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Topic: Value theory

	[No title]
		Value, is in the long run, determined by the amount of labor expended, provisionally, by the fluctuations of supply and demand affecting the utility.
		The value of the iron reflects that of the commodities produced from it, but owing to the fact that the former concentrates, so to speak, all the rays as in a focus, its illuminating power is greater than that of any single ray.
		One principle is that value is derived from utility, and quite in harmony with this principle, we assert that cost is, after all, according to the general law of value, that of marginal utility, measured by utility alone.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/wieser/value.txt (9153 words)

	ISIL -- Labor Theory of Value
		Karl Marx's labor theory of value asserts that the value of an object is solely a result of the labor expended to produce it.
		The labor theory of value is the fundamental premise of Marx's economics and the basis of his analysis of the free market.
		The labor theory of value is clearly an intrinsic-value theory.
	www.isil.org /resources/lit/labor-theory-val.html (1759 words)

	Value theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The value of natural "goods" is challenged by such issues as addiction.
		In Ecological Economics value theory is separated into two types: Donor-type value and receiver-type value.
		Intuitively, theories of value must be important to ethics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Value_theory (1472 words)

	Value theory - Encyclopedia of Earth
		The particular definition of value with which an economist begins is almost invariably a set of shorthand expressions of the basic attitude which he is going to adopt towards the phenomena he seeks to analyze and the problems he seeks to solve.
		Odum's energy theory of value draws on Alfred Lotka's hypothesis that natural selection is driven by differential rates and efficiencies of energy use relative to competitors.
		Inherent in an energy theory of value is the principle that a society, or individual, maintains its existence by securing energy and natural resources from its environment for the purpose of producing those goods and services that facilitate survival.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Value_theory (5188 words)

	What is Value Theory?
		Value theory is a concept concerned with the value or worth of people or things.
		Additionally, sociological value theory is concerned with how different groups of people may believe in and prioritize values that influence how they behave in social situations.
		When value theory is considered in terms of ecological economics, it is categorized into donor-type value and receiver-type value.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-value-theory.htm (341 words)

	Labor theory of value - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The labor theory of value prevailed among classical economists through the mid-19th century with its most developed form appearing in Marxian economics; but among modern mainstream economists it is considered superseded by the theory of marginal utility.
		For Karl Marx, the labor theory of value was both a theory of exchange and a theory of exploitation.
		Ricardo's labor theory of value is not a normative theory, as are some later forms of the labor theory, such as claims that it is immoral for an individual to be paid less for his labor than the price at which a good sells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Labor_theory_of_value (6130 words)

	Expectacy-value
		According to expectancy-value theory, behavior is a function of the expectancies one has and the value of the goal toward which one is working.
		The value variable (the subjectively determined utility of the goal) is multiplied by the expectancy.
		These are expectancies regarding the occurrence of specific outcomes (subjective probabilities), reinforcement values which are positively or negatively associated with outcomes (subjective utilities), and the psychological situation which presents the possible courses of behavior to a person.
	www.ciadvertising.org /student_account/temp/expectancy-value_theory.htm (640 words)

	An Introduction to Value Theory - Mises Institute
		Everything of value, it seemed to them, had to be "produced" in the economic sense, requiring a certain number of hours of work or thought to bring it into the desired form and location.
		The value of the loaf of bread to Mrs.
		So value theory in its subjective sense, as well as the processes of marginal utility and all the rest, operate at the level of dictators or heads of corporations and families, as though each were an independent individual acting for himself alone.
	www.mises.org /story/2422 (4436 words)

	Subjective Value Theory in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Subjective value theory in economics holds that value is subjective — that is, that the value of any item, like beauty, lies in the eyes of the beholder.
		While he would ordinarily place a high value on his diamond, under those circumstances he would be placing a higher value on the water than on the diamond.
		For the record, my own personal value scheme holds that the arrest of Saddam Hussein was not worth the life of one single American soldier, which is saying, in other words, that I place a higher value on the lives of our troops than on the arrest of Saddam Hussein.
	www.fff.org /comment/com0312k.asp (1215 words)

	Labor Theory of Value
		The core of Marx's alleged critique--especially Capital I--assumes the validity of the labor theory of value and deduces the extraction of surplus value and exploitation accordingly.
		The theory of surplus value as Marx presented it simply stands or falls with the (2) labor theory of value, and to the degree that one embraces (2), the theory of surplus value and exploitation as presented by Marx necessarily follows--logically, that is.
		The labour theory of value wasn't Marx invention - it was Adam Smith's theory.
	www.csudh.edu /dearhabermas/marx07.htm (813 words)

	General Theory of Value: Synopsis
		This is the arena in which value comes into its own as a subject of contemplation and object of desire—bearing all the marks of its purely biological origins.
		The existence of the word "values" (in the plural), and the fact we speak of "having" them, suggests to many that there are goods that have such different kinds of value that we ought to have quite different valuational principles for and attitudes towards them.
		The value of a token is warranted by the our implicit (but sometimes explicit) indication that we would be willing to accept in return, and if judged necessary by the other, tokens of equivalent or greater value but of a lower stratum.
	www.utexas.edu /architecture/center/GenValu (5316 words)

	The Polynomic Theory of Value
		Hortative valuation reduces to aesthetic valuation in the sense that persons and their purposes form independent aesthetic wholes which are goods-in-themselves.
		It is awkward to call hortative or aesthetic value "relativistic," since this would seem to be saying that moral relativism is true, when actually moral relativism, just because of the existence of some moral absolutes, is false.
		It is therefore better to call hortative and aesthetic value "latitudinarian," since it allows a "latitude" of goods and denies that there is a best life or a supreme good across a range of goods for human life.
	www.friesian.com /poly-1.htm (2368 words)

	Scholastic Economics: Thomistic Value Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Within this framework, economic value was not regarded as an intrinsic quality but, rather, as the physical, mental, and moral significance given to an object by the evaluating subject’s assessment of the object’s desirability, utility, and scarcity.
		According to Schumpeter in his History of Economic Analysis, value theory analysis by the Scholastic Doctors "lacked nothing but the marginal apparatus." Schumpeter alludes to the marginal utility theory–the economic breakthrough of the nineteenth century that demonstrates that the value of a good diminishes with each unit increment of the good.
		So, for example, for the hunter of two beavers who exchanges his catch for one deer, the value of the deer is measurable in terms of the labor expended in hunting the beavers.
	www.acton.org /publicat/randl/article.php?id=239 (2262 words)

	Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The intrinsic value of something is said to be the value that that thing has “in itself,” or “for its own sake,” or “as such,” or “in its own right.” Extrinsic value is value that is not intrinsic.
		Even nonderivative value (value that something has in its own right; value that is, in some way, not attributable to the value of anything else) is usually understood to be supervenient on certain nonevaluative features of the thing that has value (and thus to be attributable, in a different way, to these features).
		In this sort of case, the values of A, B, …, Y are all parasitic on the value of Z.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic (12546 words)

	Labour Theory of Value - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Labour Theory of Value, theory that the value of a good or a service derives from the amount of labour that goes into it.
		In the labour theory of value, in the simplest terms, the value of a product is composed of, or created or determined by, all the labour involved in...
		The 18th-century French economists known as physiocrats were the first to develop a system of economics.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Labour_Theory_of_Value.html (163 words)

	Statistics of Weather and Climate Extremes
		This web page is intended to serve as a resource for the use of the statistical theory of extreme values in the analysis of weather and climate extremes and their impacts.
		The modern approach to extreme value analysis is based on a point process representation, equivalent to: (i) a Poisson process governing the rate of occurrence of exceedance of a high threshold; and (ii) a generalized Pareto distribution for the excess over the threshold.
		He was a pioneer in the application of extreme value theory, particularly to climate and hydrology.
	www.isse.ucar.edu /extremevalues/extreme.html (1037 words)

	Value Theory
		The Kant-Friesian Theory of Religion and Religious Value [29.1K]
		The New Friesian Theory of Religious Value [13.6K]
		Religious Value and the Antinomies of Transcendence [16.1K]
	www.friesian.com /value.htm (261 words)

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