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Topic: Valence shell

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	The Valence Shell
		When the valence electron in any atom gains sufficient energy from some outside force, it can break away from the parent atom and become what is called a free electron.
		Atoms with few electrons in their valence shell tend to have more free electrons since these valence electrons are more loosely bound to the nucleus.
		The valence shell is the outer shell of the atom.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/valenceshell.htm (0 words)

	valence, in chemistry. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The valence of an atom is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost, or valence, shell.
		The valence of many elements is determined from their ability to combine with hydrogen or to replace it in compounds.
		Atoms are assigned numbers, called valence numbers, oxidation numbers, or oxidation states, which range in value from -4 through 0 to +7 and describe the combining behavior of the atoms in chemical reactions, particularly oxidation-reduction reactions (see oxidation and reduction).
	www.bartleby.com /65/va/valence.html (545 words)

	Valence (chemistry) Summary
		In Magnesium atoms (Mg+2) the valence is +2.
		Valence, also known as valency or valency number, is a measure of the number of chemical bonds formed by the atoms of a given element.
		The valence of an element is not always equal to its highest oxidation state: exceptions include ruthenium, osmium and xenon, which have valences of six (hexafluorides) but which form compounds with oxygen in the +8 oxidation state, and chlorine, which has a valence of five but a highest oxidation state of +7 (in perchlorates).
	www.bookrags.com /Valence_(chemistry) (1816 words)

	Electron shell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The name for electron shells originates from the Bohr model, in which groups of electrons were believed to orbit the nucleus at certain distances, so that their orbits formed "shells".
		The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom, which contains the electrons most likely to account for the nature of any reactions involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has with other atoms.
		In terms of atomic orbitals, the electrons in the valence shell are distributed 2 in the single s orbital and 2 each in the three p orbitals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Valence_shell (572 words)

	valence - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		The valence of an atom is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost, or valence, shell.
		The valence of many elements is determined from their ability to combine with hydrogen or to replace it in compounds.
		Atoms are assigned numbers, called valence numbers, oxidation numbers, or oxidation states, which range in value from -4 through 0 to +7 and describe the combining behavior of the atoms in chemical reactions, particularly oxidation-reduction reactions (see oxidation and reduction).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-valence.html (523 words)

	Valence electron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To determine the quantity of valence electrons an element has, one must look at the periodic table group (vertical column) in which the element is categorized.
		Therefore, elements with the same number of valence electrons are grouped together in the periodic table of the elements.
		As a general rule, the fewer electrons in an atom's valence shell, the more reactive it is. Group 1 metals are therefore very reactive, with caesium, rubidium, and francium being the most reactive of all metals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Valence_electron (342 words)

	Atom - MSN Encarta
		If this shell is full, meaning all the orbitals in the shell have two electrons, then the atom is stable, and it won’t react readily with other atoms.
		They can do this in several ways: Two atoms can share electrons to complete the valence shell of both atoms, an atom can shed or take on electrons to create a full valence shell, or a large number of atoms can share a common pool of electrons to complete their valence shells.
		The element sodium is an example of an atom that has a single electron in its valence shell.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567432_6/Atom.html (1194 words)

	Valence shell (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom, which contains the electrons most likely to account for the nature of anyreactions involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has withother atoms.
		In terms of atomic orbitals, theelectrons in the valence shell are distributed 2 in the single s orbital and 2 each in the three porbitals.
		For organometallic compounds containing transition metals, the valence shell consists of electrons in theses and p orbitals, as well as up to 10 additional electrons, distributed as 2 into each of 5 dorbitals, to make a total of 18 electrons in a complete valence shell for such a compound.
	www.therfcc.org /valence-shell-80453.html (221 words)

	Valence shell (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The valence shell is the outermost shell an atom which contains the electrons most to account for the nature of any involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has with other atoms.
		In a noble gas an atom tends to have 8 in its outer shell.
		For organometallic compounds containing transition metals the valence shell consists of electrons these s and p orbitals as well as up to additional electrons distributed as 2 into each 5 d orbitals to make a total of electrons in a complete valence shell for a compound.
	www.freeglossary.com /Valance_shells (567 words)

	Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The valence shell in the lithium atom is the second shell.
		It is primarily the number of electrons in an atom's valence shell that determines the atom's chemical properties.
		While the n=3 shell is the valence shell, it can hold only 8 electrons, but when a pair of electrons is present in the n=4 shell, the n=3 shell gains the ability to hold an additional 10 electrons, reaching its true limit of 18 electrons total.
	www.accd.edu /pac/chemistr/lectures/electstruct.html (3376 words)

	Electron Configurations & The Periodic Table
		In their chemical reactions halogen atoms achieve a valence shell octet by capturing or borrowing the eighth electron from another atom or molecule.
		Transfer of the lone 3s electron of a sodium atom to the half-filled 3p orbital of a chlorine atom generates a sodium cation (neon valence shell) and a chloride anion (argon valence shell).
		The number of valence shell electrons an atom must gain or lose to achieve a valence octet is called valence.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/intro2.htm (2116 words)

	Valence shell - TheBestLinks.com - Atomic orbitals, Chemist, Chemical bond, Element, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Valence shell, Atomic orbitals, Chemist, Chemical bond, Element, Noble gas...
		In a noble gas, an atom tends to have 8 electrons in its outer shell.
		For organometallic compounds containing transition metals, the valence shell consists of electrons in these s and p orbitals, as well as up to 10 additional electrons, distributed as 2 into each of 5 d orbitals, to make a total of 18 electrons in a complete valence shell for such a compound.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Valence_shell.html (271 words)

	valence shell - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about valence shell (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Elements with four or more electrons in their outermost shell can show variable valence.
		Chlorine can show valences of 1, 3, 5, and 7 in different compounds.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /valence%20shell (88 words)

	enote6.html
		Starting at element 19, whenever the valence shell is occupied by 8e, the next two electrons are added to the next higher shell.
		Even though the 3rd shell has a maximum capacity of 18e, a new shell (n=4) is started and the 19th and 20th electrons occupy this new valence shell as shown below.
		When the new valence shell is occupied by 2e, the next 10 electrons (Z = 21 to Z = 30) occupy the penultimate inner shell leaving the valence shell with a constant number of 2e.
	www.chem.duke.edu /~bonk/Chem83/enotes/enote6.html (1424 words)

	Lewis.dot.strucs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Valence shell occupancy (electrons) -total # of noncore electrons in the immediate neighborhood of atom; should not exceed 2 for hydrogen; 8 for second row elements (Li -F) = octet rule; for third row and later, may exceed 8 (e.g.
		valence electrons for an isolated atom: 1 for H, 4 for C, 5 for N, 6 for O, 7 for F, etc. (this is the number of electrons in the highest energy shell* for the isolated atoms)
		Valence shell occupancy must not exceed 2 for hydrogen and 8 for a second-row atom; for a third-row atom it may be 10 or 12.
	www.chem.tamu.edu /rgroup/romo/Chem227_502ontheWEB/Lewishandout.html (592 words)

	SparkNotes: Organic Atomic Structure: Electron Configuration and Valence Electrons
		The outermost shell of an atom is its valence shell, and the electrons in the valence shell are valence electrons.
		While inner electrons (those not in the valence shell) typically don't participate in chemical bonding and reactions, valence electrons can be gained, lost, or shared to form chemical bonds.
		The octet rule states that atoms become especially stable when their valence shells gain a full complement of valence electrons.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/organic1/atomicstructure/section2.rhtml (566 words)

	LUCID "Chemistry 1201 Chapters 8 and 9"
		Valence electrons participate in chemical reactions but core electrons do not.
		Valence electrons are all those of the highest principal quantum numbers plus those in partially filled d and f orbitals.
		Then we see how many electrons are not in the filled shell (i.e., the core electrons) and how many electrons are in partially filled d and f orbitals.
	www.chem.lsu.edu /lucid/courseinfo/chem1201/chs8and9.html (566 words)

	Biology 113/114 FAQs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Valence electrons are indeed the electrons found in the outer shell of an atom.
		However, in the phosphate ion it is actually exhibiting a valence of 5 since it forms a total of five bonds with four molecules of oxygen.
		The increase in the volume of their outer shell is not as great as their increase in charge because they are filling equivalent outer shells rather than forming new ones.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/sta5202.htm (6424 words)

	Theory of Atoms in Molecules: The Laplacian of the Electron Density and the Lewis and VSEPR Models
		The uniform sphere of charge concentration present in the valence shell of a free atom is distorted upon chemical combination to form local maxima and minima.
		Thus the valence shell charge concentration of the chlorine atom possesses two non-bonded and three bonded charge concentrations in agreement with the five electron pairs assumed in the Lewis model and in this geometry, they maximally avoid one another, in agreement with the VSEPR model.
		The geometry of approach of the acid and base molecules is predicted through the alignment of the corresponding "lumps" and "holes" in their Laplacian distributions, as illustrated for the approach of the non-bonded charge concentration on carbon of the CO molecule to the hole on the boron atom in BH, Figure 12.
	www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca /faculty/bader/aim/aim_5.html (984 words)

	Molecular Bonding
		Dots are drawn around the elements symbol to respresent the electrons in the valence shell of the atom.
		When the number of electrons in the valence shell is more than four electrons the dots are written as pairs on the side until all the electrons are accounted for.
		Ionic bonds are made when an electron from the valence shell of one atom is transfered to the valence shell of another atom.
	library.thinkquest.org /10429/high/bonding/bonding.htm (1090 words)

	SparkNotes: Atomic Structure: Electron Configuration and Valence Electrons
		The outermost orbital shell of an atom is called its valence shell, and the electrons in the valence shell are valence electrons.
		Valence electrons are the highest energy electrons in an atom and are therefore the most reactive.
		For this reason, elements with the same number of valence electrons tend to have similar chemical properties, since they tend to gain, lose, or share valence electrons in the same way.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/fundamentals/atomicstructure/section2.rhtml (983 words)

	Chemical Bonding
		Lewis had observed that many elements are most stable when they contain eight electrons in their valence shell.
		He suggested that atoms with fewer than eight valence electrons bond together to share electrons and complete their valence shells.
		Because the valence electrons in the water molecule spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms, the oxygen end of the molecule develops a partial negative charge (because of the negative charge on the electrons).
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?c3=1&mid=55&l= (1511 words)

	Incomplete Octet
		The electron shells count outward from the nucleus, so that the one closest to the nucleus is #1, etc. The number of electrons that can make up a shell is equal to 2n
		If this eight-slot shell is not complete (making it an incomplete octet) it will seek to be filled or empty; this tendency is the single property that makes chemical combination possible.
		Elements with two electrons in the outer valence shell bond readily with elements that have six in the outer valence shell; the first element donates its two electrons to the element that can complete its octet with two more electrons.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Incomplete_Octet (277 words)

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