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Topic: Vacuum distillation

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Distillation

Azeotropic Distillation

Steam distillation

Fractional distillation

Extractive Distillation

Freeze distillation

Sparging

Dry distillation

Vacuum

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	Vacuum Distillation Home Page, EPA
		Vacuum distillation is a technique that uses a vacuum to extract analytes from a sample.
		During a vacuum distillation procedure a sample is evacuated to a low pressure vaporizing volatile compounds, including water.
		This is the simplest application of vacuum distillation and the analytes are limited to those identified in the determinative method.
	www.epa.gov /nerlesd1/chemistry/vacuum/default0.htm (454 words)

	MSN Encarta - Distillation
		Distillation, process of heating a liquid until its more volatile constituents pass into the vapor phase, and then cooling the vapor to recover such constituents in liquid form by condensation.
		The main purpose of distillation is to separate a mixture of several components by taking advantage of their different volatilities, or the separation of volatile materials from nonvolatile materials.
		The only disadvantage of fractional distillation is that a large fraction (as much as one-half) of the condensed distillate must be refluxed, or returned to the top of the tower and eventually boiled again, and more heat must therefore be supplied.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571938/Distillation.html (1119 words)

	Vacuum - Facts from the Encyclopedia - Yahoo! Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In ancient times the belief that "nature abhors a vacuum" was held widely and persisted without serious question until the late 16th and early 17th cent., when the experimental observations of Galileo and the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli demonstrated its essential fallacy.
		A common but incorrect belief is that a vacuum causes "suction." Actually the apparent suction caused by a vacuum is the pressure of the atmosphere tending to rush in and fill the unoccupied space.
		There are many practical applications of vacuums in industry and scientific research, e.g., in vacuum distillation, vacuum processing of food, in devices such as the vacuum tube, vacuum bottle, and barometer, and in research machines.
	messenger.yahooligans.com /reference/encyclopedia/entry/vacuum (417 words)

	Unit Operations in Food Processing - R. L. Earle
		Steam distillation is used in the food industry in the preparation of some volatile oils and in the removal of some taints and flavours, for example from edible fats and oils.
		The conventional distillation equipment for the continuous fractionation of liquids consists of three main items: a boiler in which the necessary heat to vaporize the liquid is supplied, a column in which the actual contact stages for the distillation separation are provided, and a condenser for condensation of the final top product.
		In steam distillation, the steam is bubbled through the liquid and the vapours containing the volatile component and the steam are passed to the condenser.
	www.nzifst.org.nz /unitoperations/conteqseparation12.htm (1752 words)

	Solvent Distillation equipment, solvent distillation recovery equipment.
		The distillation of the solvent is accomplished by a peripheral heating jacket filled with diathermic oil, heated by an electrical element.
		Utilizing vacuum distillation equipment, the boiling point of the solvent is lowered, decreasing the temperature necessary for distillation of the solvent.
		Azeotropic vacuum distillation is one of the most common processes to treat thermolabile solvents, not mixable in water, polluted by liquid contaminants.
	www.distillation.cc /solvent_distillation_equipment.html (521 words)

	nash_elmo - Chemical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Vacuum distillation is more energy efficient than the atmospheric distillation tower.
		Non-condensable light Hydrocarbon gases from the crude distillation tower and other refinery vents are collected in a common header and piped to either flare or vent gas compressors.
		The vacuum system is used in a batch process to recover solvents through evaporation at a maximum sustainable rate.
	www.nash-elmo.com /english/industries-nash_elmo/chemical-vacuum-pumps-compressors.cfm?MainMenu=NavIndustries&TierMenu=TierChemical (507 words)

	Distillation
		The principles of vacuum distillation resemble those of fractional distillation except that larger diameter columns are used to maintain comparable vapor velocities at the reduced pressures.
		A second-phase tower operating at lower vacuum may distill surplus residuum from the atmospheric tower, which is not used for lube-stock processing, and surplus residuum from the first vacuum tower not used for deasphalting.
		Even though these are closed processes, heaters and exchangers in the atmospheric and vacuum distillation units could provide a source of ignition, and the potential for a fire exists should a leak or release occur.
	www.setlaboratories.com /distilla.htm (993 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A lid is pivotally and telescopically mounted to the shaft and is capable of releasably and sealably engaging the flange.
		Tracks are disposed on the vacuum distillation apparatus in a position to engage the wheels and raise the lid vertically above a manhole of the vacuum distillation apparatus upon pivotal movement of the lid, which is initiated by nominal physical exertion of a single operator.
		Vacuum pressure is created in the apparatus 40 by a vacuum pump (not shown) sufficient to draw waste photopolymer into the apparatus 40.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/61448.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3757 words)

	Vacuum Distillation - Volatile Organic Compounds, EPA
		Vacuum distillation is performed on a variety of matrices using the same experimental conditions.
		Figures 2 and 3 demonstrate that for each vacuum distillation the curves describing the relationship of percent analyte in the residue to the relative volatility are uniform but not identical.
		The vacuum distillation procedure results in a distillate to be analyzed, which contains the portion of sample vapor not subsequently trapped on the condenser column.
	www.epa.gov /nerlesd1/chemistry/vacuum/reference/volatile/vol.htm (3783 words)

	Distillation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In order for this distillation to be successful, it is important to allow the condensed liquid which is enriched in the less volatile component relative to its vapor, to return to the pot.
		Most fractional distillation apparati are designed in such a way as to permit control of the amount of distillate that is removed from the system.
		The basis of the separation by steam distillation is that while the water and organic condensed phases are immiscible, the vapors of both are miscible.
	www.umsl.edu /~orglab/documents/distillation/dist.htm (4354 words)

	Oil analysis and lubrication learning cennter
		Distillation separates components of a liquid mixture by partial vaporization and separate recovery of the vapor and liquid residue.
		A distillation column or chamber is required to separate the volatile liquids and gases from the fluid.
		A variety of rotary vacuum pumps are used to maintain wide range pressures in the vaporizer depending on the properties of the volatile contaminants.
	www.noria.com /learning_center/category_article.asp?articleid=162&relatedbookgroup=ContaminationControl (1028 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Vacuum distillation has a significant advantage as it avoids scale buildup when hard water is being distilled.
		ATG's proprietary new vacuum distillation technology solves the scale buildup problem by recognizing that scaling is caused by the reverse solubility curve of calcium bicarbonate in water that initiates scaling deposits at 140°F. When water is boiled at 212°F the rate of scale formation, particularly on heating element and boiler surfaces, is high.
		Our new vacuum distiller sterilizes the entire system, including the carbon filter and the distillate reservoir, at the start of each batch, thus there is no danger of bacterial buildup in the carbon filter or in the distillate reservoir.
	www.ateg.com /p_development.html (1103 words)

	Azeotropic solvent Distillation equipment
		In the distillation process residues, formed by oil, grease, metals, etc., the solvents are still present in a percentage of between 20 and 50%.
		A notable improvement is achieved by vacuum distillation, which enables to lower this percentage to between 5 and 8%.
		In large petrochemical plant, Azeotropic vacuum distillation has been used for many years and it is still one of the most common processes to treat thermolabile solvents, not mixable in water, polluted by liquid contaminants.
	www.distillation.cc /azeotropic_distillation.html (334 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		For further removal of substances a water filter is incorporated in the line between the distillation vessel and the vacuum pump, and an oil/water separation and one or more carbon filters for the off-gases are connected in succession on the output side of the vacuum pump.
		The distillation vessel is connected to a vacuum pump 8 via a suction line 7, a water filter 9 being incorporated in the suction line.
		Of course, it is possible for various clusters of furnaces, standpipes and distillation vessels to be dealt with at the same time and to be connected to the same filters 9, 13 and the separator 11.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=98/22628.980528&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (1318 words)

	Distillation systems, distillation equipment, systems, solvent distill, solvent recovery, reclamation
		Distillation equipment is used to close loop your waste streams for ink, solvent, paint, or most any wash solution.
		Distillation equipment designed with mixing blades can mix the waste being distilled so that the discharge of the distillation system is a powder or a flake.
		Using vacuum distillation, the boiling point of the solvent is lowered, decreasing the temperature necessary for distillation.
	www.sawyerandsmith.com /distillation (227 words)

	Myers Vacuum: Molecular distillation: the unique principle behind a unique process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		High vacuum distillation, which has been termed "molecular" or "short path" distillation, is a safe process tool to separate mixtures of organic or silicon compounds, most of which will not tolerate prolonged heating above 250ºC without excessive structural change or decomposition.
		As opposed to conventional atmospheric and low pressure packed distilling towers that use packing, these high vacuum stills utilize the heat of condensation as a prime body for radiant heat emission to the surface film on the evaporator.
		The absence of air molecules in the high vacuum still permits most of the distilling molecules to reach the condenser, with relatively few molecules returning to the liquid surface of film on the evaporator.
	www.myers-vacuum.com /mv1.html (570 words)

	Distillation
		Distillation is the process of heating a liquid until it boils, capturing and cooling the resultant hot vapors, and collecting the condensed vapors.
		Distillation is used to purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material.
		Vacuum distillation is used to distill compounds that have a high boiling point or any compound which might undergo decomposition on heating at atmospheric pressure.
	orgchem.colorado.edu /hndbksupport/dist/dist.html (855 words)

	Vacuum Dehydration using both jet eductor remove dissolved water and de-aerator to remove dissolved gas from lubricants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Dissolved water vaporizes from the vacuum chamber and is drawn into the condenser which turns vapor into water droplets.
		Vacuum distillation uses an expensive, high maintenance vacuum pump to draw moisture vapor from wet oil.
		Vacuum Jet dehydration uses the cyclonic pressurized air force to increase the output of water vapor while the vacuum distillation uses a vacuum pump to draw vapor out of vacuum chamber.
	www.oilpure.com /vacuumjet.html (923 words)

	vacuum distillation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A vacuum distillation set-up differs from a simple distillation with the inclusion of a securely attached round bottom flask as the receiving flask (note in the picture, it is clamped with a small pronged clamp) and a vacuum line connected to the vacuum adaptor.
		The vacuum line in this particular set-up is connected to a "water-trap", which is a side-arm flask.
		A boiling chip cannot be used in vacuum distillation, since the reduced pressure sucks the trapped air from boiling chips and thus they do not work to prevent bumping.
	orgchem.colorado.edu /hndbksupport/dist/distsetup/vacdist.html (167 words)

	J.W. Zubrick, Distillation For Dummies - [www.rhodium.ws]
		The system is no longer connected to the vacuum source, and as air from the bleed tube or vapor from the liquid you're distilling fills your distillation setup, the pressure in the system goes up.
		The vacuum adapter is connected to a vacuum source, either a vacuum pump or a water aspirator.
		Although a vacuum distillation is not difficult, it requires peace of mind, large quantities of patience, and a soundproof room to scream in so you won't disturb others.
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/equipment/distillation4dummies.html (5213 words)

	vacuum on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Building a vacuum library; there are many types and categories of vacuum technology books available.
		Early Vacuum Tube Early vacuum tubes were used to amplify signals for radio and other audio devices.
		The Ball bagless centrifugal vacuum uses a roller ball that allows it to pivot in tight places.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/v1/vacuum.asp (1154 words)

	Vacuum Distillation, aka Low Temperature Distillation for commercial applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Low temperature distillation operates at a fraction of the energy costs of conventional distillers since the evaporation is conducted under vacuum at near ambient temperatures.
		HF Pure Water Vacuum Distillation systems are the result of many years of extensive research and experience and are considered one of the most technologically advanced units on the market today.
		Providing ultra-fast vacuum and ultra-high vacuum, the liquid ring vacuum pump requires no oil and has no oily air emissions into your facility and does not require a separate pump to build the vacuum.
	www.pollutioncontrolsystems.com /Vacuum_Distillation.htm (492 words)

	B/R Instrument, Vacuum Distillation - Fractional Vacuum Distillation
		Distilling under vacuum allows very high boiling materials to be distilled at lower temperatures.
		Reducing the distillation temperature prevents thermal damage to the sample and the absence of oxygen helps preserve materials that are sensitive to its presence.
		When distilling at reduced pressures it is helpful to know what the equivalent vapor temperature at atmospheric pressure would be.
	www.brinstrument.com /fractional-distillation/vacuum-distillation.html (289 words)

	Vacuum Distillation
		Regards Alcir Grohmann ========================================================= Vacuum distillation is used for compounds that have high boiling points (usually above 200 °C).
		When the applied pressure is reduced (using a vacuum pump), the applied pressure decreases, and so the liquid boils at a lower temperature.
		In the case of water for example if the vacuum pump is capable of reducing the applied pressure to 25 mm of Hg, the water will boil at about 25 C. The 25/25 pressure/temperature is just a coincidence.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/chem00/chem00635.htm (617 words)

	Vacuum Distillation Unit
		Heavy crude oil is preheated by the bottoms feed exchanger, further preheated and partially vaporized in the feed furnace, and passed into the vacuum tower where it is separated into slop oil, vacuum gas oil, vacuum distillate, slop wax, and bottoms residue.
		The vacuum distillate draw tray is a total draw tray, where the reflux from the tray is pumped under flow control to the tray below.
		The VDU vacuum pressure is maintained by the steam to the vacuum ejector (HV-211), the cooling water (HV-212) to the steam condenser E-211, and the hydrocarbon condenser E-210.
	www.simtronics.com /catalog/spm/spm2600.htm (1132 words)

	Myers Vacuum
		The tank is kept at a slight vacuum to reduce peroxide growth.
		After trying other vacuum distillation techniques, it was found that a high vacuum centrifugal molecular still gave the best results.
		High vacuum centrifugal molecular distillation is a process designed for separating heat sensitive, high molecular weight material.
	www.myers-vacuum.com /emuoil.shtml (873 words)

	Friedel-Crafts Acylation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Measure the pressure attained in the distillation using a manometer.
		Pressure changes should be made slowly by opening and closing the screw clamp slowly in the vacuum distillation apparatus in the diagram.
		Assemble the apparatus and remove the volatile solvents from the liquid to be distilled (rotovap).
	www.ipfw.edu /chem/266/266spring03/266n0304.htm (862 words)

	ipedia.com: Distillation Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Distillation is a means of separating two liquids through differences in their boiling points.
		Known since antiquity, the concentration of alcohol by the application of heat to a fermented liquid mixt...
		Under ideal conditions, distillation can be used to effect a near-complete separation of one type of liquid from another.
	www.ipedia.com /distillation.html (383 words)

	Distillation of EcoFlex Solvent
		For a large distillation run performed by a distillation service company, it is desirable to process EcoFlex in a batch type mode.
		If you are a plate-maker, with in-house distillation it is important that proper thermal oil temperature, adequate vacuum, and corresponding vapor temperatures are achieved, to ensure that EcoFlex is carried over in the process homogeneously.
		The amount of vacuum present during distillation plays an important role in determining the proper oil and vapor temperature.
	pages.areaguides.com /ecoprintsolv/distillation.htm (741 words)

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