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Topic: Vacuum state

Related Topics

Ground state

Supersymmetric

Virtual particle

Superpotential

Vacuum

Supersymmetry

Quantum harmonic oscillator

Relevant operator

Hilbert space

Black hole information paradox

Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Cosmic inflation

Supersymmetry breaking

Supersymmetry breaking scale

Inner product space

	Vacuum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In modern day usage vacuum is considered to exist in an enclosed space or chamber, when the pressure of gaseous environment is lower than atmospheric pressure (760 Torr or 101 kPa), or has been reduced as much as necessary to prevent the influence of some gas on a process being carried out in that space.
		Thus a vacuum of 26 inHg is equivalent to a pressure of (29.92 - 26) or 3.92 inHg.
		Vacuum fluctuations may also be related to the so-called cosmological constant in the theory of gravitation, if indeed this entity were to be observed in nature on a macroscopic scale.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vacuum (2971 words)

	Quantum electrodynamics in the squeezed vacuum state: Electron mass shift
		Due to the nonvanishing average photon population of the squeezed vacuum state, finite corrections to the scattering matrix are obtained.
		The squeezed vacuum is a fascinating nonclassical state of the quantized electromagnetic field [1].
		The dependence of the scattering matrix on the vacuum state of the theory and on exterior parameters has been studied previously for the thermal equilibrium [2], in cavity-quantum electrodynamics [3], on fractal space-time support [4] and, to some extent, in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields [5,6].
	tph.tuwien.ac.at /~svozil/publ/2000-sq.htm (837 words)

	Ground state - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In physics, the ground state of a quantum mechanical system is its lowest-energy state.
		An excited state is any state with energy greater than the ground state.
		According to the third law of thermodynamics, a system at absolute zero temperature exists in its ground state; thus, its entropy is determined by the degeneracy of the ground state.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Ground_state (130 words)

	vacuumtubes
		Vacuum tube designations around the world have always been a source of confusion, primarily because two different systems were developed.
		Vacuum tube rectifiers are slow to respond to power demands in general.
		This is one of the beneficial effects of the vacuum tube rectifiers - increased lifespan of the output tubes.
	www.angelfire.com /on/vacuumtubes (2647 words)

	Vacuum Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The root of the word vacuum is the Latin word vacuus (pl. vacua) which means a space devoid of matter.
		A perfect vacuum is an ideal state that cannot practically be obtained in a labroratory, nor even in outer space, where there are a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter at 10-14 Pascal or 10-16 Torr.
		In modern day usage vacuum is considered to exist in an enclosed space or chamber, when the pressure of gaseous environment is lower than atmospheric pressure (760 Torr), or has been reduced as much as necessary to prevent the influence of some gas on a process being carried out in that space.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Vacuum (3089 words)

	Vacuum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Much of outer space is for all practical purposes an almost perfect vacuum, with only a small number of atoms per cubic metre, the most common being hydrogen (H) and helium (He).
		The lowest possible energy state is called the zero-point energy and consists of a seething mass of virtual particles that have brief existance.
		In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment, using an interferometer to attempt to detect the change in the speed of light caused by the Earth moving with respect to the aether, was a famous null result, showing that there really was no pervasive medium throughout space.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/V/Vacuum.htm (2544 words)

	Quantum electrodynamics in the squeezed vacuum state: Electron mass and anomalous magnetic moment
		The dependece of the scattering matrix on the vacuum state of the theory and on exterior parameters has been studied for the thermal equilibrium [1], in cavity-quantum electrodynamics [2], on fractal space-time support [3] and, to some extent, in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields [4,5].
		Rathe it is assumed the squeezed vacuum state [7] exhibits a nonvanishing average photon density proportional to sinh
		Notice, however, that by defining the photon propagator, the squeezed vacuum state had to be assumed ``quasi-stationary,'' otherwise the final state of the vacuum cannot be identified with the initial state.
	tph.tuwien.ac.at /~svozil/publ/sq.htm (735 words)

	Vacuum energy - Science Articles :: Physics Post
		Quantum field theory considers the vacuum ground state not to be completely empty, but to consist of a seething mass of virtual particles and fields.
		Some believe that vacuum energy might be the "dark energy" (also called quintessence) associated with the cosmological constant in General relativity, thought to be similar to a negative force of gravity.
		During the 1980s, there were many attempts to relate the fields that generate the vacuum energy to specific fields that were predicted by the Grand unification theory, and to use observations of the Universe to confirm that theory.
	www.physicspost.com /articles.php?articleId=202 (787 words)

	Scientific American: FOLLOW-UP: What is the 'zero-point energy' (or 'vacuum energy') in quantum physics? Is it really ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Something funny happens when we use a free-field theory to study an interacting-field theory: the vacuum state of the free-field theory is different from vacuum state of the interacting-field theory.
		The vacuum state of the interacting-field theory may have more or less energy than that of the free-field theory; the difference is called the vacuum energy.
		Because the vacuum state of the interacting theory is the state of least energy in reality, there is no way to extract the vacuum energy and use it for anything.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=00045486-6600-1C71-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (1923 words)

	Johann Rafelski, Homepage, Professor of Physics, University of Arizona
		Many features of the structured vacuum have been studied in the past 20 years with a variety of methods, but one aspect, the appearance of a glue `condensate' field, i.e vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the gluon field-correlator, in the vacuum state is of particular relevance.
		The VP effect is based in the response of the vacuum to highly inhomogeneous field-strength, and is in general interpreted as a dielectric particle-hole (electron-positron) photon polarizibility.
		Nonlinear QED vacuum effects were in depth explored in the limit that gradients of the electromagnetic fields are insignificant on the scale of the electron Compton wave length.
	www.physics.arizona.edu /~rafelski/vacuum.html (1895 words)

	Vacuum state of the quantum string without anomalies in any number of dimensions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We would like to point out that, when the vacuum state is not annihilated by the decreasing operator, a set of negative-normed states appears.
		One can see the influence of the vacuum state (either (19) or (22)) on the value of the anomaly (respectively (21) or (23)).
		defined in ref. [14], and is null for the symmetrical vacuum.
	www.sif.it /cimento/toca/110.04/01/01.html (1537 words)

	GN Online: Iraqis ponder Islamic state amid vacuum
		That clearly strikes a chord with a population fumbling in the vacuum left by U.S-led forces who toppled the regime of Saddam Hussain but have yet to install an interim government.
		Calls for an Islamic state are certainly loud enough to catch the attention.
		We don't want a state like Iran, and the Americans won't accept a second Iran," said Daoud Khalaf, a 40-year-old teacher who says he is a practising Shiite Muslim.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=84964 (839 words)

	Quantum Research Institute Visitor Symposia 5/9/02 Fuentes-Guridi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thus, the effects of the vacuum field on the geometric evolution are unknown.
		For this, we consider the interaction of the particle with two modes of the field in the vacuum state which are mixed adiabatically to generate the phase.
		Using a scheme designed to det3ect the Berry phase of the joint state of a harmonic oscillator and a two level system using an ion trap [8], it is possible to measure this vacuum induced phase.
	www.lanl.gov /physics/qri/qri_abstracts_2002/05_09_02_fuentes.html (722 words)

	State Vacuum - Company Info
		State Vacuum of Tampa, Inc. began fifty-seven years ago as part of a chain of stores owned by international businessmen Sam Heller and Gilbert Owens.
		Stan was familiar with the vacuum industry, and was skilled in the servicing and repair of the appliances.
		State Vacuum's resources were used in part for community involvement.
	www.statejanitorsupply.com /info.asp (798 words)

	Hole Theory
		The vacuum state is the state with all negative-energy levels filled and all positive-energy levels empty, as show in figure 5.2.
		The vacuum is required to have all the negative-energy states occupied or positive-energy electrons could fall into the lower-energy unoccupied states.
		This appears to an observer relative to the vacuum as electron-positron pair annihilation with the emission of radiation (figure 5.3b).
	www.phys.ualberta.ca /~gingrich/phys512/latex2html/node63.html (717 words)

	THE DECAY OF THE FALSE VACUUM
		If the universe were based on the vacuum state in Figure 1, it is predicted that the symmetry between the electromagnetic and weak interactions would be quite obvious.
		In this analogy, the interior of the bubbles represent the vacuum state in the new phase, where the forces are distinguishable, embedded in the old symmetric phase where the nuclear, weak and electromagnetic forces are indistinguishable.
		As Figures 1 and 2 show, the minimum energy state of the false vacuum at 'A' before the GUT transition is at a higher energy than in the true vacuum state in 'B' after the transition.
	www.astronomycafe.net /anthol/decay.html (3199 words)

	The Energetic Vacuum: Implications For Energy Research
		To begin, without careful thought as to the role that the vacuum plays in particle-vacuum interactions, it would only be natural to assume that any attempt to extract energy from the vacuum might somehow violate energy conservation laws or thermodynamic constraints (as in misguided attempts to extract energy from a heat bath under equilibrium conditions).
		In this case vacuum-plus-plates-far-apart is a higher energy state than vacuum- plus-plates-close-together, and the combined system will decay from the higher-energy state to the lower, in the process creating kinetic energy, then heat, to conserve overall energy.
		Although demonstrating in principle the extraction of energy from the vacuum, Forward's embodiment is admittedly impractical for significant, continuous energy generation, for a number of reasons.
	www.ldolphin.org /energetic.html (3270 words)

	State Vacuum - Customer E-Mails, Letters and Testimonials
		The vacuum arrived a few days ago and it is every bit as effective and well-designed as you outlined.
		I have no idea where it all came from but this new vacuum is pulling it all out and leaving it totally clean and a totally different color to boot.
		Also, the vacuum arrived with broken wheels, which my wife was told would be forwarded ASAP with an additional 10 bags; that’s good business.
	www.statejanitorsupply.com /mail.asp (2737 words)

	Physics and Astronomy Forums - Gravitational Field Vacuum Radiation,
		The essensial description of such effect is that, "in any fluctuating media, the boundaries will change the vacuum state energy of the system and this change may cause interaction between boundaries and media".
		In this case we are expect that movement of the boundary change the vacuum state (increasing or decreasing).
		In expanding universe model, as the universe is expanding, the vacuum state of the universe's gravitational field goes under change, because the "3+1D space structure" is changing.
	www.physlink.com /Community/Forums/printthread.cfm?Forum=15&Topic=3009 (1487 words)

	Solid State Vacuum Switches by Vaccon Vacuum Products
		The VSS Series of solid state vacuum switches can be mounted directly onto Vaccon’s VP20, VP31 and VP61 series vacuum pumps and manifolds at the factory.
		The PSS Series of solid state pressure sensors are ideal for remote sensing of pressure vessels.
		Note 1: All solid state devices, sold individually, are mounted to a 1/8” thick base with a #10-32 female port.
	www.vaccon.com /solidstatevsw.html (443 words)

	Vacuum in hhysics and life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The first interesting problem is that the classical scheme of the construction of the vacuum state is not unique.
		To be more accurate, only the two subspaces of "positive frequency" and "negative frequency" solutions are relevant for the definition of the vacuum state, not the basis we use in these two subspaces.
		The problem with the GR background metric vacuum is that it is not "covariant".
	modernvacuum.com /main_2.html (248 words)

	Spontaneous symmetry breaking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Spontaneous symmetry breaking in physics takes place when a system that is symmetric with respect to some Lie group goes into a vacuum state that is not symmetric.
		However, once it falls into a specific stable vacuum state (corresponding to a choice of θ) this symmetry will be lost or spontaneously broken.
		In the Standard Model, spontaneous symmetry breaking is accomplished by using the Higgs boson and is responsible for the masses of the W and Z bosons.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/spontaneous_symmetry_breaking (340 words)

	Truth Quark, Higgs, and Vacua
		The second is the vacuum stability bound: the running Higgs coupling constant lambda(mu) should not become negative leading to the instability of the usual SM vacuum.
		The lower part of each curve coincides with the vacuum stability bound and the point in the top right hand corner, where it meets the triviality bound curve, is the quasifixed infra-red fixed point for that value of /\.
		This condition really means that the vacuum in which we live is just barely stable; we are just on the border of being killed by vacuum decay.
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/TQvacua.html (2735 words)

	Central and Built-In Vacuums from State Central Vacuum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		State Vacuum of Tampa, Inc. has been in the business of selling the finest residential, commercial, and industrial cleaning products for the past fifty-seven years.
		In 1995, State Vacuum was named the "Small Business of the Year" by the Greater Tampa Chamber of Commerce.
		If the vacuum is easier and more convenient to use, you tend to use it more frequently.
	www.statecentralvacuum.com (440 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Vacuum processing apparatus and method for producing an object to be processed
		a plurality of vacuum processing chambers that are disposed adjacent to said vacuum transfer chamber so as to communicate therewith or be isolated therefrom, and carry out prescribed processing on an object to be processed, in a vacuum state or a pressure-reduced state;
		a transfer mechanism, which is provided in said vacuum transfer chamber, which receives said object from said load-lock chamber, and transfers said object into said plurality of vacuum processing chambers, and at the same time, moves said object into said load-lock chamber after prescribed processing is completed;
	www.uspto.gov /web/patents/patog/week03/OG/html/1290-3/US06843883-20050118.html (305 words)

	Citebase - Gauge invariance and the vacuum state
		It is shown that for a Dirac field the assumption of gauge invariance impacts on the way the vacuum state is defined.
		It is shown that the conventional definition of the vacuum state must be modified to take into account the requirements of gauge invariance.
		However, it can also be shown that for the vacuum state to be the lowest energy state the Schwinger term must be nonzero.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?archiveID=oai:arXiv.org:quant-ph/9905021 (900 words)

	Citebase - A Note on a Proposal for the Tachyon State in Vacuum String Field Theory
		We demonstrate that this problem arises because the HK state does not satisfy the equations of motion in a strong sense required for the computation of D-brane tension from the on-shell 3-tachyon coupling.
		Using the data of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Neumann matrices in the 3-string vertex, we prove analytically that the ghost kinetic operator of vacuum string field theory obtained by Hata and Kawano is equal to the ghost operator inserted at the open string midpoint.
		Assuming that around the tachyon vacuum the kinetic term of cubic open string field theory is made purely of ghost operators we are led to gauge invariant actions which manifestly implement the absence of open string dynamics around this vacuum.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?archiveID=oai:arXiv.org:hep-th/0111153 (1236 words)

	The Decay of Squeezed States
		The decay of a squeezed coherent state is similar to that of a coherent state in many ways.
		For any temperature a squeezed coherent state must unsqueeze because both the vacuum state and the thermal state have variances of momentum and position which are equal.
		FieldApp is capable of generating two types of squeezed states: the squeezed coherent state and the squeezed vacuum state.
	webphysics.davidson.edu /Projects/AnAntonelli/node59.html (375 words)

	Vacuum Therapy - state of the art wound management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The aim of this site is to provide an independent, objective education service relating to all aspects of vacuum therapy and its role in wound care management.
		Vacuum therapy (topical negative pressure, TNP) has rapidly been adopted world-wide as an effective therapeutic tool in the management of acute and chronic wounds.
		We are therefore seeking to provide an independent forum to discuss and disseminate the latest clinical applications and other important educational issues.
	www.vacuumtherapy.co.uk (140 words)

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