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	NASA GISS: Science Briefs: Did the Snowball Earth Have a Slushball Ocean? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The older interval, called the Sturtian glaciation, occurred about 750 million years ago, and the younger interval, called the Varanger glaciation, took place roughly 590 million years ago.
		Using a special lab technique that measures the paleomagnetism of ancient glacial sediments, researchers have determined that continental-scale ice sheets once extended to latitudes as low as 10° (the latitude of modern Costa Rica).
		Climate forcings and the initiation of low-latitude ice sheets during the Neoproterozoic Varanger glacial interval.
	www.giss.nasa.gov /research/briefs/sohl_01 (973 words)

	Glaciation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A glaciation (a created composite term meaning Glacial Period, referring to the Period or Era of, as well as the process of High Glacial Activity), often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator.
		The Varanger glaciation was especially severe and may have extended to the Equator.
		The term ice age is used to refer either to a single glaciation or to an entire period of repeated glaciations such as the recent 30 million years of the Cenozoic period, especially the Pleistocene glaciations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glaciation (559 words)

	Cryogenian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It includes the Sturtian and Marinoan (formerly known as the Varanger) glaciations, and lasts from 800 Ma (million years ago, boundary defined chronometrically) to approximately 635 Ma.
		The name is derived from the glacial deposits characteristic of the period, indicating that at this time, the Earth suffered its most severe ice ages in history, with glaciers extending to the equator on several occasions.
		Other known world wide glaciations include the Huronian from 2400 Ma to 2100 Ma, Andean-Saharan from 450 Ma to 420 Ma, the Karoo glaciation from 360 Ma to 260 Ma, and the Cenozoic glaciation which started 30 Ma in Antarctica and is ongoing.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Varanger_glaciation (416 words)

	Glaciation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Glaciation, often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator.
		Unfortunately the scouring action of each glaciation tends to remove most of the evidence of prior icesheets almost completely, except in regions where the later sheet doesn't achieve full coverage.
		An ice age is sometimes used to refer to a single glaciation, or to an entire period of repeated glaciations such as the recent 30 million years of the Cenozoic period, especially the Pleistocene glaciations.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Glaciation (504 words)

	Glaciation - Wikipedia
		Glaciations are characterized by cool, wet climates, thick ice sheets extending well South into what are presently temperate regions.
		In general, the Earth seems to have been ice free even in high latitudes except during relatively rare glacial periods such as the one from which we are currently emerging.
		The causes of glaciations have been much debated since the phenomenon was clearly identified in the 17th century.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glaciation (360 words)

	Varanger glaciation: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Varanger glaciation
		The Varanger Glacial Event (sometimes termed the Stuartian-Varangian[?] with Stuartian[?] being the earlier part) was a world wide glaciation that occurred around 950-600 Million Years Ago.
		Evidence of the Varanger event is found in various places and times: The Congo River basin from 950-750Ma and 620-600Ma.
		Other known world wide glaciations include the Huronian[?] from 2400Ma to 2100Ma, Andean-Saharan[?] from 450-420Ma, the Karoo[?] glaciation from 360Ma to 260Ma, and the Cenozoic glaciation which started 30Ma in Antarctica and may not be over.
	www.encyclopedian.com /va/Varanger-glaciation.html (231 words)

	Ice age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers ("glaciation").
		The end of the last glacial also corresponds quite closely to the development of permanent human settlements and agriculture, and it is possible that there is a connection between the two events.
		Long Island was formed from glacial till, and the watersheds of Canada were so severely disrupted that they are still sorting themselves out — the plethora of lakes on the Canadian Shield in northern Canada can be almost entirely attributed to the action of the ice.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Ice_age (2117 words)

	Glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Glaciation, often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form inthe Arctic and Antarctic and advancetoward the equator.
		The Varanger glaciation was especially severe andmay have extended to the Equator.
		An ice age is sometimes used to refer to a single glaciation, or to anentire period of repeated glaciations such as the recent 30 million years of the Cenozoic period, especially the Pleistocene glaciations.
	www.therfcc.org /glaciation-80684.html (409 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Timeline_of_glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There were extensive glaciations from 350 million years before present to 250 million.
		The last glacial and interglacial phases of the Pleistocene are named, from most recent to most distant, as follows (names before the '/' are North America, names after it Northern European, dates in thousand years BCE.
		The marine record preserves all the past glaciations; the land-based evidence is less complete because successive glaciations may wipe out evidence of their predecessors.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Timeline_of_glaciation (299 words)

	GLACIATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Glacier ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth, and second only to the oceans as the largest reservoir of total water.
		Glacial moraines are formed from the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated.
		Glacial erratics are rounded boulders that were left by a melting glacier and are often seen perched precariously on exposed rock faces after glacial retreat.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/GLACIATIONS (1331 words)

	Knowledge King - Glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The best studied glaciation -- that of the recent past appears to have taken place in at least four separate ice incursions and retreats.
		This has lead to a recent Snowball Earth hypothesis that the Earth froze over completely in the late Proterozoic then thawed very rapidly as trapped water and carbon dioxide were returned to atmosphere.
		An ice age is sometimes used to refer to a single glaciation, or to an entire period of repeated glaciations such as the recent 30 million years of the Cenozoic period.
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/g/gl/glaciation.html (399 words)

	Cryogenian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These glaciations are represented by tillite deposits in Congo, Australia, China, North America, Sahara, Oman, Ireland, Scotland, Norway, and many other places around the world.
		It is generally considered to be divisible into at least two (Sturtian around 800 Ma and Marinoan/Varanger 650 Ma) major worldwide glaciations, with several other more localised glaciations.
		There are a number of enigmatic features about this glaciation, including indications of glaciation at very low latitudes and the presence of limestones -- sediments which are normally warm water above and below and intermixed with glacial deposits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Varanger_glaciation (416 words)

	Glaciation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In general, the (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth seems to have been ice free even in high latitudes except during relatively rare glacial maximums such as the one from which we emerged from 10 to 15 thousand years ago.
		The causes of glaciations have been much debated ever since the phenomenon was clearly identified in the (Click link for more info and facts about 17th century) 17th century.
		The (Click link for more info and facts about Varanger glaciation) Varanger glaciation was especially severe and may have extended to the (An imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles) Equator.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gl/glaciation.htm (479 words)

	Snowball Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Paleontologist W. Brian Harland pointed out that contemporary glacial till deposits can be found on all continents, and first proposed that the Earth must have been in an ice age at this time.
		At first the then-new theory of plate tectonics seemed to offer an out, but in fact made the situation worse: studies of the magnetic orientations of the rocks of the period showed that the continents were clustered around the equator rather than being near the poles as might have been hoped.
		The mechanism by which it did so is still mysterious, but one suggestion is that the presence of the at-first ice free continents at the poles enhanced the natural process of carbon dioxide reabsorption through the erosion of silicate rocks, reducing the greenhouse effect and making the Earth colder until it reached a runaway point.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/snowball_earth (994 words)

	Encyclopedia: Glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Such a period between glacial maxima is known also, as an interglacial.
		Austrias longest glacier, the Pasterze, winds its 8 km (5 mile) route at the foot of Austrias highest mountain, the Grossglockner.
		The Flandrian interglacial or stage is the name given by geologists and archaeologists in the British Isles to the first, and so far only, stage of the Holocene, covering the period from around 10,000 years ago when the last ice age ended to the present day.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Glaciation (1086 words)

	Read about Glaciation at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Glaciation and learn about Glaciation here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		glaciers in otherwise unglaciated areas expand and extend to lower elevations even in the lowest of
		The causes of glaciations have been much debated ever since the phenomenon was clearly identified in the
		Varanger glaciation was especially severe and may have extended to the
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Glaciation (407 words)

	Read about Sturtian-Varangian at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Sturtian-Varangian and learn about ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The population of acritarchs crashed during this glaciation and it is claimed that oxygen levels in the
		There are a number of enigmatic features with regard to this glaciation including indications of glaciation at very low latitudes and the presence of
		Paleomagnetism seems to indicate very high continental drift rates leading some geologists to question whether some of the phenomena might be due to magnetic pole wandering rather than plate motion and low latitude glaciation.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Varanger_glaciation (239 words)

	Precambrian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A number of glacial periods have been identified going as far back as the Huronian epoch, roughly 2200 million years ago.
		The best studied is the Sturtian-Varanger glaciation, around 600 million years ago, which may have brought glacial conditions all the way to the equator, resulting in a "Snowball Earth".
		The atmosphere of the early Earth is poorly known, but is thought to have contained very little oxygen.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/p/pr/precambrian.html (804 words)

	Glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Glaciation, llamado a menudo una edad de hielo, es un fenómeno geológico en el cual las hojas masivas del hielo forman en el el ártico y antártico y anticipado hacia el ecuador.
		Glaciations es caracterizado por climas frescos, mojados y hojas gruesas del hielo que amplían el sur de cada poste.
		El mejor glaciation estudiado, de que del pasado reciente, aparece haber ocurrido en por lo menos cuatro incursiones y retratamientos separados del hielo.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/gl/Glaciation.htm (485 words)

	Isotopes, ice ages, and terminal Proterozoic earth history -- Kaufman et al. 94 (13): 6600 -- Proceedings of the ...
		that cap Marinoan (= Varanger) glacial strata (30, 31).
		Atlantic region and are attributed to the Varanger Ice Age (37).
		In Namibia, glacial horizons traditionally have been used to correlate strata from two separate Neoproterozoic land masses.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/13/6600 (4483 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Precambrian
		A number of glacial periods have been identified going as far back as the Huronian epoch, roughly 2200 million years BP.
		The best studied is the Sturtian-Varangian glaciation, around 600 million years BP, which may have brought glacial conditions all the way to the equator, resulting in a "Snowball Earth".
		The atmosphere of the early Earth is poorly known, but it is thought to have been smothered in noxious gases, containing very little free oxygen.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Cryptozoic (987 words)

	Palaeos Proterozoic : Neoproterozoic: Ediacaran : Ediacaran Period - 1
		The name "Ediacaran," in its geochronologic sense, used to mean an upper subunit of the Vendian, approximately 565 to 543 Ma (Bowring and Erwin 1998), with a stratotype in South Australia.
		This is the only Ediacaran-like assemblage found below Varanger glacial deposits anywhere, and provides a useful test for those models positing metazoan evolution to have been arrested during one or more of the Neoproterozoic glaciations.
		The published age constraints on these fossils are from 595 Ma (Varangian glacial diamictites of the Gaskiers Formation) to 565 Ma (well-dated Ediacaran fossils at Mistaken Point occurring 1.5 km stratigraphically higher).
	www.palaeos.com /Proterozoic/Neoproterozoic/Ediacaran/Ediacaran.htm (2724 words)

	Logarithmic timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After the extinction of dinosaurs in the Paleogene subperiod of the Tertiary period, endotherms gain domination of the land; primates appear.
		Era of animals: After the Varanger glaciation in the Ediacaran period of the Neoproterozoic age, the first multicellular fungi, plants and animals emerge.
		In the Paleoproterozoic our biosphere stabilizes with aerophile bacteria, in the Mesoproterozoic age emerge cells with nuclei capable of sexual reproduction and the Neoproterozoic (until the Varanger glaciation from 750 - 580 M years ago) prepared multicellular life.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Logarithmic_timeline (1303 words)

	Search Tuna Report for Glacial period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In Europe we meet with the plainest evidence of the Glacial period, from the western shores of Britain to the Oural range, and southward to the Pyrenees....
		GLACIAL PERIOD, in geology, the name usually given, by English and American writers, to that comparatively recent time when all parts of the world suffered a marked lowering of temperature, accompanied in northern Europe and North America by glacial conditions, not unlike those which now characterize the Polar regions....
		The study of glacial periods owed its first impetus to the Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz, whose conception of Pleistocene glaciation was presented in his address before the Helvetic Society 1837 and in his Etudes sur les glaciers 1840....
	searchtuna.com /ftlive2/4016.html (3486 words)

	Neoproterozoic - EvoWiki
		Geologically, the Neoproterozoic is thought to comprise a time of complex continental motion as a supercontinent called Rodinia broke up into perhaps as many as eight pieces.
		A massive worldwide glaciation probably occurred early in the period.
		This Varanger Glaciation may have been so severe as to bring icecaps to the equator, leading to a state known as the "Snowball Earth".
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Neoproterozoic (514 words)

	Encyclopedia: Neoproterozoic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Geologically, the Neoproterozoic is thought to comprise a time of complex continental motion as a supercontinent called Rodinia broke up into perhaps as many as eight pieces.
		A massive worldwide glaciation probably occurred early in the period.
		This Varanger Glaciation may have been so severe as to bring icecaps to the equator, leading to a state known as the "Snowball Earth".
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Neoproterozoic (534 words)

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