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Topic: Valeric acid

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Acid

Propionic acid

Hydrobromic acid

Pyrophosphoric acid

Pyruvic acid

Formic acid

Malic acid

Butyric acid

Boric acid

Benzoic acid

Acetic acid

Lactic acid

Nitric acid

Citric acid

Phosphoric acid

	Acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Later on, Brønsted and Lowry defined an acid to be a proton donor and a base to be a proton acceptor.
		The Acid number is used to quantify the amount of acid present, for example in a sample of biodiesel.
		Acids are named according to the ending of their anion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acid (1262 words)

	VALERIANUS - LoveToKnow Article on VALERIANUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ordinary valeric acid (baldrianic acid) is a mixture of isovaleric acid or isopropylacetic acid, (CH3)2CH.
		Isovaleric acid is an oily liquid having the odour of stale cheese and boiling at 174; the salts are usually greasy to the touch.
		The acid has been synthesized, as has also the inactive form of methylethylace tic acid; this modification is split into its optical antipodes by crystallization of its brucine salt.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /V/VA/VALERIANUS.htm (648 words)

	Acid - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In general scientific usage an acid is a molecule or ion that is able to give up a proton to a base, or accept an unshared pair of electrons from a base.
		Later on, Bronsted and Lowry defined an acid to be a proton donor and a base to be a proton acceptor.
		) is the actual acid and the acidity of the proton-donating-compound, called an organic acid, is determined by its stability when it donates protons to the solution it is embedded in.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Acid (764 words)

	Acid - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In common usage an acid is a species that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a pH of less than 7.
		This is how organic acids such as carboxylic acids work, here the Brønsted definition is nice for calculations while the Lewis definition is good for understanding.
		This is used to quantify the amount of acid present, for example in a sample of biodiesel.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /acid.htm (1136 words)

	Carboxylic Acid Reactivity
		Acetic acid is ten times weaker an acid than formic acid (first two entries in the second row), confirming the electron donating character of an alkyl group relative to hydrogen, as noted earlier in a discussion of carbocation stability.
		Reactions in which the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by another nucleophilic group are important for preparing functional derivatives of carboxylic acids.
		Acid catalysis is necessary to increase the electrophilic character of the carboxyl carbon atom, so it will bond more rapidly to the nucleophilic oxygen of the alcohol.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm (3475 words)

	Alpha-Lipoic Acid
		Alpha-lipoic acid, also known as thioctic acid, is a disulfide compound that is a cofactor in vital energy-producing reactions in the body.
		Alpha-lipoic acid is approved in Germany as a drug for the treatment of polyneuropathies, such as diabetic and alcoholic polyneuropathies, and liver disease.
		Claims that lipoic acid slows aging of the brain and is an anti-aging substance generally seem to be related to its potent antioxidant properties.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/alp_0159.shtml (2111 words)

	Acid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An acid (often represented by the generic formula AH) is typically a water-soluble, sour-tasting ((chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight) chemical compound.
		An acid reacts with a base in a ((euphemism) the removal of a threat by killing or destroying it (especially in a covert operation or military operation)) neutralization reaction to form a (A compound formed by replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (or a radical that acts like a metal)) salt.
		Acids are named according to the ending of their (A negatively charged ion) anion.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ac/acid.htm (2444 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Adsorption of valeric acid was studied on two activated carbons of different origins, wood and bituminous coal.
		Valeric acid adsorption from aqueous solution was measured at 333 K. The calculated isotherms showed a good fitting to the Freundlich equation.
		The amount of valeric acid adsorbed at its low concentration is dependent on the number of basic groups, whereas at high concentration the amount adsorbed depends on the volume of micropores smaller than 10 Angstrom, where the adsorption potential is the strongest.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=20476496 (278 words)

	ALPHA LIPOIC ACID 300 mg - Antioxidant Antioxidants
		When alpha lipoic acid was first isolated in the early 1950’s, it was tentatively classified as a vitamin because of its vitamin-like properties.
		The method by which alpha lipoic acid is synthesized within the body has not yet been fully characterized, but its precursors appear to be octanoate and the sulfur amino acid cysteine.
		Recent findings show that both alpha lipoic acid and its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) function as potent antioxidants within the body, and that both these compounds may be effective in preventing and treating the complications of diabetes and, perhaps, aging itself.
	www.health-marketplace.com /Alpha-Lipoic-Acid.htm (846 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Specifically, organic acids are used to lyse recombinant cells or other biological samples (such as non-recombinantly derived cells), and significantly enrich the purity and yields of structural proteins by hydrolyzing many of the macromolecules, while leaving the structural proteins intact.
		In one embodiment of the present invention, a solution of an organic acid is used to effect the lysis of bacteria and initiate purification of recombinant silks and native structural proteins.
		with formic, propionic and valeric acid are contemplated, the present invention is not limited to these particular embodiments, but may also be practiced using other organic acids, such as acetic, and butyric, acids, all of which serve as examples.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/53333.010726&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6541 words)

	Lipids
		The fifth carboxylic acid is known as valeric acid, because it can be obtained from plants in the genus Valerianella, a family of perennial herbs.
		The carboxylic acids with 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms are named from the Latin stem for the bay tree, laurel; the genus for the spice nutmeg, Myristica; the Latin stem for the palm tree, palma; and the Greek stem for the tallow used to make candles, stear.
		When one of the fatty acids in a triglyceride is replaced by a phosphate group, a phospholipid is obtained that has two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a charged hydrophilic head.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/1biochem/lipids6.html (1217 words)

	King's American Dispensatory, 1898: Acidum Valerianicum.—Valerianic Acid. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An identical acid was afterward found in the Valeriana officinalis, after which the name delphinic acid was changed to valerianic acid.
		The pure acid from valerian plant is seldom used in medicine, but in its stead an acid, prepared by the oxidation of fusel oil (amylic alcohol), when acted upon by sulphuric acid and potassium bichromate, is employed.
		It is freely soluble in water, chloroform, ether, and concentrated acetic acid.
	www.ibiblio.org /herbmed/eclectic/kings/acidum-vale.html (437 words)

	Reversal of methylation-mediated repression with short-chain fatty acids: evidence for an additional mechanism to ...
		the short-chain fatty acids valeric > butyric > propionic
		trichostatin A and the short-chain fatty acid caproic acid.
		Concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, trichostatin A and SAHA employed were acetic acid (75 mM), propionic acid (50 mM), butyric acid (50 mM), isobutyric acid (20 mM), valeric acid (20 mM), caproic acid (25 mM), trichostatin A (330 nM) and SAHA (1.25 µM).
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/29/17/3603 (4378 words)

	Chapter Valerianate <i>to</i> Value of V by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		H, is obtained from valerian root and other sources, as a corrosive, mobile, oily liquid, having a strong acid taste, and an odor of old cheese.
		A salt of valeric acid with glycerin, occurring in butter, dolphin oil., and forming an forming an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant odor.
		A ketone of valeric acid obtained as an oily liquid.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1213/24442/1.html (313 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - ALA Information and Product Listing! ALA FAQ!
		As a sulfur compound,it comprises caprylic acid, a medium chain fatty acid, with two sulfur atoms stuck on the ends and it is capable of binding and inactivating heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, excess iron and excess copper[24].
		Although alpha-lipoic acid is found in a wide variety of foods from plant and animal sources, quantitative information on the alpha-lipoic acid content of food is limited.
		Alpha lipoic acid from supplements is rapidly absorbed, rapidly metabolized, and rapidly cleared from plasma and tissues, suggesting that it should be taken in divided doses throughout the day, rather than in a single daily dose.
	www.bodybuilding.com /cgi-bin/sb/ref.cgi?storeid=*1edb501414099214761045d71f9e74a233&name=aff250&url=http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/ala.html (1440 words)

	Alpha Lipoic Acid
		Therefore, while supplementation with alpha lipoic acid might be advisable for individuals using aminoglycosides, the available research literature provides no specific indications as to the appropriate dosage for this particular situation.
		Therefore, while supplementation with alpha lipoic acid might be advisable for individuals using gentamicin, the available research literature provides no specific indications as to the appropriate dosage for this particular situation.
		The triple antioxidant combinaton of alpha-lipoic acid, silymarin and selenium was chosen for a conservative treatment of hepatitis C because these substances protect the liver from free radical damage, increase the levels of other fundamental antioxidants, and interfere with viral proliferation.
	home.caregroup.org /clinical/altmed/interactions/Nutrients/Alpha_Lipoic_Ac.htm (2764 words)

	IngentaConnect Development of an Attractant for the Scarab Pest Macrodactylus su... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The two new standards established that season were: valeric acid + 1-nonanol (1:1); and valeric acid + hexanoic acid + octyl butyrate + 1-nonanol (1:1:1:1).
		The performance of the standard binary lure valeric acid + 1-nonanol was improved when the alcohol 1-nonanol was replaced by its analog trans-2-nonenol and this was confirmed during the third season.
		At the same time, a second test was conducted with 29 new candidates, which were combined with valeric acid and compared with the standard: valeric acid + hexanoic acid + octyl butyrate + 1-nonanol (1:1:1:1).
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/esa/jee/2000/00000093/00000005/art00012 (307 words)

	CHEMINFO: Isovaleric acid
		Isovaleric acid is one of four different chemical forms (isomers) of valeric acid.
		Isovaleric acid is used as a flavouring ingredient in non- alcoholic beverages and in foods such as ice cream, candy, baked goods and cheese.(1) Isovaleric acid is probably a corrosive liquid and concentrated solutions can cause severe irritation or corrosive injury to the mouth, throat and stomach.
		Application of 0.01 mL of undiluted valeric acid (mixed isomers) produced tissue death (necrosis) (graded 6/10) in rabbits in two separate tests.(3,4) No visible tissue destruction was observed in rabbits following application of 0.5 mL of isovaleric acid for 4 hours in a test which prevented evaporation from the skin.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/valeric/cie414.htm (1622 words)

	Comparison of 5-hydroxy-2-amino valeric acid with carbonyl group content as a marker of oxidized protein in human and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Comparison of 5-hydroxy-2-amino valeric acid with carbonyl group content as a marker of oxidized protein in human and mouse liver tissues.
		Previous studies indicate that 5-hydroxy-2-amino valeric acid (HAVA) is an excellent marker of oxidized arginine and proline in purified proteins.
		This possibility was supported by a significant positive correlation found between HAVA and cytochrome P450 content in 18 human individuals of different ages.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_8886807.html (258 words)

	Pinfish intestinal VFA profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A graph of volatile fatty acids (formic, acetic, proprionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric) concentrations (millimolar) plotted versus pinfish standard length (mm) between 40 and 160 mm SL.
		Because small pinfish consume mostly animals, and valeric acid is made from protein, these data suggest that diet can influence the intestinal bacteria and their VFA production.
		Formic and isovaleric acid have been omitted from these correlations, because the sample size n was too small for these VFAs.
	drjoe.biology.ecu.edu /pinfish/VFAprof.htm (127 words)

	Odor structure-activity relationships of carboxylic acids correspond between squirrel monkeys and humans -- Laska and ...
		Figure 1 summarizes the mean performance of the squirrel monkeys in discriminating n-valeric acid from other carboxylic acids.
		acid and n-valeric acid versus n-octanoic acid (cf.
		Nasal pungency and odor of homologous aldehydes and carboxylic acids.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/6/R1639 (4768 words)

	Etiology of Acetonemia in Norwegian Cattle. 2. Effect of Butyric Acid, Valeric Acid, and Putrescine -- Lingaas and ...
		Effect of Butyric Acid, Valeric Acid, and Putrescine -- Lingaas and Tveit 75 (9): 2433 -- Journal of Dairy Science
		Effect of Butyric Acid, Valeric Acid, and Putrescine
		g/d of valeric acid, or 200 g/d of butyric acid through a ruminal
	jds.fass.org /cgi/content/abstract/75/9/2433 (171 words)

	GHB Synthesis FAQ
		If an acid is used to neutralize a too basic a solution (instead of adding more lactone), crystals of the sodium salt of the acid can precipitate in the solution, and the taste is severely impaired.
		To a solution of 20g (0.23 mole) of crotonic acid (2-butenoic acid) in 200ml of dry benzene, 45.6g (0.25 mole) of N-bromosuccinimide was added under nitrogen.
		To a cold solution of 12g (72 mmol) of 4-bromocrotonic acid in 120 ml of water was added dropwise 240 ml of a 2M KOH solution in water.
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/ghb.html (3987 words)

	In Vitro Fermentation Pattern of D-Tagatose Is Affected by Adaptation of the Microbiota from the Gastrointestinal Tract ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lac, lactic acid; For, formic acid; Ace, acetic acid; Pro, propionic acid; But, butyric acid; Val, valeric acid; Cap, caproic acid; Hep, heptanoic acid; Iso-but, iso-butyric acid; Iso-val, iso-valeric acid.
		acid from the control group was much higher.
		acid but whether this is due to a shift in metabolism of the normal
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/130/7/1772 (5223 words)

	Valerian
		The offending culprit is isovalerianic acid, and is found concentrated in the plant's rootstock.
		It was once prescribed for sleep disorders, but has been permanently banned from American markets due to an incidence of contamination with fatal results.
		, valepotriates and valeric acid, have a demonstrated ability to balance the central nervous system and to relieve temporary insomnia with satisfactory results.
	www.herbalmusings.com /Valerian.htm (612 words)

	Valeric Acid CAS 109-52-4 Suppliers & Manufacturers, Price (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Valeric Acid CAS 109-52-4 Suppliers and Manufacturers, Price
		CT, USA Acetone Capacity - 77000 tonnes per annum from Isopropyl alcohol Acetic anhydride, acetoacetone, acetone, acetyl acetone (2,4-pentanedione), acetylene, acids, acrolein derivatives, acrylates, acrylic acid, adhesives, agricultural chemicals, alcohols, aldehydes, alkyl alkanolamines, alkyl amines, org More...
		USA Acetic acid, n-butyric acid, formic acid, heptanoic acid, isononanoic acid, monochloroacetic acid, pelargonic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, acetic anhydride.
	www.chemicalregister.com /Valeric_Acid/Suppliers/pid9698.htm (110 words)

	Ningbo Today
		The scale of production: an annual output of 2,000T 3-methyl valeric acid and its derivatives.
		3-methyl valeric acid is a multi-branching chain and the saturated monocarboxylic acid, with an unique physical and chemical performance.
		It is widely applied to pharmaceuticals, pesticide, perfume, chemicals, etc. Therefore, it is a promising fine chemicals and basic material.
	www.calstatela.edu /centers/apbi/ningbo/english/eitems099.htm (246 words)

	[No title]
		Synonyms: Butanecarboxylic acid; 1-Butanecarboxylic acid; Propylacetic acid; n-Pentanoic acid
		Neutralize spill with a weak acid such as vinegar or acetic acid.
		OSHA Vacated PELs: Valeric Acid: No OSHA Vacated PELs are listed for this chemical.
	www.conncoll.edu /offices/envhealth/MSDS/chemistry/V/Valeric-Acid,-99.htm (961 words)

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