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Topic: Variola

	Variola
		Variola minor, like variola major, is highly infectious and could be spread through inhalation of the virus released from lesions into nasal secretions, and also through direct contact of scab material, though at a much lower rate of transmission.
		Variola major had the potential to cause more clincially-severe outcomes such as hemorrhagic-type smallpox associated with bleeding from the skin and mucous membranes, severe toxemia and death, and flat-type smallpox characterized with severe toxemia.
		Variola minor should have no game action since its severity was less than that of smallpox and also because it is now extinct.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/adeno/2000/variola.html (659 words)

	CDC Smallpox \| Smallpox Overview
		Variola major is the severe and most common form of smallpox, with a more extensive rash and higher fever.
		There are four types of variola major smallpox: ordinary (the most frequent type, accounting for 90% or more of cases); modified (mild and occurring in previously vaccinated persons); flat; and hemorrhagic (both rare and very severe).
		Variola minor is a less common presentation of smallpox, and a much less severe disease, with death rates historically of 1% or less.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp (924 words)

	Department of Agriculture \| Smallpox
		Variola minor is characterized by milder clinical signs, smaller skin lesions and a low mortality rate; variola major is characterized by more severe disease and scarring and a higher mortality rate.
		Variola, vaccinia, monkeypox and cowpox viruses look similar in most cell culture systems but can be distinguished by their characteristic lesions on the chorioallantoic membranes of 10 to 12 day old chick embryos.
		The overall mortality rate for variola major is 3% in vaccinated individuals and 30% in unvaccinated; mortality is generally higher with the Asian form than African form and in children under a year old.
	www.state.nj.us /agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/smallpox.html (1264 words)

	Variola Virus
		Variola virus has a group of proteins that are truncated compared with vaccinia virus counterparts and a smaller group of proteins that are elongated.
		Variola is most effectively spread via the respiratory route with as little as ten plaque-forming units contained within aerosolized saliva able to transmit the infection from person to person (Hassett, 2003).
		On natural exposure to aerosolized virus, variola travels from the upper or the lower respiratory tract to regional lymph nodes, where it replicates and gives rise to viremia, which is followed soon thereafter by a rash (Website 1).
	pathport.vbi.vt.edu /pathinfo/pathogens/Variola.html (9832 words)

	Variola
		Variola remained in the infirmary for weeks - helping mend the broken bones or soothe the burns on skin blistered by fire breathers.
		Variola had to refrain from dancing in the aisles when so many people were stuffed into the cathair's sands.
		Variola grinned and was about to say something when he felt a hard hand on his shoulder.
	www.geocities.com /invader_woz/vari.htm (1187 words)

	Smallpox
		Smallpox is a potentially deadly infection caused by the variola virus.
		Variola virus is known to exist in laboratories at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and at the Institute of Virus Preparations in Siberia, Russia.
		The variola virus spreads from person to person and is most contagious during the first week of the rash.
	www.everettclinic.com /kbase/topic/special/tn8265/sec1.htm (831 words)

	Chapter 1 - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Smallpox is a highly contagious and virulent, often fatal infectious disease caused by variola virus, a large orthopoxvirus of the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae.
		Variola major has been endemic in India for at least 2000 years, and has spread to China, Japan, Africa, and the Americas (29).
		Aerosol release of variola virus by terrorist organizations is an increasingly real threat to the civilian population, most of whom are either unvaccinated or have lost immunity.
	www.afip.org /Departments/infectious/sp/text/1_1.htm (3540 words)

	CDC - Strengthening National Preparedness for Smallpox: an Update
		Although the complete genomic sequence of selected isolates of variola virus is known (2), the diagnosis and treatment of smallpox infection have not changed in the past two decades.
		Study of these isolates is based on three research themes: application of modern serologic and genomic methods in the diagnosis of variola virus disease; determination of candidate antiviral drug activity against this virus; and investigation of the pathogenesis of smallpox infection, especially through the development of a nonhuman primate model to replicate human smallpox infection.
		The research team carefully outlined all experimental work to be undertaken with variola virus, incorporating suggestions from a peer group of highly qualified external experts from academia and industry; the first set of experiments was conducted from January to July 2000 in the CDC maximum containment laboratory.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol7no1/leduc.htm (1478 words)

	Variola Virus: World of Forensic Science
		Variola virus (or variola major) is the virus that causes smallpox.
		The variola virus is extremely virulent and is among the most dangerous of all the potential biological weapons.
		The variola virus particle is shaped like a biconcave (concave on both sides) brick about 200 to 400 nm (nanometers) long.
	science.enotes.com /forensic-science/variola-virus (171 words)

	Smallpox eradication: destruction of variola virus stocks - CCDR Volume 28-05
		The Committee agreed that, despite the considerable progress that had been made in investigating variola virus, significant components of this research, most notably the refinement and use of an animal model developed in 2001 and the development of antiviral drugs, were unlikely to be completed by the end of 2002.
		The Committee was informed that the complete genomes of an additional seven isolates of variola virus had been sequenced, bringing the total number of full-length genome sequences to 10 (nine variola major and one variola minor strain).
		It was recognized that access to live variola virus would be necessary to assess the efficacy of new, improved smallpox vaccines and, ultimately, to obtain regulatory approval.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /publicat/ccdr-rmtc/02vol28/dr2805eb.html (1767 words)

	Smallpox/Variola
		The variola virus is responsible for causing smallpox to breakout in humans.
		Variola minor cases are discrete, ordinary types, with extensive rashes and smaller lesions.
		It does not occur in the natural world but it is 90% similar to the variola virus, however, it unlike variola, is not pathogenic to humans.
	www.rhodes.edu /biology/glindquester/viruses/pagespass/smallpox/smallpox.html (3129 words)

	What is Smallpox
		Variola major is the strain of the virus that causes the most severe disease and is also the most common form of smallpox.
		Variola minor is the strain of the Variola that caused a less severe disease and was less common than Variola major.
		Once the Variola virus is inhaled it lands on and infects the cells that cover the mouth, throat and respiratory tract.
	www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/bioterror/smallpox.htm (2313 words)

	eMedicine - Smallpox : Article by Julie R Kenner, MD, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The variola virus is a large brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox.
		Variola is spread most efficiently by means of inhalation and less efficiently by means of direct contact with scabs or pustular material from skin lesions.
		Variola major was the predominant endemic strain throughout the world, and, by the end of the 18th century, it was responsible for approximately 400,000 deaths a year in Europe.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic901.htm (4368 words)

	Biological Warfare
		Variola (the virus that causes smallpox) is the most notorious of the poxviruses.
		Variola is highly infectious and is associated with a high death rate and secondary spread.
		Variola then moves into smaller blood vessels near the surface of the skin where the inflammatory changes occur.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /biological_warfare/page4_em.htm (2004 words)

	Variola Virus Given Reprieve
		Smallpox has been eradicated, but the variola virus, which is the cause of the smallpox disease, is not extinct.
		There are two known stock piles of the variola virus that continue to exist – one in a high security research institution in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at Atlanta, Georgia, and another in a similar facility in the Russian Federation at Koltsovo in the heart of the Urals.
		Early in 1999, both Russia and the United States indicated that they were now opposed to the immediate destruction of the virus as their countries had concerns that hidden stocks of variola could get into the hands of terrorists.
	www.prevention-news.com /1999/julaug99/variola.htm (376 words)

	healthyNJ--Information for Healthy Living
		The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for “spotted” and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person.
		There are four types of variola major smallpox: ordinary (the most frequent type, accounting for 90% or more of cases); modified (mild and occurring in previously vaccinated persons); flat; and hemorrhagic (both rare and very severe).
		Historically, variola major has an overall fatality rate of about 30%; however, flat and hemorrhagic smallpox usually are fatal.
	www.healthynj.org /dis-con/smallpox/main.htm (1724 words)

	Smallpox Fact Sheet
		Variola major is the more severe form and has a 30-50% fatality rate among those who are unvaccinated (3% in vaccinated persons).
		Variola minor has a 1-2% fatality rate in unvaccinated individuals.
		Another rare and deadly form of smallpox is referred to as flat-type smallpox affects about 5% of the persons with variola major.
	hlunix.hl.state.ut.us /els/epidemiology/epifacts/smallpox.html (1319 words)

	Detection of Orthopoxvirus DNA by Real-Time PCR and Identification of Variola Virus DNA by Melting Analysis -- Nitsche ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Besides the characteristic melting peak for the variola virus-resembling plasmid pVar-VETF at 63°C (peak A), all non-variola virus orthopoxviruses fall into the four distinct peaks—peaks B, C, D, and E—as described in the text.
		Melting curve analysis shows characteristic peaks for variola virus at 65°C (peak A) and two additional peaks (peaks B and C) for the non-variola virus orthopoxviruses as described in the text.
		of variola virus DNA is not susceptible to mixtures of orthopoxviruses.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/3/1207 (4030 words)

	Smallpox (Variola) - Southern Nevada Health District
		Variola major was the more severe form and would usually kill 30-50 percent of persons infected with it who were unvaccinated (3 percent of those vaccinated), typically between the fifth and seventh day of their illness.
		Variola minor would usually kill 1-2 percent of persons infected with it who were unvaccinated.
		Another rare and deadly form of smallpox was referred to as flat-type smallpox that affected about 5 percent of those with variola major.
	www.cchd.org /disease_factsheets/smallpox.htm (1037 words)

	Smallpox Fact Sheet
		Variola major is the more severe form and has a 30-50% fatality rate among those who are unvaccinated (3% in vaccinated persons).
		Another rare and deadly form of smallpox is referred to as flat-type smallpox affects about 5% of the persons with variola major.
		Both purpura variolosa and flat smallpox are virtually never seen in persons infected with variola minor.
	health.utah.gov /epi/fact_sheets/smallpox.html (1319 words)

	Biosecurity and Biodefense Resource - Federation of American Scientists
		Smallpox is caused by the double-stranded DNA orthopoxviruses Variola major and Variola minor.
		The two known stock of the virus are at the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology in Koltsovo, Russia.
		Beginning in the 1600s, the Native American population of North and South America was exposed to Variola, carried by Europeans.
	www.fas.org /biosecurity/resource/factsheets/smallpox.htm (577 words)

	Smallpox
		Variola (the virus that causes smallpox) is a member of the orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes viruses such as cowpox, monkeypox, orf, and molluscum contagiosum.
		The variola virus is the only known cause of smallpox.
		Variola minor, or alastrim, is a milder form of the virus with a death rate of 1%.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /smallpox/page2_em.htm (520 words)

	dreddyclinic.com - Smallpox (variola) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Smallpox (variola) is a contagious, disfiguring and often deadly disease caused by the variola virus.
		Variola minor is a milder form of the disease and causes a less serious illness.
		Historically, variola major is fatal in about 30 percent of people who contract it.
	www.dreddyclinic.com /findinformation/vv/variolavirus.htm (2490 words)

	Variola
		This beauty does range over the western Indo-Pacific, all the way to the Indian Ocean; but the best specimens, color, hardy and number-wise are to be had from the Red Sea.
		Variola albomarginata Baissac 1953, the White-Edged Lyretail Grouper.
		Variola louti (Forsskal 1775), the Skunk or Yellow-Edged Lyretail Grouper.
	www.wetwebmedia.com /variola.htm (1081 words)

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