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Topic: Varangian

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	Varangians
		A contemporary representation of the Varangian Guards - from the copy of the Chronicle of John Skylitzes held in the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid.
		The name Varangian comes from an Old Norse word relating to sharers in an oath - it is thought it originally referred to Swedish traders on the Russian rivers, bound together by an oath to co-operate and share profits.
		The Varangian Guards were among the best-paid of the Empire’s troops - so well paid that membership had to be purchased.
	www.geocities.com /egfrothos/Varangians.html (396 words)

	Varangian
		The Varangians are first mentioned by the Russian Primary Chronicle as having arrived from beyond the Baltic Sea around the mid-9th century, invited by the warring Slavic tribes to bring peace to the region.
		Varangians first appear in the Byzantine world in 839, when the emperor Theophilus negotiated with them to provide a few mercenaries for his army.
		The Varangian Guard was one of the fiercest and most loyal elements of the Byzantine army, as described in Anna Comnena's chronicle of the reign of her father Alexius I, the Alexiad.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/va/Varangian.html (518 words)

	Varangians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Instead, the Varangian ruling classes of the two powerful city-states of Novgorod and Kiev were eventually Slavicized, but Old Norse was spoken in Novgorod until the 13th century, and a Varangian mercenary force continued in the service of the Byzantine Emperors.
		Varangians had been trading in the Baltic as far back as the seventh century and in 839, they first appear in the Byzantine world, as mercenaries hired by the emperor Theophilus.
		The Varangians were hired by the Kievan and Novgorodian princes as mercenaries from the ninth century until the eleventh century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Varangian (1991 words)

	Etymology Of Viking and Varangian
		Taking this connection further, there are a number of words that begin with the letters wi, wa, vi, va, ba, be, fa, and fe, which close the gap between Varangian and Viking, demonstrating a clear connection.
		There is reason to believe then, that Varangian was a term used for a foreigner in the service of the Byzantine Government.
		Thus Viking and Varangian are essentially the same term, meaning 'someone who travels or is passing through,' a term which may be applied to anyone who passed through, whether merchant, mercenary, or marauder.
	eeliag.netwiz.net /etm.html (1593 words)

	Wikinfo \| Varangian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Varangians (Varyags, in Russian spelling) are first mentioned by the Russian Primary Chronicle as having arrived from beyond the Baltic Sea around the mid-9th century, invited by the warring Slavic tribes to bring peace to the region (these Slavic and Finnish tribes had chased away the first Scandinavian settlers).
		Varangians first appear in the Byzantine world in 839, when the emperor Theophilus II negotiated with them to provide a few mercenaries for his army.
		One of the most famous members of the Varangian Guard was the future king Harald III of Norway, also known as Harald Hardrada, who arrived in Constantinople in 1035.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Varangian (628 words)

	Gouden Hoorn 6,1: Timothy Dawson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Varangian Guard had a reputation as en elite fighting force, but in a nation which was the most prosperous and militarily sophisticated in the world at the time the unit may be seen to have had uses perhaps surpassing the military ones.
		The clearest example of this was the overthrow of Michael V in 1042, wherein the Guard became the spearhead of widespread discontent caused by Michael's policies and attempts to purge the upper bureaucracy and the royal family.
		The Varangian Guard was thus more than a military bulwark for the Byzantine Emperor, and formed an element of the ideological foundations for rulers East and West, and grist for the mills of national folklores.
	www.isidore-of-seville.com /goudenhoorn/61timothy.html (1638 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Varangian Guard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was in 988 when the Varangian Guard appeared as an official force: 6000 warriors were given to the Byzantine Emperor Basil II by the Kievan Prince Vladimir the Great in order to cement a marriage to his sister Anna.
		Because the Varangian Guards were foreigners, and highly trusted and dependable ones at that, the Byzantine emperors could use them to act as a pseudo police force, arresting and punishing anyone deemed to be troublesome or plotting in some way against the imperial regime.
		The Varangian Guards were famous for their two-handed axes and would have continued to use their own weapons until they broke or wore out.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/36/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1 (1749 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Varangian Guard) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Assur: One of the first Varangians who is attested to have died in Byzantine service was the Östergötlander, Assur (died circa 1010), one of five sons of the ""good man," Gulli.
		GuðverR, the youngest of his three sons, was the leader of the Varangian Guard in the emperor's service sometime in the middle of the eleventh century.
		Ragnvaldr: He was one of the leaders of the Varangian Guard in Constantinople (liðs forungi) in the middle of the eleventh century.
	members.aol.com /mokosh/Varangian_Guard.html (494 words)

	Viking Answer Lady Webpage - Vikings in the East: Rus and Varangians
		In turn, the Varangians were expected to avoid violence, were expected to dwell exclusively in the St. Mamas quarter which was reserved for them, and each Varangian was required to register his name with the city officials.
		The duties of the Varangians, in addition to safeguarding the person of the Emperor and his family, included accompanying the Emperor to festivals and celebrations, accompanying the Imperial family to church services at Hagia Sophia, serving as door guards in the palace, and acting to provide crowd control when the Emperor was present.
		The Varangian Guard had important ceremonial duties during the crowning of a new Emperor, during Easter, and near Palm Sunday, as well as serving roles during Imperial weddings, the coronation of Empresses, and at the funerals of deceased Emperors.
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /varangians.shtml (3682 words)

	English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces
		The Varangian Guard's origin is veiled with some ambiguity, as is the case with many of the military institutions of the Byzantine state.
		From the founding of the Varangian Guard to the last decade of the 11th century, the major component of the unit was Scandinavian.
		"Then the Varangians come and wish the Emperor many years in the language of their country, that is, English, and beating their battle-axes with load noise."[34] An earlier Byzantine source called them "the axe-bearing Britons, now called English."[35] Nonetheless, the guard was not wholly English, a number of sources mention Danes in the guard.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/pappas1.htm (4615 words)

	3 Barwon Ave,
		The only contemporary representation of Varangians in action, in an illuminated copy of the historical Chronicle of John Skylitzes, held in the Bibliotéca Naçional in Madrid show the Varangians in armour of Byzantine style.
		The Varangians were used on guard duty in the Mangana and Vlakhernai Palaces, Hagia Sofia cathedral, and by the Khalke gates in the Imperial quarter.
		The surprising lenience shown by Emperor Nikephoros after an assassination attempt by Varangians is possibly evidence of the favour and status they held, and perhaps of the Emperor’s belief that he needed their support more than he needed justice for what really amounted to treason.
	www.angelfire.com /empire/egfroth/VarangianArmour.htm (3130 words)

	Viking Answer Lady Webpage - Names of Scandinavians in the Byzantine Varangian Guard and in Russia
		While undoubtedly some of those who went to Greece were traders, a number would have travelled there to become members of the prestigious Varangian Guard, a special unit in the Byzantine Army charged with the duty of protecting the Emperor.
		The Varangian Guard existed from around 911, when the Scandinavian Rus signed a treaty with Byzantium establishing relations for trade and military service.
		The vast majority of Varangians, of course, were from Russia, Kiev, or eastern Scandinavia.
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /VarangianNames.shtml (1197 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Russia : Varangian Rus
		The Varangians pulled boats over short stretches separating rivers flowing in different directions, thus crossing the watershed.
		Varangian Rus' Rulers of the Rurikid Dynasty, - 988
		The Varangians and the Origins of the Russian and Ukrainian States (860-862), excerpt from the Russian Primary Chronicle
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/vikstatvarrus.html (387 words)

	Varangian Kindreds Statement of Purpose (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Varangian Kindred serves the heathen communities of South Florida, North Arkansas, and Eastern Missouri.
		Varangian Kindred is a free associations of heathens.
		Varangian Kindred strives to assume a place among the other civic-minded religious organizations within our community, hoping to contribute in a positive way toward the understanding of our faith and the betterment of all, within and without.
	www.varangiankindred.org /statement_of_purpose.htm (123 words)

	The Infamous Svjatoslav
		Having gained a brief delay in the fighting, Tzimiskes used the interlude to train special military forces, and by the end of the summer of 970 he was prepared to attack Svjatoslav and his retinue.
		Perhaps Svjatoslav rejected this plan because the Varangians were not good horsemen and because they loved the sea and the dangers that it posed.
		The Varangian tradition of military intrepidity, even in the face of certain death, was no doubt a dominating element in Svjatoslav's decision to sail around the cataracts held by the Pechenegs.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/ARTICLES/hanak.htm (4675 words)

	NVG Inc - Varangian Voice Quarterly Magazine
		The Varangian Voice is a magazine of research articles, news and reports relating to the activities, interests and experiences of the New Varangian Guard.
		The Varangian Voice was originally published in 1984 as the “extremely unofficial news letter of the New Varangian Guard.” (VV Issue 1).
		The Varangian Voice began as the “extremely unofficial news letter of the New Varangian Guard.”, at this stage the ‘Editor’ was an Ordinary Member position of the Melbourne Garrison.
	nvg.org.au /staticpages/index.php?page=voice (764 words)

	Palaeos Proterozoic : Ediacaran : Ediacaran Period - 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The name "Ediacaran," in its geochronologic sense, used to mean an upper subunit of the Vendian, approximately 565 to 543 Ma (Bowring and Erwin 1998), with a stratotype in South Australia.
		This was supposed to take the age of the Ediacaran fauna, while the Varangian sub-period took in the age of the Varangian glaciation -- presumably the first half of the Vendian.
		Nostoc-like balls) is possible but is difficult to reconcile with the morphology and relatively high relief of the remains, their occurrence at the bottom of turbidite beds, and the lack of a carbonaceous film outlining them, particularly in view of the of the fact that carbonaceous compressions are present in the formation." Hofmann et al.
	www.palaeos.com /Proterozoic/Vendian/Vendian.htm (2572 words)

	NVG Inc. Official Documentation
		The New Varangian Guard Inc. (NVG Inc.) consists of a National Executive Committee, a National Council of Garrison Representatives, and the local branches themselves, called Garrisons.
		The National Council of Garrison Representatives is the body that votes on matters effecting NVG Inc. and consists of a single representative from each garrison.
		The core area and period of the New Varangian Guard shall be the Byzantine Empire, its allies and enemies, during the 9th to 13th centuries A.D. To encourage the study, experimentation and practice of any branch of knowledge relevant to the association's focus.
	home.iprimus.com.au /straffon/official.html (279 words)

	Wargames Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Varangian Guard were founded by Emperor Basil II (also known as Bulgaroktonos, or slayer of the Bulgarians) in 988, and came with 6,000 Russian Viking warriors sent by Varangian Tsar Vladimir of Russia.
		The Varangian Guard were legendary for their loyalty to the Emperors of Byzantine, which in itself is an oddity in Byzantine society.
		It is said that the Varangians distinguished themselves, choosing to attack the enemy before the rest of the army had engaged.
	www.wargamesjournal.com /dark_ages/dark_ages_article_13.asp (1262 words)

	NVG Inc
		The core area and period of interest of the New Varangian Guard is the Byzantine Empire, its allies and enemies, during the 9th to 13th centuries A.D. Members of the Guard attempt to learn about the lifestyle of these peoples by study and reconstruction of the materials and practices of the period.
		These Emperor's Varangians, also know as the 'axe-wielding guard' (though one Emperor nicknamed them "Winebags"), were primarily Vikings and Rus until the late eleventh century, when a large influx of Englishmen fleeing Norman persecution significantly changed the ethnic composition.
		Scandinavian involvement revived during the Crusades, and indeed, the heyday of the Emperor's Varangians seems to have run from the late 11th to the mid 12th century.
	www.nvg.org.au (1129 words)

	Adrenalab______________________________________Diario in corso (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		"The Varangian Guard were founded by Emperor Basil II in 988, with 6000 Russian Viking warriors sent by Varangian Tsar Vladimir of Russia.
		The Varangian Guard were the best paid of all the Empire's troops.
		It was quite common for Norsemen to go to Byzantium from all over Scandinavia and Russia, spend time in the Varangian Guard, and return home rich.
	www.adrenalab.com /ADRENALAB/blog/2006/05/varangian-guards.html (187 words)

	Relics Of The Varangians
		The church of St. Nicholas “of the English” in Constantinople was supposed to be the chapel of the English among the Varangians, so this seal might date to the period of Anglo-Saxon dominance in the Guard, from around 1080 until some time in the 12th century, or perhaps the Fourth Crusade (1204).
		The most likely example of a Varangian, and probably a high ranking one, is Ragnvaldr, who had an inscription (U 112) carved over two faces of a great boulder at Ed, just north of Stockholm.
		Piltz, ‘Varangian companies for long distance trade: aspects of interchange between Scandinavia, Rus’; and Byzantium in the 11th-12th centuries.’ In: Elizabeth Piltz (Ed.), Byzantium and Islam in Scandinavia: Acts of a Symposium at Uppsala University, June 15-16 1996’.
	members.ozemail.com.au /~chrisandpeter/relics/relics.html (2550 words)

	Names of Scandinavians in the Byzantine Varangian Guard and in Russia
		While undoubtedly some of those who went to Greece were traders, a number would have travelled there to become members of the prestigious Varangian Guard, a special unit in the Byzantine Army charged with the duty of protecting the Emperor.
		The Varangian Guard existed from around 911, when the Scandinavian Rus signed a treaty with Byzantium establishing relations for trade and military service.
		The vast majority of Varangians, of course, were from Russia, Kiev, or eastern Scandinavia.
	www.s-gabriel.org /names/gunnvor/varangian (1195 words)

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