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Topic: Variolation

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Small pox

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	Smallpox
		This practice, called variolation, induced an active case in the recipient, but usually the case was less severe than if the disease had been contracted in the normal way (by inhalation as it turned out).
		Variolation was introduced into England and the American colonies early in the 18th century.
		The variolated person often became quite ill and the mortality rate, although only a fraction of that for people who contracted the disease in the normal way, was nonetheless appreciable.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Smallpox.html (1075 words)

	Smallpox: The Triumph over the Minister of Death
		In India, variolation took several forms, the most common of which was the application of scabs or pus from a person with smallpox to the intact or scarified skin of a healthy person (30).
		She called it "ingrafting"; it was a procedure done by old women, who made four or five scratches or a slight puncture on the arm and introduced material taken from smallpox pustules from patients who had mild cases of the disease (19).
		Two to three percent of variolated persons died of smallpox; became the source of a new epidemic; or developed other illnesses from the lymph of the donor, such as tuberculosis or syphilis (39).
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/801622/posts (5974 words)

	Jenner On Trial: chapter 2
		This experiment involved testing variolation on six prisoners, three men and three women, in Newgate jail in 1721, and the purpose of the test, at first, was solely to determine the safety of the practice of variolation.
		Variolated persons were, after all, at some considerable risk of contracting a serious case of smallpox from the procedure, and there was even a 1% to 4% risk of actually dying from the procedure.
		Edward Jenner himself was inoculated by variolation in 1757 at the age of eight.
	www.bioethicscourse.info /jotsite/jot-chp2.html (3269 words)

	immunology - immunology history II
		The risk of death from variolation was around 2%, a risk but a considerable improvement on the death rate for uncontrolled infection.
		There was still a risk of death, variolation could potentially spread the disease as inoculated people were temporarily carriers for smallpox and the greatest resistance came from the church who condemned the practice as heathen and immoral.
		He was well aware of the practice of variolation and he was also aware of the belief in the rural community that infection with cowpox led to immunity against smallpox.
	www.keratin.com /am/am002.shtml (1364 words)

	Smallpox:
		This method of immunization was named variolation and involved taking samples (vesicles, pus from pustules, or ground scabs) from patients in whom the disease had been benign and introducing this material into other persons through the nose or skin (28).
		The technique of variolation was spread by the caravaners (merchants traveling by caravan to sell their wares); for these persons, protection against smallpox was obviously a great advantage.
		Variolation became widespread in the colonies of New England and especially in the city of Philadelphia, and it contributed to the notable growth in population in the second half of the 18th century.
	www.the-testament-of-truth.com /web/small.htm (5011 words)

	Smallpox Ravaged World for Eons
		Then, matter from a pustule or scab from a mild, smallpox case would be placed in the incision, exposing the body to a low-grade smallpox infection.
		In England, variolation was introduced by Lady Mary Wortley Montague, whose face had been permanently scarred by "the speckled monster." She had seen old women performing the procedure in Turkey, and pressed for its introduction in England.
		Variolation was risky, killing 1% to 3% of the people who tried it.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/smallpoxravagedworld.html (816 words)

	The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although variolation caused mild illness and even death, the incidence of smallpox was reported to be lower in populations that employed it.
		Variolation was also used by George Washington during the American War of Independence to inoculate his army against smallpox and by Napoleon Bonaparte to protect his troops before his invasion of Egypt.
		It was the use of variolation and other techniques that were as likely to kill a patient as to save one that led to a general suspicion of vaccination.
	www.azbio.org /centers/the-importance-of-vaccines.html (2268 words)

	Eliminating Smallpox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In China variolation was done by having people inhale dust that had been produced by crushing the dried scabs collected from the pock scars of people with variola.
		Negligible, of course, to those who did not become seriously ill. In immunological terms, variolation relies on a phenomenon known as herd immunity; the more people in a community (the herd) who are immune to an infectious disease, the less chance there is for the disease agent to establish an full-blown epidemic.
		Variolation was introduced into England in 1718 by Lady Mary Wortley Montague, spouse of the British Ambassador to Turkey, and the practice was used in England until the end of that century.
	www.ripon.edu /Faculty/WallaceR/Smallpox.html (1689 words)

	smallpoxhome.html
		In the early centuries, a technique called variolation was developed and carried out by a variety of technical rituals in different cultures.
		In 1717 she learned about variolation and without the permission of her husband, or the church, she had her two children variolated and the procedure was successful.
		Variolation was the act of taking tiny bits of pustule from an infected patient and scratching it into the skin of a person not yet immune with a needle.
	students.usm.maine.edu /kathryn.kennie/smallpoxhome.html (2408 words)

	SMALLPOX
		Although variolation was communicated to the Royal Society of London in 1714 and 1716, the conservative English physicians did not try it.
		Although 2 to 3 percent of variolated persons died of smallpox, this was demonstrably better than the 30 percent fatality rate.
		Variolation became so popular in the colonies that it contributed to the growth in population during the last half of the 18th century by reducing smallpox deaths.
	www.camlt.org /DL_web/950_smallpox.html (5238 words)

	© 2002 Ardor Scribendi, Ltd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For centuries, variolation, a technique by which a healthy individual is inoculated with pus taken from a patient with smallpox, was employed in both the East and the West for the purpose of inducing natural immunity against the disease, long before vaccination with cowpox was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796.
		Mather was the foremost advocate of variolation in America, perhaps because the terrible disease had changed his own life so dramatically: two of his children and his wife succumbed to it.
		It is believed that the technique of variolation came to Turkey from China by way of this path and, in time became a common practice among the Turks for preventing smallpox.
	www.tcmaa.org /SmallPox-derm101-Word.htm (2443 words)

	[Marxism] Nothing but the facts: smallpox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, given the potential for high mortality variolation was a relatively effective means of combating the contagion.
		Inoculation by variolation was one of the first forms of treating contagious crowd diseases.
		Inoculation by variolation and vaccination generated fear and suspicion among the general population, because smallpox was and is such a horrible disease.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/marxism/2005-February/021461.html (425 words)

	Jenner On Trial: chapter 5
		If these "controls" were to be challenged with smallpox infection by the method of variolation, they would theoretically have an acute reaction to the procedure, just as did all other variolated persons.
		If variolation is to be considered the current standard of treatment, then inoculation with cowpox did not seem to present any greater risk than inoculation with virulent smallpox.
		As for the benefits from being variolated, viz., protection from future infection with smallpox (if the variolated person survives), these seem to be relatively certain.
	www.bioethicscourse.info /jotsite/jot-chp5.html (4408 words)

	Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, North America, Bayer Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A vaccination is the introduction of a vaccine (a type of medicine given to prevent disease by inducing immunity).
		The technique of variolation was introduced in England by Lady Montagu in 1721 and refined in the mid-18th century by the Suttons, who used only slight pricking of the skin.
		Variolation remained controversial because the recipient could develop the full-blown disease and trigger an epidemic.
	www.bayerpharma-na.com /healthcare/hc0106.asp (269 words)

	Issues in Medical Ethics
		It is usually overlooked that variolation (direct introduction of smallpox virus- containing material to induce or increase immunity) antedated the birth of Christ and the Christian era.
		However, it should be emphasized that the introduction of new approaches to the prevention or management or treatment of a given disease involves nothing short of heroism on the part of the experimental subjects who subject themselves to the new approach before its safety and benefit.
		Although accurate data are not available, this led to the widespread use of variolation, particularly since accurate epidemiologic records of morbidity and mortality from variolation were not kept.
	www.issuesinmedicalethics.org /051mi007.html (2727 words)

	Variolation - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Obsolete: inoculation against smallpox using material from a vesicle or lesion of a person with smallpox.
		Variolation and vaccination in South Asia, c.1700-1865: A preliminary note (Social science and medicine.
		Variolation in Europe and America: Vaccination in Europe
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /variolation.htm (92 words)

	Vaccines--How and Why?
		Although the effects of variolation varied, ranging from causing a mild illness in most individuals to causing death in a few, the mortality and morbidity rates due to smallpox were certainly lower in populations that used variolation than in those that did not.
		One person who experienced variolation as a child in the late 1700s was Edward Jenner, a young boy who survived the process and grew up to become a country doctor in England.
		As a country doctor, Jenner noticed a relationship between the equine disease known as "grease" and a bovine disease known as "cow pox." He saw that farmers who treated horses with grease lesions often saw the development of cow pox in their cows, complete with blisters similar to those seen in smallpox infection.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/CC/vaccines_how_why.html (1676 words)

	StrategyPage.com - The War Against Smallpox
		While variolation could provide protection and prevent the terrible disfigurement a naturally occurring case of the disease almost inevitably caused in the Eighteenth Century, it was not without its drawbacks.
		Variolation was introduced into Europe just as smallpox was undergoing a resurgence and increase in virulence.
		One contemporary account described the situation: "When smallpox is epidemic, entire villages are depopulated, markets ruined and the face of distress spread over the whole country." In areas of central Europe in the Eighteenth Century a new born baby was not given a name until after he or she had experienced smallpox and survived.
	www.strategypage.com /articles/smallpox/4.asp (877 words)

	Outbreaks of smallpox due to variolation in China, 1962-1965 -- Yutu et al. 128 (1): 39 -- American Journal of ...
		Outbreaks of smallpox due to variolation in China, 1962-1965 -- Yutu et al.
		persons who had been variolated or were their close contacts.
		variolation material and equipment, and vaccinating the population.
	aje.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/128/1/39 (256 words)

	The Education of Edward Jenner
		While accounts of the variolation Jenner went through vary and what truely happened is probably not known, one in particular stands out.
		In this account, Jenner and other boys who had not yet caught smallpox were bled, purged, and starved almost to the point of harm for six weeks in preparation for the variolation, causing their bodies to be weakened even before they were given the vaccine (3).
		It took him a month to recover from the combination of the smallpox and the practices they were put through previous to the variolation (3).
	www.wfu.edu /users/turnaw2/educationjenner-2.htm (216 words)

	PlagueBlog: Variolation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Variolation was a form of smallpox inoculation in which scabs or pus from smallpox victims were powdered and inhaled or inserted under the skin to confer immunity.
		This method of inoculation was centuries old already when it came to Europe from Asia around 1720.
		Variolated persons suffered from a mild case of the disease (1 or 2% mortality), but could still infect others with full-blown smallpox (25 to 60% mortality).
	plagueblog.blogspot.com /2004/08/variolation.html (111 words)

	variolation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		variolation Early form of vaccination in which part of the lesions produced by smallpox were used to try and trigger immunity to the disease
		The Chinese were the first to put this observation into practice through an early form of vaccination called variolation, which was carried out as early as the 10th century and particularly between the 14th and 17th centuries.
		The aim was to prevent smallpox by exposing healthy people to matter from the lesions caused by the disease, either by putting it under the skin, or, more often, inserting powdered scabs from smallpox pustules into the nose (see picture, below).
	www.whale.to /a/variolation.html (136 words)

	Variola
		The name Variola is derived from a practice termed "variolation," which was the first effective, preventative method developed to provide protection from an infectious disease.
		Variolation is the practice of inhaling material from the dried pox scabs or inoculating this material directly beneath the skin.
		This method was effective, but had the disadvantage of producing smallpox when the material was active and not providing full immunological protection in some recipients.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/adeno/2000/variola.html (659 words)

	Immunisation
		Variolation eventually spread to Turkey and in the early 18th century it came to the notice of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (right), poet and wife of the British ambassador to Turkey.
		During the epidemic of 1721, this new practice caught the attention of Sir Hans Sloane, physician to the royal family, who experimented with variolation on some of London's prisoners and found it to be successful.
		Variolation caused mild illness but, although it could occasionally cause death, smallpox rates were lower in populations that tried it.
	www.immunisation.org.uk /article.php?id=348 (174 words)

	Smallpox: Variolation
		Between 1% to 2% of those variolated died as compared to 30% who died when they contracted the disease naturally.
		In 1721, at the urging of Montagu and the Princess of Wales, several prisoners and abandoned children were inoculated by having smallpox inserted under the skin.
		Victims of variolation could be found at all levels of society; King George III lost a son to the procedure as did many others.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html (294 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Vaccines and the power of immunity
		The ancient Turks probably were the first to use a form of vaccination called variolation, which involved pricking the skin, inserting exudate from smallpox pustules, and binding the wound.
		Interestingly, many Africans had practiced primitive variolation for centuries, and this slave population was far less likely to be stricken by the dreaded pox (1).
		While knowledge of variolation for protection against smallpox grew from a great reservoir of medical folklore, its popularization in England and Europe is often credited to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, a high-spirited and witty literary figure of the early 1700s.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/1997/06_97/vetter.htm (3354 words)

	CNS - CBW: Smallpox: From Eradicated Disease to Bioterrorist Threat
		Variolation – deliberate inoculation of smallpox to induce permanent immunity.
		One out of 100 people variolated developed a fatal case of smallpox, but most survived and became immune for life.
		Variolation was first introduced to England in the 1720s by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of the British ambassador in Turkey.
	cns.miis.edu /research/cbw/smallpox.htm (2412 words)

	Evolution of Medical Ethics in the Military
		However, a smallpox epidemic had reduced his healthy troop strength to half while the British troops, who had been variolated, were already immune to the spreading contagion.
		Variolation, on the other hand, was the practice of collecting ooze and scabs from smallpox lesions of a person who had a mild case and scratching this material into the skin of other persons who then contracted the disease.
		General Washington was strongly criticized in the press because of the risks of variolating his troops and his decision to go ahead despite the concerns of a frightened public.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Hangar/1962/jm4-primr.html (5687 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Variolation
		Variolation: The old practice of inoculating someone with the virus of smallpox to produce immunity to the disease.
		Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduced this practice into England from Turkey in 1721.
		Unfortunately, the identification of a suitable strain of the virus was not an exact science and grievous disease and death from variolation were not uncommon.
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=25625 (76 words)

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