bovine tissues from BSE-countries be instituted by firms that use bovine-derived ingredients in their products.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/dspltr05.html (690 words)

	HI-6 - Evanston Northwestern Healthcare
		Currently not available in the United States for the treatment of nerve agents.
		Kassa J, “Review of Oximes in the Antidotal Treatment of Poisoning by Organophosphorus Nerve Agents,”J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 2002, 40(6):803-16.
		Rotenberg JS and Newmark J, “Nerve Agent Attacks on Children: Diagnosis and Management,”Pediatrics, 2003, 112(3 Pt 1):648-58.
	www.enh.org /healthandwellness/bioterrorism/an502000.aspx?lid=1093 (593 words)

	The Memory Hole > Chemical Corps Doc: "Summary of Major Events and Problems" (Fiscal Year 1955)
		Page 47 of the document mentions the extremely obscure nerve agent VP, which the Corps had synthesized and designated as a "candidate" for chemical warfare.
		The two most promising agents in the screening program were Coccidioides immitis, the cause of coccidioidmycosis, and Malleomyces pseudomallei, the cause of meliodosis.
		This agent was being studied for large scale production at Pine Bluff Arsenal.
	www.thememoryhole.org /mil/chem-corps/summary_1955.htm (485 words)

	Subject: IRAQ'S CW PROGRAM
		IT IS PURSUING PERSISTENT NERVE AGENTS SUCH AS VX THAT ARE MUCH MORE TOXIC THAN THE BLISTER AGENT MUSTARD AND THE NERVE AGENT SARIN-THE PRINCIPAL AGENTS NOW IN IRAQ'S ARSENAL.
		THE SEMIPERSISTENT NERVE AGENT GF COULD BE USED IN PLACE OF SARIN IF THE TARGET NEED NOT BE CAPTURED IMMEDIATELY.
		AGENTS LESS LIKELY TO BE USED-BUT STILL POTENTIAL THREATS-INCLUDE THE NERVE AGENTS VX AND SOMAN, NITROGEN MUSTARD, AND PERHAPS EVEN NONLETHAL TEAR GAS AND VOMITING AGENTS.
	www.fas.org /irp/gulf/cia/960702/73909_01.htm (1051 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Nerve gas - WrongDiagnosis.com
		The term Nerve gas can be used for:
		Other terms that may be related to Nerve gas:
		The description of Nerve gas may also be used for the following terms:
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/nerve_gas.htm (185 words)

	CIDRAP >> Agents
		Blister/Vesicant Agents: L (Lewisite) and HL (Mustard-Lewisite Mixture) (ATSDR FAQs)
		Nerve Agents: G-Series: Tabun, Sarin, Soman (eMedicine article)
		Nerve Agents: V-series: Ve, Vg, Vm, Vx (eMedicine article)
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /cidrap/content/other/chem/agents/index.html (73 words)

	Israel's Use of Chemical Weapons
		Terms used by victims, doctors, and eyewitnesses to describe symptoms of the victims of Israeli poison gas attacks in the occupied Gaza Strip and West Bank, February - March, 2001:
		General and medical terms used to describe the symptoms of organophosphate nerve gas poisoning:
		8) Long-Term Health Effects of Nerve Agents and Mustard, Chapter 8, Frederick R. Sidell, M.D. and Charles G. Hurst, M.D. http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/HomePage/WhatsNew/MedAspects/Ch-8electrv699.pdf
	www.vtjp.org /report/overview15.htm (513 words)

	VM
		If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.
		VM seeks fund as aid for city indigents
		Sun Star - 1 hour, 32 minutes ago
	www.measuroo.com /Acr-V/VM.php (175 words)

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