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	Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is a valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska which is filled with ash flow from the eruption of Novarupta on June 6-June 8, 1912.
		Following the eruption there were thousands of fumaroles venting steam from the ash.
		The mere presence of pyroclastic materials indicates that Katmai eruptions are explosive, as is further evidenced by the subsidence of the summit to form the central caldera and the extraordinarily energetic earthquakes accompanying the 1912 eruption.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Valley_of_Ten_Thousand_Smokes (378 words)

	10000 (number) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge is situated in the lower end of the Fakahatchee and Picayune Strands of Big Cypress Swamp and west of Everglades National Park in Florida.
		Powers of Ten Thousand is a technique for browsing a very large space, the macroscope, involves taking the visual device of Powers of Ten and compounding it, using the computer's ability to combine, change and display images interactively.
		The City of Ten Thousand Buddhas is a branch of the Dharma Realm Buddhist Association (DRBA).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/10000_(number) (2367 words)

	Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
		Valley in southwestern Alaska, on the Alaska Peninsula, where in 1912 Mount Katmai erupted in one of the largest volcanic explosions ever known, although without loss of human life since the area was uninhabited.
		The valley was filled with ash to a depth of 200 m/660 ft. It was dedicated as the Katmai National Monument in 1918.
		Thousands of fissures on the valley floor continue to emit steam and gases.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0018121.html (247 words)

	Valley of 10,000 Smokes Tour, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska
		In the valleys of Knife Creek and the Ukak River, innumerable small holes and cracks developed in the volcanic ash deposits, permitting gas and steam from the heated ground water to escape.
		It was an apparently unnamed valley when the 20th century's most dramatic volcanic episode took place.
		"The whole valley as far as the eye could reach was full of hundreds, no thousands -- literally, tens of thousands -- of smokes curling up from its fissured floor," Griggs would write.
	www.katmailand.com /lodging/brooks-valley-smokes.html (644 words)

	Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The 1912 Novarupta eruption was the largest eruption anywhere in the world in the 20th century, as an estimated 15 cubic kilometers of bubble-free magma (resulting in over 30 cubic kilometers of pumice and ash) was explosively erupted during 60 hours beginning on June 6.
		We then rode 23 miles (37 km) along the one dirt road within the park to the overlook at Three Forks over the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, where we had a beautiful view of the 1912 ash-flow sheet.
		(6-7) The River Lethe in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /~meltzner/alaska98 (1591 words)

	KATMAI NATIONAL PARK AND PRESERVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Katmai was declared a National Monument in 1918 to preserve the living laboratory of its cataclysmic 1912 volcanic eruption, particularly the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
		Under the now quiet floor of the expansive Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and deep beneath the mountains that rise around it there is still molten rock present.
		The thousands of fantastic: smoking fumaroles that greeted the scientists who discovered the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes after that powerful eruption have now cooled and ceased their ominous smoking.
	www.alaskanet.com /Tourism/Parks/Katmai (2463 words)

	Alaska magazine \| Wilderness Adventurer: Life in the valley of death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		On a National Geographic Society expedition in 1916, Griggs named the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes for the geysers of steam over which he and his men cooked bacon in frying pans extended from long, wooden poles.
		The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes was a new place for me, different from anywhere else I’d ever been.
		At least for the 10 days we were in the valley, wild Alaska had lifted me out of the hole I’d been in for the past year.
	www.alaskamagazine.com /stories/0202/adventurer.shtml (1212 words)

	10000smokes: Park History & Administration
		The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, he opined, was "one of the greatest wonders of the world, if not indeed the very greatest of all the wonders on the face of the earth." [42]
		Griggs, who had seen the valley in both 1916 and 1917, was convinced on his second trip that "everything was just as it had been the previous year." [65] But others, both in the Society and the NPS, wanted more evidence.
		He had already visited the valley with a pack horse team, and felt that pack horses taken in from Katmai Bay were the best way to access the heart of the monument.
	10000smokes.blogspot.com /2005/03/park-history-administration.html (17033 words)

	Journey into the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ninety years after the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is still a moonscape of ash and volcanic rock, without a tree or shrub.
		The valley, located on the Alaska Peninsula where the Aleutians connect to mainland Alaska, is a silent reminder of the power and potential of Alaska's volcanoes.
		As we approached the valley the first day on a bus ride from Brooks Camp in Katmai National Park, the story of the 1912 Katmai eruption began to unfold.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF15/1550.html (695 words)

	Exploring Alaska - Katmai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Valley of the Ten Thousand Smokes remained an overnight affair because my bus trip out there and back was already booked and it was also my original desire.
		Valley of the Ten Thousand Smokes, which is a valley whose floor is covered by a barren, light salmon colored ash flow from a volcanic eruption in 1912.
		Another thing the Valley has in common with southern Utah is widespread cryptogamic soil, a nearly fl, peat-like covering which is actually a lichens that helps to fix nitrogen and fertilize the soil for plants to grow, although the latter hasn't happened much yet because the surface is relatively young.
	www.k-online.com /~esquared/alaska/part4.htm (2254 words)

	In Katmai, a walk on the edge - The Advocate
		We were in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
		The valley, part of Katmai National Park and Preserve, is an isolated natural wonderland of 4 million acres 290 miles southwest of Anchorage.
		On June 9, 1912, on the flanks of 6,715-foot Mt. Katmai, at the edge of a then-unnamed valley, a cataclysmic event occurred: A new volcano, christened Novarupta, was born.
	www.stamfordadvocate.com /travel/la-tr-alaska27jul27,0,7679216.story?coll=sns-travel-headlines (873 words)

	[No title]
		48 Necessity for the cooperation of geologist and chemist....55 Analyses of the new Valley lavas............
		SUMMARY Part I. In this section, incrustations found in the volcanic area known as the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes are described, the determination of the metallic constituents in the new lavas is detailed, and the bearing of the incrustations and acid emana tions on ore deposition is discussed.
		It is shown, for instance, that the one volcanic area of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes contributed I per cent of the total hydrochloric acid required to make up the deficit of chlorine in the river waters.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~volcano/Ze1p79.html (1564 words)

	Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the red rock valley of the cowboy Westerners.
		VALLEY OF TEN THOUSAND SMOKES [Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes] see Katmai National Park and Preserve.
		From an Italian Swiss Valley to Australia: A Study on Emigration and the Home Community.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-V1alleyT1e.asp (265 words)

	CVO Website - Katmai National Park, Alaska - Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Location map for the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, showing the 120-square-kilometer extent of the 1912 ash-flow sheet and the five composite volcanoes nearby.
		The Katmai River debris flow is a deposit of remobilized ejecta that debouched from a single narrow gorge fed from the glaciated south slope of Mount Katmai, which was in the sector of heaviest tephra fall.
		The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes constriction is where the ash flows left marginal veneers and constructional hills of tuff.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/Alaska/Maps/map_valley_10000_smokes.html (287 words)

	The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
		To impress upon you the size and rate of the VTTS eruption, the cumulative volume of the ongoing activity of Kilauea Volcano since January 3, 1983, as measured by geologists of the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, is 1.5 cubic kilometers.
		Although the VTTS eruption occurred in 1912 and several expeditions were sent to the area of Mount Katmai, the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes was not discovered until 1916.
		In 1918, the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and the surrounding Katmai area were declared a National Monument.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/1997/97_06_20.html (670 words)

	The LLama Butchers: Volcanic Passions
		I know today is the anniversary of another important event, but I see that it is also the anniversary of the beginning of the eruption in 1912 of Novarupta, one of the complex of vents making up Mt. Katmai, located on the Aleutian Peninsula of Southwest Alaska.
		All of Greater New York would be buried under from ten to fifteen feet of ash; Philadelphia would be covered by a foot of gray ash and would be in total darkness for sixty hours; Washington and Buffalo would receive a quarter of an inch of ash, with a shorter period of darkness.
		The family had a copy of the National Geographic with the article on the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes; it was my favorite issue.
	llamabutchers.mu.nu /archives/085905.php (926 words)

	ak-windycreek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Windy Creek eroding distal pyroclastic deposits from the 6-9 June 1912 eruption in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
		The eruption produced an ash-flow sheet that covered an area of 120-square kilometers and buried the lush Ukak Valley to a maximum depth of 200 meters.
		Rapid erosion of the ash-flow sheet is a result of high sediment load in the rivers as well as runoff from abundant precipitation, snowmelt, and glacial meltwater.
	www.geoscapesphotography.com /ak-windycreek.htm (81 words)

	NPS: Nature & Science» Geology Resources Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, mineralogical evidence indicates three gradational stages of fumarolic activity that evolved as cooling took place: (1) hightemperature, vapor-phase degassing; (2) fumarolic gases reacting with water to form acids at the surface; (3) present-day residual near-neutral wet steam with temperatures as high as 90Â° C (Keith, 1991).
		The thousands of fantastic fumaroles that greeted the scientists who discovered the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes after that powerful eruption have now cooled and ceased their ominous smoking.
		In the valleys of Knife Creek and the Ukak River, innumerable small holes and cracks developed in the volcanic ash deposits, permitting gas and steam from the heated groundwater to escape.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/parks/katm (3349 words)

	Katmai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Deposition of the pyroclastic flows into wet valleys produced numerous fumeroles, which was described as the "Valley of 10,000 Smokes", discovered in a 1916 expedition.
		Aerial view of 80-m (260 ft)-high Novarupta, a blocky rhyolite lava dome that marks the vent for the 1912 eruption that created the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska.
		A cross section of the 1912 ash flow exposed by the River Lethe in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /courses/g111/Volcanoes/Katmai/katmai.htm (536 words)

	Katmai Trip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		At the edge of the Valley, the ash fall aggraded against a glacier, melting it and damming it at the same time.
		This ash dam ponded a series of lakes, known as the Mageik Lakes, in the west branch of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
		Mageik Lakes in the shadow of Mt. Mageik at the head of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /~niemi/katmai/katmaip3.html (335 words)

	KNLS Alaska Postcard, Page Twenty Three
		From the lush landscape of Kodiak and the Aleutian Islands and to the rocky, fumaroles-laden terrain of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Southwest Alaska is unlike any other place on earth.
		Thousands of fishing, hunting, hiking and wildlife enthusiasts pass through the King Salmon airport each summer on their way to countless adventures throughout the area.
		Katmai National Park and Preserve, Lake Clark National Park, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes and other wildlife viewing areas are all a quick jaunt away by small aircraft.
	www.knls.org /English/trascripts/pcard024.htm (1118 words)

	Martin - Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lowenstern, J. B., 1993, Evidence for a copper-bearing fluid in magma erupted at the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v.
		Fierstein, Judy, 1992, Emplacement of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes ignimbrite from Novarupta (Alaska) on 6 June, 1912 [abs.]: Eos, v.
		Hildreth, W., 1981, The 1912 eruption in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Monument, Alaska [abs.]: in IAVCEI International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, Symposium on Arc Volcanism, Tokyo & Hakone, Japan, August 28-September 9, 1981, p.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /volcanoes/volcbib.php?volcname=Martin (9287 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The deposits remained hot and steaming for years afterword, leading to the name, "The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes".
		Brandon and the rest of the crew at the rim of the caldera of New Trident, which was born in the 1950's.
		This is a view down the Katmai volcano glacier, towards the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /GG/STUDENTS/mpatrick/photos/katmai/katmai.htm (357 words)

	USGS DDS-40, Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands - Album
		The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (upper right), Katmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, was created by the 1912 eruption of Novarupta volcano.
		The valley is filled with up to 200 m (660 ft) of ash-flow deposits from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta volcano.
		Aerial view of the four-peaked, 2,165-m (7,103 ft)-high Mount Mageik volcano at the head of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
	pubs.usgs.gov /dds/dds-40/album.html (5247 words)

	Sierra Club Outings \| Backpack and Canoe (and Bears Too!), Katmai National Park \| 06023A
		The valley no longer has “10,000 Smokes” created by steam from the cooling lava, but it has a surreal landscape of great beauty.
		The leader is a geology teacher who will be eager to share her understanding of the geologic phenomena that make the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes so unique.
		Most of that is untrammeled wilderness, but the Brooks Camp area is becoming overused, and it is feared that the thousands of visitors are adversely affecting the area and interfering with the bears.
	www.sierraclub.org /outings/national/brochure/06023a.asp (1855 words)

	Katmai NP and Pres.: Tourism in Katmai Country (Chapter 3)
		Elements of the proposed program consisted of a trail to the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, which would eventually be followed by a one-way road with turn-outs, which went as far as the divide overlooking the valley.
		Although the regional director was cool to the idea of spending development dollars in a park that had received only about a thousand visitors per year (one of the lowest totals in the system), he was glad to send along his approval of a ten-year contract to Washington.
		Although the airfield and further camp construction were thus put on hold, the 1968 season culminated a decade which witnessed the construction of many of the major structural and transportation improvements seen in the park today.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/katm/chap3.htm (7775 words)

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