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Topic: VSMOW

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	VSMOW - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		VSMOW was a recalibration of the original SMOW definition created by mixing distilled ocean water with other waters and remains one of the major benchmarks in use today.
		VSMOW water is also important in the manufacture of high accuracy temperature measurement reference standards.
		The isotopic composition of VSMOW water is specified as ratios of the rare isotope in question divided by its most common isotope and is expressed as parts per million (PPM).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/VSMOW (346 words)

	PPT Slide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The example assumes a sample of VSMOW is in equilibrium with water vapor.
		Note that the ratio of isotopes in VSMOW (0.002005) is the same as the previous example; the concentration of isotopes, and their proportions, is constant in the standard.
		Since the vapor forms from the evaporation of VSMOW, it must be lighter isotopically.
	bell.mma.edu /~jbouch/OS212S00E/sld008.htm (141 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		VSMOW is the standard against which isotopic compositions of both hydrogen and oxygen are reported.
		For the most precise scientific work, it may be necessary to convert some values between VSMOW and the water actually used (for example, the difference in density due to isotopic composition between VSMOW and purified tap water can be a few parts per million).
		The isotopic composition is also important in converting between mass-based and molar units; the relative molar mass of VSMOW is 18.015268 g/mol.
	www.iapws.org /faq1/isotope.htm (464 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		If this is the case, the mixing ratios of the three end members have to be adapted, and a new test batch has to be produced and tested again, until finally there is no measurable difference between the original VSMOW and the new VSMOW.
		Based on the isotope analysis results for the end members, a large batch of "new VSMOW" (NVSMOW) was prepared by M. Gröning, and samples of this batch were shipped to the three expert labs that were selected to perform the final tests: The IAEA Isotope Hydrology Lab itself, the US Geological Survey (dr. T.
		The fl circles are the differences between the means of NVSMOW and VSMOW, the gray squares the differences of the medians.
	www.rug.nl /ees/onderzoek/cio/projecten/stableisotopes/quality2!print?lang=en (1594 words)

	Product News Network: Triple Point of Water Cells calibrate/verify thermometers. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Errors associated with poor isotopic composition can be as large as 0.00025[degrees]C, and uncertainty contribution from VSMOW errors is less than [+ or -]0.000007[degrees]C. Series 5901X-G uses borosilicate glass shell, while Series 5901X-Q uses fused silica or quartz shell.
		The uncertainty contribution from VSMOW errors in these new cells is less than [+ or -]0.000007 [degrees]C (7[degrees]K).
		Hart's triple point of water cells are designed for use by commercial and military laboratories as well as in other settings requiring a check standard or calibration point for thermometers.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PIL/is_2005_Sept_16/ai_n15393817 (392 words)

	PPT Slide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This table shows the absolute isotopic composition of a specially prepared water sample known as Vienna-Standard Mean Ocean Water.
		VSMOW is used as an accuracy standard for isotopic analysis.
		VSMOW was prepared from distilled water in such a way that it resembles the mean isotopic composition of deep water from the world’s oceans (Pilson, 1998, p.
	bell.mma.edu /~jbouch/OS212S00E/sld004.htm (113 words)

	USGS -- Isotope Tracers -- Resources
		For the paleoceanographic community, isotopic data from carbonates would be reported relative to VPDB (Vienna PDB), which is defined in terms of NBS 19 calcite; isotopic data from water would be reported relative to the reference material VSMOW (see Table 1).
		H) of water should be expressed in per mill relative to VSMOW water (0) on a scale normalized such that the
		O of SLAP water is -55.5 exactly relative to VSMOW water, and so stated in the author's report) either (1) relative to VPDB on a scale such that the
	wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov /isoig/res/guide.html (1267 words)

	STABLE ISOTOPIC STUDIES OF PGE MINERALIZATION IN THE BIRCH LAKE AREA, SOUTH KAWISHIWI INTRUSION, DULUTH COMPLEX, MN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		O values for the oxides in these xenoliths range from 6.9 to 10.2 per mil (VSMOW).
		O values of the oxide melatroctolites and massive oxides, 3.9 to 6.2 per mil (VSMOW).
		Serpentinized melatroctolites have anomalously low signatures, 2.5 to 4.2 per mil (VSMOW) produced in response to the meteoric water dominated low temperature hydrothermal processes that affected the area.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_39257.htm (446 words)

	MILLIMETER-SCALE VARIATIONS IN CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES: NEW INSIGHTS ON VEIN GROWTH MECHANISMS AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Within a nonfibrous vein the variation is up to 9 (from 15.3 to 24.5 VSMOW), related to the presence of distinct fluid events and changes in precipitation conditions.
		For another Cupido sample, a d18O gradient in a host rock fragment was mapped from 15.5 (next to the vein) to 28.5 VSMOW (1 cm within the rock).
		Based on d13C variations in a fibrous vein from the Upper Jurassic La Casita Formation, two fluid events have been identified, the first related to vein formation and the second to a later event.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_27937.htm (421 words)

	Fluke - Test and Measurement Equipment
		It is defined within the International Temperature Scale as 0.01°C and is the most accurate device used to calibrate or verify thermometers.
		Errors associated with poor isotopic composition can be as large as 0.00025 °C (0.25mK).
		The uncertainty contribution from VSMOW errors in these new cells is less than ±0.000007 °C (7µK).
	www.fluke.nl /comx/press_release.aspx?locale=uken&press=hs2522 (242 words)

	USGS - Source, Movement, and Age of Ground Water in a Coastal California Aquifer
		Oxygen-18 and deuterium are naturally occurring stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen.
		Oxygen-18 and deuterium abundances are expressed as ratios in delta notation as per mil (parts per thousand) differences relative to the standard known as Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW).
		By convention the value of VSMOW is 0 per mil.
	ca.water.usgs.gov /archive/fact_sheets/b08/src.html (812 words)

	Background
		Please note that the value assignments of reference materials listed here are calculated using the IAEA recommendations (ref.
		Values of delta-18-O may be reported against VPDB, VPDB-CO, and VSMOW.
		VPDB-CO is the standard carbon dioxide derived from the hypothetical VPDB material by digestion in 100% phosphoric acid at 25.0 degrees Celsius, where the fractionation factor is 1.01025.
	www.cstl.nist.gov /div837/837.01/outputs/standards/algorithm/background.htm (659 words)

	Isotope Ratios of Ice and Snow in Taylor Valley
		Hydrogen/deuterium isotope ratios are given for all samples, and for a subset, there are oxygen isotope ratios, and a deuterium-excess.
		Values are reported relative to VSMOW, +/- 1.0 per mil for hydrogen, and +/- 0.1 for oxygen.
		LOG: Data from this table was submitted to Denise Steigerwald (MCM LTER data manager) by Bruce Vaughn on a floppy disk.
	huey.colorado.edu /LTER/datasets/glaciers/istp.htm (680 words)

	Triple Point of Water Cells
		The oxygen atoms found in most water are predominantly comprised of eight protons and eight neutrons (16O).
		These isotopes coexist in varying proportions in ocean water, polar water, and continental water, with ocean water being the heaviest.
		The ITS-90 recommends that water cells be made from water with “substantially the isotopic composition of ocean water.” Research has shown that TPW errors associated with isotopic composition can be as large as 0.00025 °C. The uncertainty contribution from VSMOW errors in Hart cells is less than ± 0.000007 °C. That’s seven micro-Kelvin!
	www.hartscientific.com /products/tpw.htm (1119 words)

	Water Triple Points contain VSMOW
		New cell construction and VSMOW enable uncertainties better than ±0.0001° C
		Each of these new cells contains distilled ocean water which has an isotopic composition that is nearly identical to the international standard “Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water” or “VSMOW.” Errors associated with poor isotopic composition can be as large as 0.00025 °C (0.25mK).
		Send mail to webmaster@hartscientific.com with questions or comments about this web site.
	www.hartscientific.com /newstuff/pr_5901x.htm (361 words)

	Stable Isotopes in Precipitation, Tracers of Climate Change: Observations and Modeling II Posters - Cryosphere [C]
		Winter precipitation $\delta^{18}$O was estimated by a spatial survey of snow samples from 25 locations (within 300 km of Cherskii), collected from the top and bottom of the snowpack, prior to snowmelt on April 8-19, 2003.
		Inputs and standard deviations to a two end-member mixing model were -16 $\pm$ 5 $\permil$ (VSMOW) for summer and -26 $\pm$ 5 $\permil$ for winter.
		Throughout the ice-free season of river flow, the contribution from snow inputs to the Kolyma was approximately 55% with a standard error of 8%.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm04/fm04-sessions/fm04_C51B.html (7516 words)

	SI-04 Reference materials and intercomparison studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The result report gave all relevant results, without, however, identifying the results of individual laboratories.
		The procedure required the simultaneous analysis of batches VSMOW, GISP and SLAP, and normalisation of the results for "unknowns" A, B,C and D according to the found VSMOW-SLAP relation.
		O were all within the error in the mean values found in the test.
	www.cio.phys.rug.nl /HTML-docs/Verslag/97/SI-04.htm (1657 words)

	Triple Point of Water Cells calibrateverify thermometers., Hart Scientific, Inc.
		September 16, 2005 - Offering uncertainties of better than ±0.0001°C, cells contain distilled ocean water with isotopic composition nearly identical to international standard Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW).
		Errors associated with poor isotopic composition can be as large as 0.00025°C (0.25mK), and uncertainty contribution from VSMOW errors is less than ±0.000007°C (7µK).
		Each of these new cells contains distilled ocean water which has an isotopic composition that is nearly identical to the international standard "Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water" or "VSMOW." Errors associated with poor isotopic composition can be as large as 0.00025 °C
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/467263 (641 words)

	Hydrographic Parameters from Fram Strait and Denmark Strait, 1998
		oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (del notation with respect to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water [VSMOW])
		The parameter source is seawater samples collected from the Research Vessel Polarstern.
		Quantitative considerations of dissolved barium as a tracer in the Arctic Ocean.
	nsidc.org /data/docs/arcss/arcss105 (1319 words)

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