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Topic: Valence

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	Valence electron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons contained in the valence shell (the outermost electron level) of an atom, and which are likely to participate in a chemical reaction through bonding with other atoms, molecules, or ions.
		The number of valence electrons in an atom determines the chemical properties of that element; therefore, elements with the same number of valence electrons have very similar chemical properties.
		Valence electrons are also shared between atoms or ions to form chemical bonds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Valence_electron (185 words)

	Whitney Artport: Benjamin Fry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Valence can be used for visualizing almost anything, from the contents of a book to website traffic, or for comparing different texts or data sources.
		In the 2002 Whitney Biennial, Valence is used for comparing the genomes of the human, fruitfly, and mouse.
		Valence functions as an aesthetic "context provider," setting up relationships between data elements that might not be immediately obvious, and that exist beneath the surface of what we usually perceive.
	www.whitney.org /artport/exhibitions/biennial2002/fry.shtml (580 words)

	Valence Bond Thoery
		Valence Bond Theory was developed by Linus Pauling and others in the late 1930's to explain bonding and molecular geometry with one underlining theory.
		Using the valence bond approach, the geometry of the molecule is determined by which "hybrid" atomic orbitals form the hybrid orbital set used by any particular atom for bonding.
		to describe molecular bonding using valence bond concepts of hybridized atomic orbitals and bonds arising from the mutual"overlap" of atomic and/or hybrid orbitals.
	www.csubak.edu /~mdutton/u8c211.html (757 words)

	Valence Shell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The outermost, or valence, electrons relative to the nucleus are chiefly responsible for the...
		The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom, which contains the electrons most likely to account for the nature of any reactions involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has with other atoms.
		In terms of atomic orbitals, the electrons in the valence shell are distributed 2 in the single s orbital and 2 each in the three p orbitals.
	www.wikiverse.org /valence-shell (309 words)

	valence, in chemistry. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The valence of an atom is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost, or valence, shell.
		The valence of many elements is determined from their ability to combine with hydrogen or to replace it in compounds.
		Atoms are assigned numbers, called valence numbers, oxidation numbers, or oxidation states, which range in value from -4 through 0 to +7 and describe the combining behavior of the atoms in chemical reactions, particularly oxidation-reduction reactions (see oxidation and reduction).
	www.bartleby.com /65/va/valence.html (545 words)

	valence - definition by dict.die.net
		valence n 1: (biology) a relative capacity to unite or react or interact as with antigens or a biological substrate [syn: valency] 2: (chemistry) a property of atoms or radicals; their combining power given in terms of the number of hydrogen atoms (or the equivalent) [syn: valency]
		Valence in degree may extend as high as seven or eight, as in the cases of iodine and osmium respectively.
		The doctrine of valence has been of fundamental importance in distinguishing the equivalence from the atomic weight, and is an essential factor in explaining the chemical structures of compounds.
	dict.die.net /valence (184 words)

	Business Wire: Alberto Mantovani Joins Valence Semiconductor; ... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Valence is one of few companies designing silicon solutions, reference designs and systems in pure CMOS that enable its customers to produce solutions for everyday life that are simple, intuitive and cost-effective.
		Valence Semiconductor is a rapidly growing mixed-signal communications semiconductor company that specializes in designing highly integrated, advanced silicon solutions that enable the transmission of voice, video, audio and data within home and office network environments.
		Valence is one of only a handful of companies with proven success in providing high-speed, mixed-signal and RF (radio frequency) designs in deep sub-micron CMOS that yield low-cost, low-power consumption and highly integrated solutions.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:79569115&refid=holomed_1 (734 words)

	valence -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Valence lies on the left bank of the Rhône River.
		Built on a succession of terraces bordering the Rhône, the town is dominated by the ancient Cathedral of Saint-Apollinaire, which was consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1095 and completed early in the 12th century.
		The most useful rationalizing characteristic of an element is its valence, which was originally defined in terms of the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that could attach to an atom of the...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9074681 (803 words)

	Valence Technology Announces Release Date for Second Quarter 2003
		Valence is a leader in the development and commercialization of Saphion(tm) technology and Lithium-ion polymer rechargeable batteries.
		Valence has more than 807 issued and pending patents worldwide, including 262 issued in the U.S. The company has facilities in Austin, Texas, Henderson, Nev.
		Valence is traded on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol VLNC and can be found on the Internet at www.valence.com.
	www.theautochannel.com /news/2002/10/30/149703.html (249 words)

	Valence & Hybridization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The number of atoms which are typically bonded to a given atom is termed the valence of that atom.
		Thus, in the examples shown below, hydrogen would have a valence of one, oxygen would have a valence of two, nitrogen and boron would have a valence of three, and carbon would have a valence of four.
		In this representation, the valence of carbon is still four, with the double bond counting for two.
	chipo.chem.uic.edu /web1/ocol/SB/1-3.htm (952 words)

	Valence Technology Batteries Helps Drive Move to Hybrid Vehicles by Tripling Fuel Efficiency
		Valence Technology Inc., provider of Saphion(R) technology, the industry's first commercially available, safe, large-format lithium-ion rechargeable battery technology, is at the forefront powering a variety of hybrid and electric vehicles.
		Valence Technology's batteries are also maintenance-free and offer longer life, better energy storage characteristics and lower overall ownership costs when compared to other battery types, such as lead-acid and nickel-metal-hydride.
		Valence holds an extensive, worldwide portfolio of issued and pending patents relating to its Saphion technology and lithium-ion rechargeable batteries.
	www.theautochannel.com /news/2005/07/21/138057.html (621 words)

	Valence Bond and MO models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Linus Pauling became the champion of the valence bond model, which is easier to visualize and use.
		is formed from hydrogen atoms, the valence bond model says that an s-orbital on one atom overlaps with an s-orbital on the other to form a bond.
		One of the problems that Pauling encountered early in his pioneering efforts with valence bond theory is clearly exemplified by a simple valence bond picture of the bonding in water.
	wulfenite.fandm.edu /Intro_to_Chem/valence_bond_and_mo_models.htm (844 words)

	Valence Batteries Launched in 3 New Segway Products
		Valence's Saphion(R) technology doubles the range of the Segway(R) Human Transporter (HT) flagship model and was designed to be compatible with all three of Segway LLC's new models.
		Valence is a leader in the development and commercialization of Saphion(R) technology, the only safe large format Lithium-ion rechargeable battery technology.
		Valence is traded on the NASDAQ SmallCap Market under the symbol VLNC and can be found on the Internet at www.valence.com.
	www.theautochannel.com /news/2005/03/01/000329.html (714 words)

	Valence Electrons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Valence electrons are those electrons that an atom uses in forming a bond with another atom.
		Generally, these electrons are found in the outermost shell of an element, regardless of whether any subshell of a lower shell is completely full.
		Potassium is located in group IA and therefore has 1 valence electron.
	www.scientia.org /cadonline/Chemistry/periodictable/valectrons.ASP (202 words)

	genome valence \| ben fry
		With several 'genome' projects nearing states of completion, a primary use of the data for biologists is to search for a sequence of letters and see if it's found in the genome of another organism.
		Valence originated as a project for my master's thesis which focussed on using properties of organic systems as a method for dealing with large amounts of data from dynamic sources.
		The sequencing of the human genome and other related projects present fascinating challenges for how we process and understand information--now that we have the data, we need to figure out how to understand and apply it.
	acg.media.mit.edu /people/fry/genomevalence (519 words)

	Valence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In psychology and neuroscience, valence refers to the emotional value associated with a stimulus; e.g., a familiar face can have positive valence.
		Valence is the name of several communes of France:
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Valence (96 words)

	Valence - Wikipédia
		Valence, ville d'Espagne, chef-lieu de la communauté autonome de Valence et de la province de Valence ;
		Valence, commune française et préfecture de la Drôme (F26000) ; dite Valence-sur-Rhône ; gentilé : Valentinois ;
		Valence, commune française de Tarn-et-Garonne (F82400) ; dite Valence-d'Agen ; gentilé : Valenciens ;
	fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/valence (93 words)

	Chemical Bonding
		Unlike the alkali metals which tend to give up their valence electron to achieve a noble gas configuration, the halogens in group 7A (with 7 valence electrons) tend to gain an electron in reactions to attain a full octet of electrons.
		Valence electrons not used for bonding are referred to as lone pair electrons or nonbonding electrons.
		In Valence Bond Theory, bonding is viewed as occurring by the overlap of two atomic orbitals, one from each atom.
	chemistry.armstrong.edu /P1/Bonding.html (804 words)

	Chemical Bonding Concept/Skills Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		What is the relation between the number of valence electrons in atoms of an element and the element's placement in the periodic table?
		Include examples and state the trend in valence electrons within a group on the periodic table.
		This is not surprising, since valence electrons determine chemical properties which, in turn, determine element placements in the table.
	www.okstate.edu /jgelder/bondpage26.html (539 words)

	valence \| ben fry
		Valence is a set of software sketches about building representations that explore the structures and relationships inside very large sets of information.
		Genome Valence is the most recent incarnation of this software.
		This page primarily covers the original version of Valence (first developed in early 1999), which was developed as part of my Master's Thesis titled Organic Information Design.
	acg.media.mit.edu /people/fry/valence (801 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Valence
		Valence, the same street that was home to the Neville Brothers and their family.
		Valence's batteries have enabled a five-fold increase in the runtime and range of the Andros Mark V-A1 robot, which normally uses lead-acid batteries.
		Valence is a leader in the development and commercialization of Saphion technology, the only safe, large-format Lithium-ion rechargeable battery technology.
	chemistry.surfwax.com /files/Valence.html (4602 words)

	Valence, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Valence, Inc was founded in 1993 specializing in embedded memory design.
		The reduced area is achieved through design techniques without compromising the robustness of the memory cell.
		Valence is developing a Dual Port compiler based on CrossLink that will be available soon.
	www.valence-inc.com /aboutus.asp (424 words)

	Valence-Segway-Saphion-Li-ion batteries
		Valence Technology, the developer of the Saphion large format Lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable battery technology, recently announced that its Li-ion batteries were introduced on Segway LLC’s new 2005 products.
		Valence’s Saphion technology doubles the range of the Segway Human Transporter flagship model (allowing it to travel up to 24 miles on a single charge) and was designed to be compatible with all three of Segway LLC’s new models.
		Valence Technology Inc. worked with Segway LLC to develop Saphion Li-ion batteries for the Segway HT i180, Segway XT and Segway GT.
	powerelectronics.com /news/transporters-adopt-li-ion/index.html (386 words)

	valence on Encyclopedia.com
		Frequency and valence effects with word stimuli from large, empirically derived stimulus sets.
		L'ancien entraîneur de Valence Rafael Benitez, mardi à Valence Le départ surprise de l'entraîenur Rafael Benitez, considér.
		La marina de Valence La ville de Valence a été choisie par les organisateurs suisses de la Coupe de l'America à la voile p.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/v1/valence.asp (623 words)

	Available software and resources for performing Bond Valence Calculations - Methods, Problems and Solutions - CCP14 ...
		See: http://barns.ill.fr/dif/icsd/icsd_bonds.html#Bonds In fact the calculation is trivial if you have a list of all the bond lengths and the table of empirical parameters for the various ion-pairs.
		Be a little careful in interpreting the bond valence sums, as David Brown himself points out in: J.Solid State Chem.
		"Valence sum rule calculations for YBa2Cu3O7." This paper may be a little too pessimistic :-) but it is true that ions in general must occupy positions that may not be the ideal size.
	www.ccp14.ac.uk /solution/bond_valence (378 words)

	General Chemistry Online: Glossary:
		The number of hydrogen atoms that typically bond to an atom of an element.
		O, oxygen has a valence of 2; carbon in CH has a valence of four.
		, a valence bond is a chemical bond formed by overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/glossary/v.shtml (594 words)

	Is Valence Drained? [Fool.com: Motley Fool Take] June 17, 2005
		Valence Technology (Nasdaq: VLNC) tries to generate cash by plowing huge sums of money into "phosphate-based lithium-ion technology." This confusing string of words basically means that the company can take a laptop or cell phone battery and safely make it more powerful.
		But despite the potential, given its cash burn status, Valence is a speculative play that investors would do well to pass on.
		But in the case of Valence, investors should look closely at the historical performance before jumping in and consider leaving this one for the billionaires (one name comes to mind -- financier Carl Berg -- who has intermittently provided the company with, yup, you guessed it, financing).
	www.fool.com /News/mft/2005/mft05061715.htm?ref=foolwatch (573 words)

	The Cherry Valence - We Are... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Cherry Valence was born in Raleigh, Nawth Cack-a-lacka during the last leg of the 20th Century.
		By the time "Riffin" was released the Cherry Valence had become a well-oiled rhythm and energy machine and had hit every festival from Sleazefest to Garage Shock to CMJ to SXSW.
		The classic Cherry Valence line-up, that being Paul Siler, Cheetie Kumar, Jamie Williams, Nick Whitley, and Brian Quast mutually decided to move on to pursue different ventures during the Spring of 2004.
	www.thecherryvalence.com /weare.html (445 words)

	PCWorld.com - Mobile Battery Problems Explode (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Because Valence claims to offer a safer alternative, I also spoke with Atakan Ozbek, director of energy research at Allied Business Intelligence, an independent technology research think tank, and to Sandrine Colson-Inam, general manager at Cell Expert North America, another independent technology research company.
		Valence has come up with a new active material for lithium-ion batteries based on phosphates rather than oxides.
		The next generation from Valence will be small enough to use as a direct replacement for your current laptop battery and will be available next year.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,113980,00.asp (581 words)

	Chemical Valence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The most likely formula for a chemical compound is when the number of atoms X the valence number [assume it to be positive] of that element, equals the number of atoms X the valence number [assume it to be negative] sum to zero, or the net charge on the compound, for example, (SO4)^ -2.
		Although the concept of valence is firmly based on the quantum mechanics of atoms, in practice it is an empirical counting game that a student basically has to memorize the common valences associated with an element.
		So Ca++ has a valence of +2, Cl- has a valence of -1, and they combine to form CaCl2, table salt, in which one positive valence of +2 and one negative valence of -1 sum to give a net charge of zero.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/chem00/chem00039.htm (343 words)

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