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	Value judgment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A value judgment is a judgment of the rightness or wrongness of something, based on a particular set of values or on a particular value system.
		Value judgments are statements of subjectivity, which might be compared to axioms in mathematics and geometry—for instance, Euclidean geometry is founded upon a different set of axioms than various forms of non-Euclidean geometry, and thus postulates true in one geometry may be false in another geometry (or vice versa).
		In this sense, a value judgment is one formed by the specific values or value system held by the one asserting it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Value_judgment (432 words)

	Lonergan Web Site: The Debate on the Judgment of Value©. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Judgment of values are similar in structure to judgments of fact.
		In Method value judgments proceed from the pivotal act of affective cognition that is the outcome of deliberation (= an apprehension of value).
		Argues that a judgment of value grasps a conditioned value not a virtually unconditioned value since judgments of value concern future possibilities.
	www.lonergan.on.ca /monette/jofv.htm (1258 words)

	Theory and History; Chapter 1
		In declaring that with regard to a judgment of value there cannot be any question of truth or falsity, we refer to the judgment as such and not to the sentences communicating the content of such a judgment of value to other people.
		It is not the task of the historian qua historian to pass judgments of value on the individuals whose conduct is the theme of his inquiries.
		Every judgment of value allows of a formulation in which the more highly valued thing or state is logically expressed in both a positive and a negative way, although sometimes a language may not have developed the appropriate term.
	www.mises.org /th/chapter1.asp (1675 words)

	20th WCP: On Emotion and Value in David Hume and Max Scheler
		According to Scheler, values are the objects of intentional forms of feelings, and values are regarded by him as some objective, ideal properties.
		Firstly, there is a value of beauty which 'is given' to us directly, secondly, there is our feeling of this value (a feeling function), and finally, there is a pleasure (a feeling state) which appears as a consequence of the first two.
		Spiritual or religious values, for example, are given in feeling functions and acts which have nothing in common with all the feelings of life in the biological meaning of the term.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Valu/ValuPyka.htm (2802 words)

	WHAT IS VALUE
		That the idea of value can be significantly employed in a consideration of fact, into whose terms it is supposed to be definitively reduced, is evidence that it has a meaning which is not caught in those terms and that it therefore refers to that which is extra-factual.
		Since, then, value as thus defined is premised upon the concept of empirical meaning, it follows that the determination of scientific knowledge as a value is likewise premised upon that idea of meaning.
		It thus cannot be consistently maintained that scientific knowledge is a value which accounts for and justifies the empirical concept of meaning, because that concept of meaning is responsible for the factual determination of value as such and of scientific knowledge as a specific value.
	department.monm.edu /history/faculty_forum/Johnson_what_is_value.htm (3453 words)

	Lonergan Web Site: Monette's Notes on the Judgment of Value© (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The similarity of structure between judgments of fact and value refers to the process of self-transcendence and not to a similarity in the structure of a virtually unconditioned.
		This means that the practical reflection or judgment of value cannot grasp a virtually unconditioned value since the concern of consciousness rests not on what is but what is to become.
		The judgment of the moral norm affirms the grasp of a virtually unconditioned value or action as moral right or wrong based upon its categorization within a species of action that is cognitively known as right or wrong.
	www.lonergan.on.ca /monette/mn_jov.htm (2150 words)

	Introduction to Ethical Concepts, Part 1
		Given the differences between value judgments and statements of preferences, you may expect that others expect you to back up your judgments and preferences in different ways.
		Ethical judgment of an act or a course of action can take the form of a judgment about whether (or the extent to which) the action was a good or a bad thing to do.
		Values of all sorts, then--not only moral, but also religious, aesthetic, epistemic, and prudential--are often relevant to moral considerations, because indirectly as well as indirectly injuring or harming a person (benefiting a person) is morally significant.
	web.mit.edu /course/2/2.95j/readings/introethics_pt1.html (4374 words)

	On Form and Desire:
		A judgment is a decision as to the fact and or value of something, including decisions in which true or false (in some form or other) are explicitly or implicitly part of the conclusion.
		A value judgment determines Worth and refers to the degree or measure of desire-value (or desire related value, including utility for example) of someone or something, and is typically expressed or arrived at in terms of good and bad, or what we like and dislike.
		Value judgments are (or a result of) the seeking of a kind of form which suits or satisfies some or desires we have.
	www.angelfire.com /d20/htfh/formdesire2.html (6599 words)

	Failure-To-Judge Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The continuous campaign to repress moral judgment depends largely on the specious technique of pointing to various erroneous judgments and then implying that such errors are inherent in all judgments.
		Such judgments are made by using the biological nature and well-being of the conscious organism as the moral standard.
		Many personal values are merely preferences and tastes that develop from past experiences, interests, and motivations that are not grounded in right or wrong issues, but arise from the uniqueness of the individual and his or her past experiences and development.
	www.neo-tech.com /advantages/advantage93.html (2239 words)

	Values
		The value of reciprocity also means this: whenever one person gains a benefit, every other person has the opportunity for a qualitatively similar and proportional benefit.
		An individual may (or may not) be able to make that judgment on her or his own behalf, but environmental quality is inherently a common dimension of the standard of living of people now alive and those who will live in the future.
		One of our deepest values is the shared sacrifice one generation makes in the interest of the future generations -- who cannot reciprocate that sacrifice except by their similar sacrifice for the generations that follow them.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/personal/cs/FAQ/values.html (1184 words)

	Dolan, The Foundations of Modern Austrian Economics, Rothbard, Praxeology, Value Judgments, and Public Policy: Library ...
		Furthermore, praxeology is not grounded on any value judgments of the praxeologist, since what he is doing is analyzing the fact that people in general have values rather than inserting any value judgments of his own.
		But the unquestioned fact that values and ethics are important in guiding the attention of scientists to specific problems is irrelevant to the fact that the laws and disciplines of the science itself are value-free.
		The case for drastic progression in taxation must be rested on the case against inequality—on the ethical or aesthetic judgment that the prevailing distribution of wealth and income reveals a degree (and/or kind) of inequality which is distinctly evil or unlovely.
	www.econlib.org /library/NPDBooks/Dolan/dlnFMA6.html (6115 words)

	Papers on Economics and Ethics: Charles K. Wilber, Ethics in Economic Theory", Post-Autistic Economics Review
		Some value judgments are thus not really value judgments of any ethical significance, but judgments that merely allow one to carry on the scientific enterprise.
		It seems fairly clear that judgments of value, of a particular notion of the good, are directly implied by propositions one and two of this world view.
		There are also ancillary judgments of value which operate in concert with the world view and which allow the neo-classical approach to be operational.
	www.paecon.net /PAEReview/ethics/Wilber20.htm (2951 words)

	Improving Value-added Business Communication Skills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Judgmental statements are “I am right, you are wrong.” Statements of emotions are “I am angry, I am afraid and I am worried.” Judgments are often the result of how we feel.
		Judgments are much more likely to be heard as criticisms than are feelings.
		You are making a value judgment when you attach your values, beliefs, or needs to an appraisal.
	www.agmrc.org /agmrc/business/gettingstarted/improvingvalueadded.htm (1055 words)

	Values and Virtues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		In an era in which "values" and "virtues" are often said to be tools of oppression wielded by the power elite of our Westernized civilization or rigid, context-less absolutes imposed by a supernatural god, these concepts deserve a reexamination.
		Epistemologically, the concept of 'value' is genetically dependent upon and derived from the antecedent concept of 'life.'...
		Thus the validation of value judgments is to be achieved by reference to the facts of reality.
	home.earthlink.net /~rdmadden/webdocs/Values_and_Virtues.html (1801 words)

	Fact and Value
		Objectivism holds that value is objective (not intrinsic or subjective); value is based on and derives from the facts of reality (it does not derive from mystic authority or from whim, personal or social).
		To tear values from facts and concepts from percepts is to explode any such integration and thus to defy the essence of the philosophy which demands it.
		A valuer, in her sense, is a man who evaluates extensively and intensively.
	www.peikoff.com /essays/fact_value.htm (5875 words)

	Max Weber, the Ethics of Intention and Value-Free Science
		The teaching of a value-free science of politics in a university would be a senseless enterprise unless it were calculated to influence the values of the students by putting at their disposition an objective knowledge of political reality.
		The rational conflict with the unquestionable values of political intellectuals was inherent in [Max Weber's] enterprise of an objective science of politics.
		The result would be the aforementioned relativism, and political science would be degraded to an apology for the dubious fancies of political intellectuals, as at the time it was and as to a very considerable extent it still is. How did he escape such degradation?—for escape he certainly did.
	www.fritzwagner.com /ev/weber_nsp2.html (699 words)

	Judgment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A judgment or judgement (see spelling note below), in a legal context, is synonymous with the formal decision made by a court following a lawsuit.
		At the same time the court may also make a range of court orders, such as imposing a sentence upon a guilty defendant in a criminal matter, or providing a remedy for the plaintiff in a civil law matter.
		Many forms of judgment, including the above example, require that they be supported by, and support, known facts which are themselves well supported, and its negation must be shown to be unfounded, before it is accepted as well founded.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judgment (565 words)

	Land Tenure
		There is a widely held theory of the value judgment which asserts that in understanding what takes place when a value judgment is made, it is of the first importance to distinguish between values that are extrinsic and those that are intrinsic.
		which has value in and for itself, or intrinsic value, is thus supposed, appeal to which is necessary in order to ground the appraisal of the particular activity of being seated in a dentist’s chair undergoing :drilling operations.
		Rather a judgment about what is desirable has its origin in response to a problematic situation, has its validation in its efficacy as a tool for its rectification, and is hence available as a norm for situations demonstrably similar.
	www.msu.edu /user/schmid/bogholt.htm (3454 words)

	[No title]
		Foot note 1_3 is also used in everyday discourse and refers there to a way of thinking (an example being when we say that a businessman does not have a professional attitude), but also to beliefs and convictions (when we say, for instance, that there is a change in public attitude towards abortion).
		Not every judgement which looks like a value judgement on the surface is one on closer examination, and often judgements which seem to be pure statements are in fact value judgements.
		Foot note 1_22 For ethical subjectivism value judgements are statements about attitudes (descriptions of them), for emotivistic and expressivistic theories they are expressions of attitudes (which, however, does not necessarily mean that they are only this).
	www.sorites.org /Issue_16/spielthe.htm (5622 words)

	[No title]
		The fact-value dichotomy maintains that either a statement is a fact or it is a value judgment.
		These sick values lead them to redefine terms different from our own such that descriptions of things from them will not be adequate for us and vice versa.
		Facts about ethical values have been put into question in recent times due to the prominence of moral subjectivism that holds that ethical observations are infected with what is called projection.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~mmaxim/oldsem/275/factvalue.doc (996 words)

	Value-Free Extension Education?
		According to Hempel, characterizing value judgments are the type that we are faced with when we choose what problems to investigate--what particular facts to report or what programs to undertake.
		So, in this case, the perpetrators had made the characterizing value judgment that this material was worthy of being made public, but had abstained from the appraising value judgment that someone should engage in violence or indeed even make explosives.
		Each of the above examples includes the characterizing value judgment that these topics are important but avoids making an appraising value judgment--as long as the educators involved do not openly advocate a position (anti-smoking, pro large livestock operation, etc).
	www.joe.org /joe/2000october/comm2.html (1400 words)

	"Oak Value Fund - Value Investing Page"
		Many current proponents of value investing are using modifications of the theories and practices of the late Benjamin Graham.
		Value Investing is based upon the underlying premise that one should invest in securities in the same fashion that a prudent businessman would invest in a business.
		We believe that the persistent pursuit of knowledge and insight about the companies in which we invest is the only way that we can exercise appropriate judgment for our clients.
	www.oakvaluefund.com /value.htm (230 words)

	"Oak Value Fund - Value Investing Knowledge Page"
		In order for this price to be "attractive," it must represent a significant discount to intrinsic value which provides a margin of safety to the investor.
		The persistent pursuit of knowledge and insight, and the consistent application of rational business judgment are clearly required components of any successful long-term investment program.
		Oak Value's investment philosophy and analytical process also provide the complementary components of patience, discipline and integrity.
	www.oakvaluefund.com /know.htm (603 words)

	value judgment. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002
		The term is often restricted to assessments that reveal the values of the person making the assessment rather than the objective realities of what is being assessed.
		‡ We often make value judgments without realizing that we are doing so.
		For example, a teacher who describes a student as “the best I’ve ever taught—very polite and obedient” is making a value judgment about the qualities (politeness and obedience) that make a student good.
	www.bartleby.com /59/17/valuejudgmen.html (176 words)

	Nehamas, Beauty and Judgment
		For it is the judgment of aesthetic value itself—the judgment of taste—that is embarrassing.
		That was not because the concept of the beautiful or the nature of the judgment is peculiar, but because, I want to suggest to you, the judgment of taste is simply not a conclusion we draw from interacting with, describing, or interpreting works of art.
		The judgment of beauty is not the result of a mysterious inference on the basis of features of a work which we already know.
	mrbauld.com /beautyheh.html (3179 words)

	Labor Theory of Value
		The core of Marx's alleged critique--especially Capital I--assumes the validity of the labor theory of value and deduces the extraction of surplus value and exploitation accordingly.
		The theory of surplus value as Marx presented it simply stands or falls with the (2) labor theory of value, and to the degree that one embraces (2), the theory of surplus value and exploitation as presented by Marx necessarily follows--logically, that is.
		A definition of the labor theory of value is given of Robert Vienneau on Post Keynesian Thought.
	www.csudh.edu /dearhabermas/marx07.htm (813 words)

	Value judgment, harm, and religious liberty -- Viens 30 (3): 241 -- Journal of Medical Ethics
		of circumcision is determined by a value judgment made by parents.
		The question of whether the religious mandate for circumcision is unreasonable and justifiably prohibited—for instance it violates a person’s rights and/or liberties as citizens—is examined in II (C).
		And what would stop others from going further and saying that no value judgments (religious or otherwise) could justify a parent’s decision to circumcise their son?.
	jme.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/30/3/241-a (6771 words)

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