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	Vacuum tube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Once the tube envelope is evacuated and sealed, the getter is heated to a high temperature (usually by means of RF induction heating) causing the material to evaporate, adsorbing/reacting with any residual gases and usually leaving a silver-colored metallic deposit on the inside of the envelope of the tube.
		Vacuum tubes inherently have higher resistance to the electromagnetic pulse effect of nuclear explosions.
		Tubes are also considered by many people in the audiophile, professional audio, and musician communities to have superior audio characteristics over transistor electronics, due to their warmer more natural tone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vacuum_tube (3863 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Vacuum tube - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Vacuum tubes, or tubes or thermionic valves are arrangements of electrodes surrounded by vacuum within an insulating, temperature-resistant envelope.
		Vacuum tubes resemble incandescent light bulbs, in that they have a filament sealed in a glass envelope, which has been evacuated of all air.
		Once the tube envelope is evacuated and sealed, extremely high voltages are applied to the tubes causing the getters to flash, burning up all the remaining oxygen in the envelope, and usually depositing a silver-colored ash on the inside of the envelope of the tube.
	www.kidsseek.com /encyclopedia-wiki/va/Vacuum_tubes (1838 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Vacuum tube
		In electronics, a vacuum tube (American English) or (thermionic) valve (British English) is a device generally used to amplify a signal.
		Unlike transistors, vacuum tubes are inherently immune to the electromagnetic pulse effect of nuclear explosions.
		Tubes are also considered by many people in the audiophile, professional audio, and musician communities to have superior audio characteristics over transistor electronics.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Vacuum_tube (3223 words)

	Vacuum tube operation at amateur grade vacuum. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When the vacuum was close to 10 microns, I would turn on the filament and notice an immediate climb in pressure from the hot filament outgassing.
		The first attempt of observing vacuum tube operation was to connect the cathode and plate to an old Tecktronix 575 curve tracer.
		With a given voltage applied to the filament one might be able to build a good vacuum gauge by using a vacuum tube connected to a bridge circuit and a meter.
	home.earthlink.net /~lenyr/vt-vac.htm (1075 words)

	Vacuum Tube Primer
		Tube amplifiers produce more (total) harmonic distortion, but the type they produce is referred to as even order distortion, and is not as harsh-sounding as the odd order distortion transistors produce.
		However, the major characteristic of the tube amplifier is the presence of strong second and third harmonics, sometimes in concert with the fourth and fifth, but always much greater in amplitude.
		The extreme difference in the tube amplifiers is the interchanging of the position of the second and third harmonics.
	www.audioasylum.com /audio/faq/tubeprimer.html (5640 words)

	Vacuum tube
		The number code of the tube indicates the heater voltage: for example, 12BY7A is a tube which has a heater operated at 12.6V (not 12 V), and 6 means 6.3 V (not 6 V).
		This tube is for use in oscillators and voltage amplifiers.
		This tube is of the MT type corresponding to a 6V6 GT tube - an AF amplifier tube.
	www.atatan.com /~s-ito/vacuum/vacuum.html (2998 words)

	Homemade Vacuum Tube Triode. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Commercial vacuum tubes use some kind of thorium treated filaments which allow them to emit electrons at a much lower temperature.
		This tube did not seem to respond as much to positive grid voltages as did the home evacuated factory made vacuum tube.
		The tube was evacuated in the same way as the previous experiments using the two shage Robinair vacuum pump.
	home.earthlink.net /~lenyr/hm-triode.htm (775 words)

	The Vacuum Tube Audio Page
		Back in the days when all stereos (monos?) were all vacuum tube, we didn't have those cute little mini-stereo systems the size of a bread box that are so popular today.
		The triode tube is comprised of a filament (cathode), a grid, and a plate (anode).
		One tube amplifies the positive portion, and one the negative portion of the signal.
	www.austinstereo.com /vacuumpage.html (1948 words)

	Assembling Together A Vacuum Tube Stereo System
		My goal in assembling a vacuum tube stereo system for myself was to re-create a system from the 1950's and 1960's.
		The downside of using a selenium rectifier is that as it ages, it is prone to breakdown.
		The key advantage of a vacuum tube stereo system compared to a solid state one, is that I can listen to the vacuum tube system for hours and hours at high volume without any fatigue.
	www.tnt-audio.com /clinica/ta/vacuumtube_e.html (1614 words)

	Vacuum tube
		A glass tube from which all gas has been removed, creating a vacuum.
		Vacuum tubes contained electrodes for controlling electron flow and were commonly used in early computers as a switch or an amplifier.
		Today, vacuum tubes are no longer used and have been replaced by transistors.
	www.computerhope.com /jargon/v/vacuumtu.htm (57 words)

	Vacuum Tube Basics
		There are several different tube numbering systems that you may see on tubes, which generally are a result of where they were built.
		There are many different tube substitution possibilities for those wishing to push the limits in the quest for unique performance, but our site is straightforward for those who just want to re-tube their amp without any extra concerns.
		Most modern amps are designed around current production tubes for the good reason that they know you will be able to re-tube your amp in the future, and so these modern designs tend to sound best with current tubes.
	www.thetubestore.com /tubeinfo.html (959 words)

	FAQ
		It is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of all tubes currently made around the world, we suggest you consult with tube manufacturers or dealers for other types.
		Suggest contacting audio tube dealers, if they don't have any then the amp must be converted to 6L6GCs (this is a considerable modification, it will give less output power).
		One of only two large sweep tubes still being made, 509 is made in Russia by SED (C logo).
	www.vacuumtube.com /FAQ.htm (3747 words)

	Vacuum Tube Amplifier Circuits and Equations
		Following is a collection of tube amplifier circuits and equations.
		Note that Rl is ignored in the output impedance calcuations for the output, not because it doesn't affect output impedance of the overall circuit, but because output impedance is traditionally the impedance of the output of that gain stage looking back into the output.
		Note that Rl is ignored in the output impedance calcuations for output 1, not because it doesn't affect output impedance of the overall circuit, but because output impedance is traditionally the impedance of the output of that gain stage looking back into the output.
	www.aikenamps.com /Equations.htm (854 words)

	The Vacuum Tube
		A vacuum tube is just that: a glass tube surrounding a vacuum (an area from which all gases have been removed).
		Then the diode was known as a "valve," because it forced current in the tube to travel exclusively in one direction.
		coast to coast phone system and vacuum tubes soon found their way into everything from hearing aids to radios to televisions.
	www.pbs.org /transistor/science/events/vacuumt.html (411 words)

	Vacuum Tubes
		he Edison effect, the appearance of an electric current flowing between a heated cathode and an anode in an evacuated tube, was a mysterious phenomenon when it was discovered in 1882; it was not understood how electric current could pass through a vacuum.
		In 1911, he succeeded in fabricating a ductile form of tungsten which provided the filaments for modern incandescent lamps and also patented a thoriated cathode with improved emission for use in vacuum tubes.
		His discoveries about the emission of electrons from cathodes and their behavior in vacuum tubes formed the basis for the design of a variety of tube types.
	www.ee.umd.edu /~taylor/Electrons3.htm (639 words)

	THE VACUUM TUBE PAGE
		Vacuum tubes were supposed to have become obsolete twenty five years ago but chances are you are reading this on the end of one.
		Vacuum tubes still have some applications as high power pulse switches, high end audio and guitar amplifiers, some high power R.F. applications, and in microwave ovens..
		Hydrogen thyratrons typically use a heater to liberate hydrogen inside the tube (In addition to the filament supply.),and are capable of switching kilovolts in nanoseconds.
	www.ee.ualberta.ca /~schmaus/elect/tubes.html (1839 words)

	Norman Koren Vacuum tube audio page
		I'm firmly convinced that tube amplifier design is mired in a dark age and most so-called "progress" is advertising hype.
		Tubemods.zip Shift-click to download the tube models as a compressed file which must be "unzipped" with Pkunzip, Winzip or a similar program.
		Vacuum Tube Valley Strong on projects and history.
	www.normankoren.com /Audio (1827 words)

	N9TEW TUBES SALES
		A list of the most popular tubes is provided on this web site, We make every attempt to keep the pricing information current prices are subject to change without notice.
		I love vintage tube type radios and I hope I can help you keep those radios working.This a one man operation so always be patient.
		Tubes plus rf amp repair Alan is a good tech If you need repairs or mods done to Rf amps
	hamtubes.com /tubes (270 words)

	Steve's Tube Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This was a tube tester that allows you to test a number of different tube types for transconductance and mu, thus providing all the information about the tube.
		Since tubes are not normally "characterized" for inverted mode operation, the characteristics are not necessarily uniform from manufacturing style to manufacturing style.
		This is my "miscellaneous" section, covering various items of interest, such as how tubes age, differences between brands of tubes, distortion characteristics related to tube type and topology, lifetime information for tubes, "guts" of a tube and related tube info.
	members.aol.com /sbench101 (3806 words)

	Vacuum Tubes, Inc. Homepage, Electron Tubes
		Also, there are "bid lists" of tubes that we are buying for stock, and a "want list" of tubes that I am looking for for my personal collection.
		All used tubes are tested on a transconductance tester.
		Power output tubes are matched for plate current and transconductance (within 5% for both parameters).
	www.vacuumtubesinc.com (647 words)

	The Invention of the Vacuum Tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		employed a conducting filament mounted in a glass bulb from which the air was evacuated leaving a vacuum.
		Passing electricity through the filament caused it to heat up enough to become incandescent and radiate light, while the vacuum prevented the filament from oxidizing and burning up.
		to experiment with his light bulbs and, in 1883, found that he could detect electrons flowing through the vacuum from the lighted filament to a metal plate mounted inside the bulb.
	www.maxmon.com /1883ad.htm (276 words)

	Vacuum Tube Software
		VTDATA's database also includes vacuum tubes of historical interest, such as the early "two digit" types (45, 80, etc.) and hi-fi audio types.
		Each section of the tube (if the tube has more than one) is displayed in the center left box.
		The number of different Tube Types in your collection will be displayed at the bottom of the screen (146 in this example).
	collectionexplorer.com /vtdata (1066 words)

	Vacuum Tube Audio
		The voltages present in vacuum tube equipment are LETHAL.
		This, while not entirely intuitive is quite easy to use once you have figured out how to enable the tube models (or somebody has shown you how).
		While a bit limited in the number of nodes it will analyse, it is good for filter and network design, also for "getting on the page" with DC coupled stuff e.t.c.
	members.tripod.com /richard984/vacuum_tube_audio.htm (687 words)

	Vacuum Tubes, Electron Tubes, Tubes, Tube Testers and Electronic Parts
		Also, I'm beginning to post Tube Testers For Sale Click here or the Tube Testers Link on the Navigation Bar to the left.
		I know that these are Siemens by looking at the 6 symbol code at the bottom of the tube (see picture).
		These are the beautiful looking and beautiful sounding 5Y3G tubes which have the "ST" or "Coke Bottle" shape.
	www.vacuumtubes.com (377 words)

	Vacuum tubes @ thetubestore. New and NOS electron tubes for any amplifier.
		If you aren't sure about which valve you need, or what tubes you can substitute, let us help you.
		More electron tubes can be found in our collection of New Old Stock (NOS).
		You can also learn more about vacuum tubes and tube amplifiers.
	thetubestore.com (156 words)

	ATSI Advantage Tube Services
		The highest quality vacuum tubes for high-end audio, guitar amps, radio and industry.
		Tubes are listed by type within each catalog section alphabetically and numerically.
		VACUUM TUBE CATALOG: SUPER PRMIUM CRYOGENICALLY TREATED TUBES.
	www.tubeman.com (310 words)

	Vacuum Tube Sound Samples
		I was looking for a good vintage distortion box and was interested in learning about vacuum tube stuff (this stuff is cool!), so this project was a good intro.
		The left channel is the signal as picked up by a microphone in front of the built-in speaker, and the right channel is the direct input taken from the speaker terminals.
		Output from the MiniBlok II push-pull version is now also available for comparison both with the source signal, and with the output from the single-ended version.
	www.dogstar.dantimax.dk /tubestuf/sounds.htm (1209 words)

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