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Topic: Vacuum energy

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	The Energetic Vacuum: Implications For Energy Research
		Formally, the energy density associated with the vacuum electromagnetic ZPF background is considered to be infinite.
		To begin, without careful thought as to the role that the vacuum plays in particle-vacuum interactions, it would only be natural to assume that any attempt to extract energy from the vacuum might somehow violate energy conservation laws or thermodynamic constraints (as in misguided attempts to extract energy from a heat bath under equilibrium conditions).
		Although demonstrating in principle the extraction of energy from the vacuum, Forward's embodiment is admittedly impractical for significant, continuous energy generation, for a number of reasons.
	www.ldolphin.org /energetic.html (3270 words)

	Vacuum
		Thus it is possible to consider, that between a proton and vacuum there is a zone "free" electron and positron, which as the exchange particles transfer in vacuum action of a proton.
		Thus, photon vacuum and meson vacuum unite in the first case by usual gravitation and electromagnetism, in the second case by the core gravitation and core electromagnetism.
		Recent observational studies of remote supernovae have suggested the existence of cosmic vacuum with the density which is larger than the total density of all the other forms of cosmic energy in the Universe.
	finalvacuum.net /cnv.html (1123 words)

	Scientific American: FOLLOW-UP: What is the 'zero-point energy' (or 'vacuum energy') in quantum physics? Is it really ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Consider the grand total vacuum energy (once we have added in all quantum fields, all particle interactions, kept everything finite by hook or by crook, and taken all the proper limits at the end of the day).
		The vacuum state of the interacting-field theory may have more or less energy than that of the free-field theory; the difference is called the vacuum energy.
		Because the vacuum state of the interacting theory is the state of least energy in reality, there is no way to extract the vacuum energy and use it for anything.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00045486-6600-1C71-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (1923 words)

	Vacuum Energy
		Vacuum energy refers to random quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic (and other) force fields that are present everywhere in the vacuum; in other words, an 'empty' vacuum is actually a seething cauldron of energy.
		This energy is so enormous that most physicists believe that even though zero-point energy seems to be an inescapable consequence of elementary quantum theory, it cannot be physically real, and so is subtracted away in calculations.
		The basis of zero-point energy is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, one of the fundamental laws of quantum physics.
	vacuum-energy.net (1033 words)

	vacuum energy drive
		A hypothetical form of propulsion based on the discovery that a vacuum, far from being a pocket of nothingness, actually churns and seethes with unseen activity.
		This cosmic unrest is caused by quantum fluctuations, tiny ripples of energy – so-called zero-points – in the fabric of spacetime.
		By interfering with these fluctuations, it may be possible to tap their energy (see zero point energy).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/vacuum_energy_drive.html (326 words)

	Vacuum energy - Science Articles
		Quantum field theory considers the vacuum ground state not to be completely empty, but to consist of a seething mass of virtual particles and fields.
		Some believe that vacuum energy might be the "dark energy" (also called quintessence) associated with the cosmological constant in General relativity, thought to be similar to a negative force of gravity.
		During the 1980s, there were many attempts to relate the fields that generate the vacuum energy to specific fields that were predicted by the Grand unification theory, and to use observations of the Universe to confirm that theory.
	www.physicspost.com /articles.php?articleId=202 (661 words)

	Cosmology Tutorial - Part 4
		The inflationary scenario invokes a vacuum energy density.
		The inflationary scenario proposes that the vacuum energy was very large during a brief period early in the history of the Universe.
		Furthermore, observations of distant supernovae have shown that most of the energy density of the Universe is a vacuum energy density (a "dark energy") like Einstein's cosmological constant that causes an accelerating expansion of the Universe.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/cosmo_04.htm (1238 words)

	Halfbakery: Vacuum Energy
		At the bottom, the generated electrical energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, which are stored under the high pressure of the seabed for later harvesting by the mother ship.
		Your limit on energy return is limited by mgh (mass x strength of gravity at the surface of the earth x height change).
		You'd reap more energy from the heat generated in the brain tissues of the people here, whilst they have tried to explain to you, in simple language, why this is a dud idea.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Vacuum_20Energy (1934 words)

	Energy from nowhere!
		The vacuum is not forced to be mere quantum fluctuations around an average state of true nothingness.
		Haisch and his colleagues had to deal with a problem familiar to every theorist trying to understand the vacuum, which is that estimates of the effects of vacuum energy inevitably end up having to add together all the frequencies of fluctuation that contribute to the total vacuum energy.
		This problem has prompted some theorists to search for a mechanism that forces the vacuum energy to be precisely zero, while Haisch and his colleagues have tried resorting to a rather obscure theory of gravity which was sketched out in the late 1960s by the Russian physicist Andrei Sakharov.
	twm.co.nz /Vac_energy_jse.html (3053 words)

	Exploiting Zero-Point Energy
		Residual energy must therefore exist in empty space: to be certain that the energy was zero, one would have to take energy measurements in that volume of space forever.
		Basically, the surface of the bubble is supposed to act as the Casimir force plates; as the bubble shrinks, it starts to exclude the bigger modes of the vacuum energy, which is converted to light.
		Another argument for a minuscule vacuum energy is that the fabric of space and time, though slightly curved near objects, is pretty much flat overall.
	www.padrak.com /ine/ZPESCIAM.html (2724 words)

	Speed of light² inverse to vacuum energy density - Forums powered by UBBThreads™ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		It has already been mentioned that an increase in vacuum energy density will result in an increase in the electrical permittivity and the magnetic permeability of space, since they are energy related.
		By doing so, there is less vacuum energy (which is composed of those possible energy states, to be simple) between the plates than outside.
		Now, this reduction in vacuum energy can be interpreted as a reduction in the creation of virtual particle pairs (equivalent approach basically), and these pairs absorb and emit light in a very fast, but finite time period.
	uplink.space.com /showflat.php?Cat=&Board=sciastro&Number=156429&page=0&view=collapsed&sb=5&o=0&fpart (821 words)

	1.3 Vacuum energy
		The cosmological constant turns out to be a measure of the energy density of the vacuum - the state of lowest energy - and although we cannot calculate the vacuum energy with any confidence, this identification allows us to consider the scales of various contributions to the cosmological constant [277, 33].
		This equivalence is the origin of the identification of the cosmological constant with the energy of the vacuum.
		Classically, the ``vacuum'' for this system is the state in which the particle is motionless and at the minimum of the potential (x =0), for which the energy in this case vanishes.
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-2001-1/node4.html (1093 words)

	ZPEnergy.com - A Commentary On Vacuum Energy
		Dirac's Hole Theory of the vacuum is part and parcel of a wave model that reveals an underlying structure to the vacuum which no one ever would have expected to exist IF the vacuum state was the end of the entropic road.
		The complete structure of the quantum vacuum, then, is a great matrix of sorts (caveat: my description) with energy on this side, negative energy on the other side, and the "vacuum state" (with maximum entropy, and hence maximum negentropy) in the middle---the boiling chaos of the spontaneous emission and annihilation of electron-positron pairs.
		The conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy involves the formula Q1Q2/r, where Q1 and Q2 are the charge of the electron and positron, and where r is the distance between them in the dipole.
	www.zpenergy.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1980 (1586 words)

	Destroyed by vacuum energy detonation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Contemporary scientific theories tell us that what we may see as vacuum is only vacuum on average, and actually thriving with vast amounts of particles and antiparticles constantly appearing and then annihilating each other.
		Therefore, vacuum energy could prove to be the most abundant energy source of any kind.
		The resulting release of energy would easily be enough to annihilate all of planet Earth and probably the Sun too.
	www.livescience.com /technology/10ways_destroyearth-6.html (159 words)

	Infinite Energy Magazine - Who We Are
		Vacuum energy, Zero Point Energy or "ZPE," Aether energy, or Space energy— descriptions of vast energy sources from the vacuum state.
		Therefore, providing tax-deductible support to the New Energy Foundation should be thought of as a significant investment in your future, that of your loved ones, and civilization at large.
		Furthermore, a future of abundant, clean energy has almost zero chance of emerging from the well-intentioned, beneficial, but limited world of wind-power, photovoltaics, and other conventional renewables— not to mention from the so-called controlled hot fusion program, which is lavishly funded with billions of dollars by governments to the exclusion of new energy.
	www.infinite-energy.com /whoarewe/whoarewe.html (666 words)

	vacuum
		So, when you ask about the energy density of the vacuum, you get different answers depending on whether the person answering you is basing their answer on general relativity or quantum field theory.
		However, the basic fact that the energy density of spacetime is very close to zero is almost unarguable: for it to be false, general relativity would have to be very wrong.
		For a calculation that explains why the vacuum having positive energy density means it has enough negative pressure to make the expansion of the universe accelerate, see the cosmological constant section of my website about the meaning of Einstein's equation.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/vacuum.html (1449 words)

	Cosmological Constant
		This term acts like a vacuum energy density, an idea which has become quite fashionable in high energy particle physics models since a vacuum energy density of a specific kind is used in the Higgs mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking.
		The vacuum energy density must be constant because there is nothing for it to depend on.
		One way to look for a vacuum energy density is to study the orbits of particles moving in the gravitational field of known masses.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/cosmo_constant.html (2264 words)

	The Cosmological Constant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The resulting state is referred to as the ``vacuum'' -- a somewhat stricter use of the word than that applied to the space in between planets and stars, which is actually filled with trace amounts of matter and radiation.
		The existence of a nonzero vacuum energy would, in principle, have an effect on gravitational physics on all scales; for example, it would alter the value of the precession of the orbit of Mercury.
		There are many effects which contribute to the total vacuum energy, including the potential energy of scalar fields and the energy in ``vacuum fluctuations'' as predicted by quantum mechanics, as well as any fundamental cosmological constant.
	pancake.uchicago.edu /~carroll/encyc (1913 words)

	Tapping the Vacuum Energy with Nanotechnology? - Science Articles
		We test the force in a vacuum so the atmosphere doesn’t push on the plates, we carefully ground the plates so that there is no charge difference or magnetic forces, and we block out exterior light sources so that extra photons don’t push them together.
		The cause of this force is speculated to be from the ambient fluctuations of the vacuum energy.
		According to the uncertainty principle, the vacuum is not devoid of disturbance.
	www.physicspost.com /articles.php?articleId=114 (809 words)

	SPACE.com -- Astrophysics Challenged By Dark Energy Finding
		The dark energy finding closes a loophole left by the second-greatest cosmological finding of the past century -- that the universe is not merely expanding (this is Edwin Hubble's finding of the 1920s, widely noted as the greatest cosmological finding of the past 100 years) but its expansion is accelerating.
		The dark energy confirmation comes on the heels of other closed loopholes that have shaken up the astrophysics world and lent more support to the accelerating universe idea.
		In the case of dark energy the simpler explanation is that dark matter -- as-yet-unidentified particles that comprise the bulk of the universe's mass -- and dark energy are really manifestations of a new theory of gravity.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/generalscience/darkenergy_folo_010410.html (1273 words)

	Sympathetic Vibratory Physics - John W. Keely's Sacred Science.
		There are occasional discussions on whether vacuum energy can be exploited, typically used to power electrical or mechanical devices, an example is Yam [361] (1997) who concludes that zero-point energy probably cannot be tapped, see also §3.7 where the exploitation of Casimir energy is discussed.
		Xue [399] (2000) presents and studies a possible mechanism of extracting energies from the vacuum by external classical fields.Taking a constant magnetic field as an example, he discusses why and how the vacuum energy can be released in the context of quantum field theories.
		If some particles in that vacuum have an effective energy of greater than 3K, maybe one can radiate them off to the night sky and leave their partner behind.
	www.svpvril.com /svpnotes/VACUUM_59345.html (437 words)

	Puthoff NASA paper
		At its most fundamental level, we now recognize that the quantum vacuum is an enormous reservoir of untapped energy, with energy densities conservatively estimated by Feynman and others to be on the order of nuclear energy densities or greater.
		In its application to energy generation, mode suppression would be used to perturb the hypothesized dynamic ground-state absorption/emission balance to lead to energy release (patent pending).
		This raises the possibility of utilizing a "sub-cosmic-ray" approach to accelerate protons in a cryogenically-cooled, collision-free vacuum trap and thus extract energy from the vacuum fluctuations by this mechanism.
	www.keelynet.com /gravity/putnasa.htm (3478 words)

	Taming the Fierce Energy of the Vacuum
		Here we may have to input a little energy to the rudder to "steer" the boat, but the energy and force for the heavy propulsive power is provided freely by the wind.
		This "equal and opposite" constraint upon change energy potential has the effect of bottling up any excess EM field energy that might be received by the system from its environment into a force-free stress potential.
		The excess energy (with appropriate net field) to do the extra work and power the inefficiencies of the system is furnished by the external environment.
	www.spiritofmaat.com /archive/feb2/bearden.htm (5662 words)

	ZPEnergy.com - ZPE vs Vacuum Energy
		Describing the virtual state as 'energy from the vacuum' is understood by me already, I don't have a problem with it.
		Thus – being ordered – these virtual energy changes of the source charge (actually to its mass-energy) would add repeatedly to the quantal level and be emitted as a quantum of EM radiation (a real observable photon).
		When we “conceive” the seething virtual state vacuum, filled with particles appearing and disappearing so fast that they are virtual state entities and not observable entities, we have already conceived of “momentary order appearing incessantly in that statistically disordered medium”.
	www.zpenergy.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2018 (3600 words)

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