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	Chemical Bonding Concept/Skills Development
		[Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an atom are known as valence electrons.
		Include examples and state the trend in valence electrons within a group on the periodic table.
		This is not surprising, since valence electrons determine chemical properties which, in turn, determine element placements in the table.
	www.okstate.edu /jgelder/bondpage26.html (539 words)

	Electron Summary
		Our understanding of how electrons behave has been significantly modified during the past century, the greatest advances being the development of quantum mechanics in the 20th century and the idea of particle-wave duality, that is, that electrons show either wave-like or particle-like properties.
		The electron is very similar to the two more massive particles of higher generations, the muon and the tau lepton, which are identical in charge, spin, interaction but differ in mass.
		The antimatter counterpart of the electron is the positron.
	www.bookrags.com /Electron (7793 words)

	General Chemistry Online: Glossary: Electrons in atoms
		The configuration of an atom is obtained by inserting one electron into the configuration of the atom immediately to its left on the periodic table.
		Electron spin is sometimes called a "twoness" property because it can have two values, referred to as "spin up" and "spin down".
		Electrons that can be actively involved in chemical change; usually electrons in the shell with the highest value of n.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/electrons/glossary.shtml (1144 words)

	valence electron
		Electron in the outermost shell of an atom.
		It is the valence electrons that are involved in the formation of ionic and covalent bonds (see molecule).
		The number of electrons in this outermost shell represents the maximum possible valence for many elements and matches the number of the group that the element occupies in the periodic table of the elements.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0030590.html (227 words)

	Lewis Structures
		The Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) of each ion is used to construct the Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) for the ionic compound.
		In a covalent compound, electrons are shared between atoms to form a covalent bond in order that each atom in the compound has a share in the number of electrons required to provide a stable, Noble Gas, electronic configuration.
		Electrons in the Lewis Structure (electron dot diagram) are paired to show the bonding pair of electrons.
	www.ausetute.com.au /lewisstr.html (474 words)

	Chemical Reactions
		The number of electrons metal atoms will lose (and the charge they will take on) is equal to the number of electrons in the atom's valence shell.
		For all of the elements in group A of the periodic table, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number.
		Thus helium, with two electrons, already has a full valence shell and falls into the group of elements that tend not to react with others, the noble gases.
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?mid=54&l=&c3= (901 words)

	Electronic Properties
		This is the electron affinity in the case of a non-metal.
		Electrons are bound to atoms and corrections are added for overlap of the electron density produced by different atoms.
		The finite wavelength of the electrons causes Friedel oscillations in the electron density near the surface (this is analogous to what happens when one tries to express a step function as a sum of sinusoidal functions up to a maximum frequency).
	www.virginia.edu /ep/SurfaceScience/electron.html (2062 words)

	SparkNotes: Atomic Structure: Electron Configuration and Valence Electrons
		The outermost orbital shell of an atom is called its valence shell, and the electrons in the valence shell are valence electrons.
		Valence electrons are the highest energy electrons in an atom and are therefore the most reactive.
		The electron configurations of the first ten elements are shown below (note that the valence electrons are the electron in highest energy shell, not just the electrons in the highest energy subshell).
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/fundamentals/atomicstructure/section2.rhtml (988 words)

	Valence Electrons
		So generally speaking, the number of valence electrons stays the same as you go up or down a group, but they increase as you go from left to right across the periodic table.
		Well, since the valence electrons are the electrons in the highest energy level, they are the most exposed of all the electrons...
		An electron dot diagram consists of the element's symbol surrounded by dots that represent the valence electrons.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch104-06/valence_electrons.htm (655 words)

	Electron Configurations & The Periodic Table
		In the third period of the table, the atoms all have a neon-like core of 10 electrons, and shell #3 is occupied progressively with eight electrons, starting with the 3s-orbital.
		Transfer of the lone 3s electron of a sodium atom to the half-filled 3p orbital of a chlorine atom generates a sodium cation (neon valence shell) and a chloride anion (argon valence shell).
		These electron sharing diagrams (Lewis formulas) are a useful first step in understanding covalent bonding, but it is quicker and easier to draw Couper-Kekulé formulas in which each shared electron pair is represented by a line between the atom symbols.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/intro2.htm (2116 words)

	Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It is to use this distribution of electrons to predict the shape of the molecule.
		The force of repulsion between a pair of nonbonding electrons and a pair of bonding electrons is somewhat smaller, and the repulsion between pairs of bonding electrons is even smaller.
		Molecular geometries based on an octahedral distribution of valence electrons are easier to predict because the corners of an octahedron are all identical.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/vsepr.html (1344 words)

	Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
		The result of this is that the electron pairs around a given atom are arranged at the vertices of a regular polyhedron, with the number of vertices of the polyhedron being the number of electron pairs.
		The electrons in a lone pair experience attraction to only one atom, as they are unshared, and so are considered to be closer to the nucleus than the electrons in a bonding pair.
		The repulsion between an electron pair and a single electron is lower than that between electron pairs, and this will affect the shape in a similar way to the presence of the different repulsion between bonding and lone pairs.
	www.everyscience.com /Chemistry/Inorganic/Molecular_Structure/b.1026.php (585 words)

	SparkNotes: Organic Atomic Structure: Electron Configuration and Valence Electrons
		The outermost shell of an atom is its valence shell, and the electrons in the valence shell are valence electrons.
		While inner electrons (those not in the valence shell) typically don't participate in chemical bonding and reactions, valence electrons can be gained, lost, or shared to form chemical bonds.
		The electron configurations for the first and second row elements are shown in figure 2.2 in simplified notation.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/organic1/atomicstructure/section2.rhtml (571 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Diode Lasers - Interactive Java Tutorial
		Instead, the bonding role is undertaken by electrons residing in the valence band, which consists of electrons at higher energy levels that interact in pairs to form somewhat-localized bonds between the atoms of the solid.
		Conduction band electrons are similar in energy to electrons that have been elevated to an excited state in individual atoms or molecules, and these have a high degree of freedom to move about within the solid.
		In insulators, the valence band is fully occupied and the only means by which an electron can move from atom to atom is for a valence electron to be displaced into the conduction band, which requires a substantial expenditure of energy.
	www.olympusfluoview.com /java/diodelasers (3095 words)

	valence electron
		An electron that can be actively involved in chemical change.
		A valence electron is usually an electron in the shell with the highest value of principal quantum number (n).
		; the 3s electron is the only valence electron in the atom.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/valenceelectron.html (95 words)

	Lewis Structures
		Electron dot formulation also referred to as Lewis Dot Structures seek to symbolize the atom as a symbol representing what is called the "core" which involves the nucleus and all but the valence outermost electrons.
		Since their valence electrons are all paired up, this would suggest that the Noble gases don't normally form bonding associations since each Noble gas are quite satisfied having a complete octet of valence electrons.
		The remaining 6 electrons in the valence pool we began with in step 1 will be assigned to the Chlorine as lone (or non-bonding) pairs (3 pairs shown as three pairs of dots in the Lewis Structure).
	members.aol.com /profchm/lewis.html (1810 words)

	The first property to explore is atomic radius.
		Remember, and this is important, the valence electrons are in the outer most level of the atom (the furthest from the nucleus).
		Since valence electrons are all in the same level, they feel a greater attraction to the nucleus as we move across the period.
		Since the valence electrons are furthest from the nucleus (outer most level) the inner core electrons (shown in red in the table above) shield the outer electrons from some of the positive charge on the nucleus.
	intro.chem.okstate.edu /1314F00/Lecture/Chapter7/Lec111300.html (2187 words)

	Chemical Bonding
		Lewis Dot Structures: Lewis dot structures are a shorthand to represent the valence electrons of an atom.
		The bonding electrons are placed between the atoms and can be represented by a pair of dots or a dash (each dash represents one pair of electrons, or one bond).
		Because the valence electrons in the water molecule spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms, the oxygen end of the molecule develops a partial negative charge (because of the negative charge on the electrons).
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?c3=1&mid=55&l= (1511 words)

	Electron Dot Structures
		Electron dot structure - valence electrons are represented by dots placed around the chemical symbol.
		Electrons are placed up to two on each side of the elemental symbol for a maximum of eight, which is the number of electrons in a filled s and p shell.
		Electrons in bonds are considering in counting the electrons in both atoms involved in the bond.
	www.uoregon.edu /~ch111/L12.htm (396 words)

	Doria E. Hillsman
		The ideal bond angle which places each electron pair as far apart as possible and equidistant from each other is 109.5 degrees - also known as the tetrahedral angle.
		Furthermore, Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory, sometimes known as Electron Domain Theory, tells us that the repulsion between electron pairs will dictate the shape of the molecule in such a way that renders them are as far apart as possible.
		These unshared pairs have more "repulsive power" than the electrons that are engaged in bonding and they can distort the geometry of the molecules.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~hillsmad/MCE2/506_Valence_Shell.htm (334 words)

	Valence Electrons
		Valence electrons are those electrons that are in the highest principle energy level.
		Experimental evidence shows us that atoms are most stable when they have full s and p orbitals (8 valence electrons) in their highest principle energy level.
		If atoms don't have 8 valence electrons (or two if they are close to He), then they will react with other atoms in order to have 8 valence electrons.
	chemsite.lsrhs.net /bonding/valenceElectrons.html (383 words)

	Valence Electrons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The electrons in the outermost shell are the valence electrons
		As a result, the force of attraction between each electron and the nucleus of the other atom is larger than the force of repulsion between the two nuclei, as long as the nuclei are not brought too close together.
		The net result of pairing the electrons and placing them between the two nuclei is a system that is more stable than a pair of isolated atoms if the nuclei are close enough together to share the pair of electrons, but not so close that repulsion between the nuclei becomes too large.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/index.php (2267 words)

	The Valence Shell
		Atoms with few electrons in their valence shell tend to have more free electrons since these valence electrons are more loosely bound to the nucleus.
		In some materials like copper, the electrons are so loosely held by the atom and so close to the neighboring atoms that it is difficult to determine which electron belongs to which atom.
		The valence shell is the outer shell of the atom.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/valenceshell.htm (350 words)

	Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
		Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, VSEPR, is a super-simple technique for predicting the shape or geometry of atomic centres in small molecules and molecular ions:
		If the structure is a molecular ion, add one valence electron for each negative charge and remove one valence electron for each positive charge.
		Methane, CH ammonia, NH, the ammonium ion, [NH and the nitranion (amide ion), [NH [above] all have eight electrons in the valence shell of the central atom and all have a total coordination number of 4.
	www.chemistry-drills.com /VSEPR.php (754 words)

	CHEMystery: Atomic Structure and Bonding: Electron Configurations
		The distributions of electrons among the orbitals of an atom is the atom's electronic structure or electron configuration.
		The valence shell or the outer shell (the shell with the highest energy level) is the one mainly responsible for how an element reacts to form compounds.
		The core electrons are the rest of the electrons, and they are buried deep within the atom and usually do not play a role in chemical reactions.
	library.thinkquest.org /3659/structures/electronconfig.html (740 words)

	General Chemistry Online: Glossary:
		O, oxygen has a valence of 2; carbon in CH has a valence of four.
		A model that explains the shapes of molecules by assuming that electron pairs arrange themselves around atoms in a way that minimizes electron-electron repulsions.
		The energy required to remove an electron from an atom, molecule, or ion in the gas phase without moving any nuclei.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/glossary/v.shtml (594 words)

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