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Vaccinia virus

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	Vaccinia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes cowpox.
		Vaccinia is so mild that it is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, but may causes a mild rash and fever, with an extremely low rate of fatality.
		Prior to the use of vaccinia, smallpox epidemics were controlled somewhat through the use of inoculation -- a deliberate, minor exposure to the disease.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vaccinia (178 words)

	Vaccinia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes (A viral disease of cattle causing a mild skin disease affecting the udder; formerly used to inoculate humans against smallpox) cowpox.
		Vaccinia is so mild that it is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, but may causes a mild rash and (Intense nervous anticipation) fever, with an extremely low rate of fatality.
		Prior to the use of vaccinia, smallpox (A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease; many people are infected at the same time) epidemics were controlled somewhat through the use of (Taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease) inoculation -- a deliberate, minor exposure to the disease.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/va/vaccinia.htm (185 words)

	VACCINIA VIRUS
		It is not known whether vaccinia virus is the product of genetic recombination, or if it is a species derived from cowpox virus or variola virus by prolonged serial passage, or if it is the living representative of a now extinct virus.
		Vaccinia virus was used for smallpox vaccination via inoculation into the superficial layers of the skin of the upper arm.
		Ocular vaccinia was a common manifestation of accidental infection.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/pox/2000/vaccinia_virus.html (487 words)

	CDC Smallpox \| Information on Live Virus Vaccines & Vaccinia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The vaccinia virus is the "live virus" used in the smallpox vaccine.
		The vaccinia virus, the virus in the smallpox vaccine, is another "pox"-type virus.
		Vaccinia is spread by touching a vaccination site before it has healed or by touching bandages or clothing that have been contaminated with live virus from the smallpox vaccination site.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/smallpox/vaccination/live-virus.asp (489 words)

	Vaccinia (Smallpox)
		Vaccinia vaccine, previously known as smallpox vaccine, is highly effective in producing immunity to smallpox (variola), and other closely related viruses of the Orthopox genus, such as monkeypox and cowpox.
		The use of vaccinia vaccine led to the global eradication of smallpox in 1977.
		Because of the low risk of smallpox, the routine use of vaccinia vaccine in the United States was discontinued in 1971.
	www.ehs.ufl.edu /Bio/vaccinia.htm (1070 words)

	Vaccinia (Smallpox) Vaccine Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP)
		Because studies of recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines have been advanced to the stage of clinical trials, health-care workers (e.g., physicians and nurses) may now be exposed to vaccinia and recombinant vaccinia viruses and should be considered for vaccinia vaccination.
		Progressive vaccinia (vaccinia necrosum) is a severe, potentially fatal illness characterized by progressive necrosis in the area of vaccination, often with metastatic lesions.
		Vaccinia virus may be cultured from the site of primary vaccination beginning at the time of development of a papule (2-5 days after vaccination) until the scab separates from the skin lesion (14-21 days after vaccination).
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00042032.htm (3671 words)

	Smallpox Vaccination and Adverse Reactions
		Vaccinia can be transmitted from a vaccinee's unhealed vaccination site to other persons by close contact and can lead to the same adverse events as in the vaccinee.
		Fetal vaccinia, resulting from vaccinial transmission from mother to fetus, is a rare, but serious, complication of smallpox vaccination during pregnancy or shortly before conception.
		PV (also referred to as vaccinia necrosum, vaccinia gangrenosa, prolonged vaccinia, and disseminated vaccinia), is a rare, severe, and often lethal complication that occurs among persons with immunodeficiencies (43,49--51).
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5204a1.htm (13074 words)

	eMedicine - Vaccinia : Article by Howard L Kaufman, MD
		Vaccinia necrosum is due to the accidental or inadvertent administration of vaccinia virus to immunocompromised individuals.
		The diagnosis of vaccinia virus complications usually is straightforward and depends on obtaining the history of recent vaccinia virus exposure by vaccination or contact with a vaccinated individual.
		Vaccinia virus has not been isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with encephalitis, and CSF analysis usually produces normal results, except for increased pressure; however, CSF analysis may be indicated to exclude other causes of encephalitis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2356.htm (4644 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary
		Vaccinia vaccine is recommended for laboratory workers who directly handle a) cultures or b) animals contaminated or infected with, nonhighly attenuated vaccinia virus, recombinant vaccinia viruses derived from nonhighly attenuated vaccinia strains, or other Orthopoxviruses that infect humans (e.g., monkeypox, cowpox, vaccinia, and variola).
		Vaccinia immunoglobulin must be administered intramuscularly and should be administered as early as possible after the onset of symptoms.
		Vaccinia virus can be cultured from the site of primary vaccination beginning at the time of development of a papule (i.e., 2–5 days after vaccination) until the scab separates from the skin lesion (i.e., 14–21 days after vaccination).
	www.guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=2850&nbr=2076 (5978 words)

	Vaccinia Virus Protocol :: Research Protocol Approvals :: EHRS
		While immunization is not a prerequisite for working with vaccinia virus at the University, counseling about vaccination is mandatory prior to working with vaccinia virus.
		Occupational Medcine will document vaccinia counseling or immunization by notifying EHRS and the PI/supervisor in writing as to whether each person who signed up: (1) was or was not immunized or (2) is or is not restricted regarding working directly with vaccinia.
		If work with vaccinia virus involves human source material, free Hepatitis B immunization must be offered to all University employees who are at risk of occupational exposure to human blood, body fluids and/or tissues.
	www.ehrs.upenn.edu /protocols/vaccinia.html (1307 words)

	Title of Invention: Vaccinia virus containing DNA s equences encoding herpesvirus glycoproteins
		The vaccinia recombinant vP483, containing EHV-1 gp13 was detected as a colorless plaque in the presence of X-gal and confirmed as a true recombinant by DNA hybridization after 3 cycles of plaque purification.
		Both vaccinia and EHV-1 serum neutralizing antibodies are detectable 21 days after the primary inoculation and a significant increase in the titer of serum neutralizing antibodies is obtained by 2 weeks after a second inoculation of virus on day 21.
		Immunization of Guinea Pigs with the Vaccinia Recombinant vP577 and vP613
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Biotech_Patents/1994patents/05338683.html (18517 words)

	CNN.com - Vaccinated people can transmit vaccinia virus - Oct. 15, 2002
		Vaccinia, a less virulent relative of smallpox, is the live virus used in smallpox vaccinations.
		Overall, in the U.S. studies, the rate of contact vaccinia was in the range of 2 to 6 per 100,000 vaccinations.
		Preparation and a carefully crafted vaccine policy is key to keeping contact vaccinia under control should mass smallpox vaccinations become a reality, according to the commentary.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/HEALTH/conditions/10/15/smallpox.danger (690 words)

	Vaccinia (Smallpox) Vaccine
		Progressive vaccinia (vaccinia necrosum) is a severe, potentially fatal illness characterized by progressive necrosis in the area of vaccination, often with metastatic lesions (Figure 8).
		Fatal complications caused by vaccinia vaccination are rare, with approximately 1 death/million primary vaccinations and 0.25 deaths/million revaccinations (54).
		Vaccinia virus can be cultured from the site of primary vaccination beginning at the time of development of a papule (i.e., 2--5 days after vaccination) until the scab separates from the skin lesion (i.e., 14--21 days after vaccination).
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5010a1.htm (8925 words)

	Vaccinia Virus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Vaccinia is the virus that was used for vaccination against smallpox.
		The only diseases vaccinia causes are complications of vaccination, post vaccinal encephalitis and progressive (spreading) vaccinia.
		Although vaccination with this virus is now reccommended only for those who work with it or with smallpox virus, it is being considered as a possible vector for the manufacture of recombinant vaccines including a vaccine against AIDS.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/vacvirus.html (138 words)

	Immunogenicity and Safety of Defective Vaccinia Virus Lister: Comparison with Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara -- Ober et ...
		The vaccinia virion (VV) and the p53-specific antibodies were determined by analysis of a series of serum dilutions in ELISAs using IgG1- and IgG2a-specific antisera for detection.
		Biology of attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara recombinant vector in mice: virus fate and activation of B- and T-cell immune responses in comparison with the Western Reserve strain and advantages as a vaccine.
		Vaccinia virus-mediated expression of wild-type p53 suppresses glioma cell growth and induces apoptosis.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/76/15/7713 (7515 words)

	Vaccinia Information from Drugs.com
		This plasma contains increased levels of protective antibodies against the vaccinia virus, the live virus used in the currently available smallpox vaccine.
		The vaccinia virus is similar to the smallpox virus, but does not cause smallpox.
		Because the smallpox vaccine is made with this live virus, even though it is a weakened virus, occasionally it can cause infections in susceptible vaccinated people or those in close contact with them.
	www.drugs.com /vaccinia.html (501 words)

	Vaccinia (Progressive vaccinia/vaccinia necrosum) & Eczema vaccinatum
		Progressive vaccinia (vaccinia necrosum, vaccinia gangrenosa) is a severe, potentially fatal illness characterised by progressive necrosis at the vaccination site, often leading to metastatic lesions.
		Progressive vaccinia (vaccinia necrosum) in patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia.
		Progressive vaccinia (vaccinia necrosum), which was fatal, in a child with an imunodeficiency.
	www.whale.to /v/vaccinia-necrosum.html (273 words)

	Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Recombinants Are as Potent as Vaccinia Recombinants in Diversified Prime and Boost ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Recombinants Are as Potent as Vaccinia Recombinants in Diversified Prime and Boost Vaccine Regimens to Elicit Therapeutic Antitumor Responses -- Hodge et al.
		Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Recombinants Are as Potent as Vaccinia Recombinants in Diversified Prime and Boost Vaccine Regimens to Elicit Therapeutic Antitumor Responses
		The use of a diversified prime and boost vaccination regimen (vaccinia prime, fowlpox boost) for the enhanced induction of CEA-specific immune responses in CEA-Tg mice.
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/63/22/7942 (6687 words)

	Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine Injury Table
		prior to contracting vaccinia, was accidentally inoculated by a smallpox vaccine recipient or a contact of such a person.
		(B) vaccinia contracted through accidental vaccinia inoculation (and not the result of receiving a smallpox vaccine) during the effective period of the Declaration (or within 30 days after the end of such period), in the case of a vaccinia contact.
		Individuals who have injuries not in the Table injuries also may be considered eligible for benefits if their injuries can be shown to be the direct result of the smallpox vaccine, other covered countermeasures or vaccinia.
	www.hrsa.gov /smallpoxinjury (532 words)

	JAMA -- Contact Vaccinia--Transmission of Vaccinia From Smallpox Vaccination, October 16, 2002, Neff et al. 288 (15): ...
		JAMA -- Contact Vaccinia--Transmission of Vaccinia From Smallpox Vaccination, October 16, 2002, Neff et al.
		Lundstrom R. Complications of smallpox vaccination and their treatment with vaccinia immune gamma globulin.
		Disseminated vaccinia in a military recruit with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease.
	jama.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/full/288/15/1901 (2791 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Smallpox
		Sometimes antibiotics are given for secondary infections that may occur.
		Vaccinia immune globulin (antibodies against a disease similar to smallpox) may help shorten the disease.
		If a diagnosis of smallpox were made, exposed persons would need to be isolated immediately.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/001356.htm (1201 words)

	Vaccinia virus - Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
		SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: Lyophilized vaccinia virus maintains potency for 18 months at 4-6° C, may be stable when dried onto inanimate surfaces
		IMMUNIZATION: Smallpox vaccine is indicated for laboratory workers directly involved with vaccinia and vaccinia virus recombinants
		Newly discovered hazards are frequent and this information may not be completely up to date.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /msds-ftss/msds160e.html (388 words)

	Vaccinia definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		The cowpox virus which is used to vaccinate against smallpox.
		A cutaneous or systemic reaction to vaccination with the smallpox vaccine as, for example, in congenital vaccinia and progressive vaccinia.
		Monkeypox - Medical information about Monkeypox virus written for patients to make informed health decisions
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21861 (168 words)

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