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Topic: Varroa destructor

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	beekeeping faq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Varroa mite, Varroa jacobsonii, is an external parasite of honey bees.
		The Varroa mite originated in Southeast Asia where it is a parasite of the Eastern honey bee, Apis cerana.
		Varroa mites were first found in Massachusetts in 1988, and by 1992 had spread through the eastern half of the state and were slowly moving west, although the heaviest infestation continues to be in the cranberry growing areas.
	web.inter.nl.net /hcc/beenet/varroa.htm (2068 words)

	The Varroa-Mite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The varroa mite only propagates itself on the drone brood, which is only produced in a limited amount and period.
		Varroa is now found in all European countries, with the exception of Ireland (as published 1998).
		Varroa was first discovered in Denmark in 1984, and has today spread to all Danish bee colonies, with the single exception of Læsø.
	www.biavl.dk /english/varroa-english/varroa-biology.htm (919 words)

	Comparing data on the reproduction of Varroa destructor
		Varroa destructor reproductive success is considered an important character for determining the resistance of honey bees to this mite parasite.
		We compared recent data on varroa reproduction in Brazil with studies made in Mexico and England, and we examined the various reproductive parameters to determine which was best correlated with the impact of this mite on the honey bee colonies in each country.
		Varroa reproduction was studied in Africanized bee colonies in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, by a technique that involves the reconstruction of the original family groups (Martin, 1995).
	www.funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2003/vol1-2/gmr0032_full_text.htm (2100 words)

	Zach's Bee Photos [(c) Zachary Huang] :: Varroa mites
		Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) on a drone pupa that was removed from its cell.
		A varroa mite (Varroa destructor) and a "lesser mite" (as is called in China), Tropilaelaps clarae, side by side.
		Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) floating in alcohol under a dissecting scope.
	drone.cyberbee.net /gallery/varroa (304 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Varroa destructor
		Varroa destructor is an external parasite found throughout most of the world that attacks all lifecycle stages of a broad range of honeybees.
		Varroa jacobsoni is the old name for the varroa mite; the mite that is known to infest the A.mellifera colonies was found to be a different species and has been named Varroa destructor.
		Varroa is an external parasite that lives exclusively on honeybees, feeding on their haemolymph (blood).
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=478&fr=1&sts= (1648 words)

	Varroa Jacobsoni/Varroa Destructor, A Parasite Of Honey Bees
		Varroa jacobsoni is found in Java and was discovered incapable of reproduction on Apis mellifera brood.
		Varroa found in Sri Lanka, China,Japan, Thailand, Korea, Nepal and Vietnam was renamed, as a separate species, known henceforth as varroa destructor.
		Varroa is spread within apiaries by the beekeeper, transferring frames of brood from one colony to another.
	www.dave-cushman.net /bee/varroa.html (475 words)

	A.M.S.L. - Apicultural Notes
		destructor is an external parasite of capped larval and pupal bees and is phoretic on adult bees.
		Speaking of Varroa – the following are taken from abstracts presented by bee researchers at the 49th meeting of the Association of Institutes for Bee Research in Celle, Germany in March of 2002.
		Mites can tire males: wind tunnel test with Varroa destructor parasitized drones (P. Duay, W. Engels) The authors first note that in Germany one method of Varroa treatment is the use of drone combs to trap the mites.
	apis.wsu.edu /apinotes.html (3835 words)

	UGA Honey Bee Program - Honey Bee Disorders - Varroa mite - Guest Editorial on Significance of Mite Nonreproduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		For even though the news was non-controversial that Varroa jacobsoni is in fact a complex of at least two species (and I am unaware of any trammeled careers), the discovery of V.
		destructor that spread all over the world, with two genotypes on Apis mellifera identifiable today - the Korea genotype known to be in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and the Americas, and the Japan/Thailand genotype documented from Japan, Thailand, and the Americas.
		A Varroa mite that cannot reproduce is essentially rendered a transient colony invader.
	www.ent.uga.edu /bees/Disorders/guest.htm (1215 words)

	Untitled Document
		The varroa bee mite feeds on the blood of adult honey bees and brood and can transmit lethal viruses; the parasite is specific to honey bees, and doesn’t affect other insects, livestock or humans.
		Varroa cannot be eradicated from the North Island, but can be controlled using various organic and inorganic miticides and selecting bees for tolerance to the mite.
		Varroa could have arrived with an illegal introduction of queen bees, or in a bee colony or swarm that established on or in a shipping container.
	www.varroa.org.nz /aboutvarroa.html (1921 words)

	ExoSect : Solutions: Pests: Varroa
		The Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) is an external parasite of honey bees that attacks adult bees and their developing larvae, or brood.
		Varroa mites were originally associated with Apis cerana in Asia but then over the last 50 years a change in host to Apis mellifera began to be recorded.
		To address this, the mite was renamed Varroa destructor, and the different varieties of mite assigned haplotypes.
	www.exosect.com /solutions/pests/varroa.asp (784 words)

	Submissions - Rural Women NZ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		We note that, as varroa spread can be difficult to contain, the presence of a physical barrier to spread, such as a body of water, may be an important determinant of the success of any varroa containment programme, both due to the barrier itself and to the relative ease of monitoring movement over that barrier.
		We note that establishing this as the primary objective of a varroa pest management strategy is predicated on the South Island being varroa free at the time of the development of such a strategy.
		In stating that, we note that there is a public good element to the proposed varroa national pest management strategy, and we consequently consider it appropriate that a portion of the funding for the strategy be provided from public sources, such as regional councils.
	www.ruralwomen.org /submissions/subvarroa-03.htm (1820 words)

	Varroa Mite on Honeybees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Hosts: The Varroa mite is an external parasite of honey bees that attacks adult bees and their developing larvae, or brood.
		Varroa mites were formerly found only in Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America.
		Heavy infestations can be diagnosed by Varroa feces on the insides of cells from which parasitized bees have emerged.
	www.ento.okstate.edu /ddd/insects/varroamite.htm (363 words)

	JIS: Tschinkel 2.12.2002
		destructor transfers pathogens to honeybees, it may be adaptive for bees to respond to mite infestation by upregulating their immune responses.
		destructor may be detected by studying the expression levels of antibacterial peptides, such as abaecin and defensin, known to be immune-responsive.
		Transmission of Kashmir bee virus by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman.
	www.insectscience.org /5.7 (3008 words)

	Teagasc - Varroasis & Parasitic-Mite Syndrome
		The Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) is a parasite of larvae and pupae (brood) of honeybees, but uses adults for sustenance when no brood is present or when mite populations are high.
		With Varroasis (the presence of Varroa mites in the hive), bee death is often associated with a range of bee viruses that appear to be transmitted by the mite (see Table below).
		Varroa is also present in Northern Ireland, where it was first discovered in north Down in April 2002.
	www.teagasc.ie /oakpark/bru/bru-varroasis.htm (510 words)

	Varroa Mite Thread
		Discussion of the switch by Varroa from drones, the preferred host, to workers in the fall, October 1994.
		Varroa mites as one part of a standardized management plan, February 1993.
		Varroa in Italy compared with situation in Florida; recommended treatment levels as proposed in Europe, October 1989.
	apis.ifas.ufl.edu /threads/varroa.htm (1187 words)

	The Varroa Page
		Varroa destructor has been found in all counties in Northern Ireland.
		There are still locations where Varroa destructor has not been discovered but beekeepers in these areas need to be vigilant in examining their colonies for evidence of the mite.
		All Ulster Beekeepers are reminded that Varroa is a notifiable disease - if you as much as suspect its presence, get in touch with your local DARD Bee Inspector who will test your hive free of charge.
	www.ubka.org /ubka/Varroapage2004.htm (190 words)

	Bee Research Products and Services
		The parasitic bee mite, Varroa destructor (=jacobsoni) is one of the most serious pests of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and its introduction into new countries is causing much concern to beekeepers throughout the world.
		The first report of Varroa attacking Apis mellifera (a new host) was in 1962 on a sample sent to the USDA in Beltsville from Hong Kong, and in 1963 in the Philippines.
		The adult female Varroa is oval and flat, about 1.1 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, pale to reddish-brown in color, and can be seen easily with the unaided eye.
	www.ars.usda.gov /Services/docs.htm?docid=7471 (517 words)

	Pollinators - first steps for their conservation
		The real threat of the varroa mite in Africa is to floral conservation and biodiversity, and to all that means from aesthetic, environmental and tourism. Should the varroa mite prove to be lethal and to begin to eliminate wild honeybee populations, there is relatively little that conservation authorities will be able to do.
		One element of the Varroa Research Programme that requires an immediate and substantial contribution from the environmental and conservation authorities of South Africa is to determine the effect that the mite is having on wild honeybee populations.
		It is recommended that a systematic honeybee and varroa mite monitoring programme be established as soon as possible in as many conservation regions of South Africa as is possible, and that a workshop be held to train conservation officials on how to proceed with this monitoring programme.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2001/december/varroa.htm (1706 words)

	Varroa Jacobsonii/Varroa Destructor
		It is a parasite that is out of balance with it's host and multiplies to the extent that it kills the bee colony and thus dies itself.
		Varroa jacobsoni found in Java was discovered incapable of reproduction on Apis mellifera brood and was renamed, as a separate species, known henceforward as varroa destructor.
		was the discovery date for varroa in the UK but the threat had been considered imminent since the 1979 Apimondia conference.
	website.lineone.net /~dave.cushman/varroa.html (446 words)

	Varroa destructor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Russian honey bees are one third to one half less susceptible to mite reproduction [4].
		The varroa mite reproduces inside a cell with a honey bee larva, entering the cell just before it is sealed and the larva pupates.
		Miticides must be applied strictly according to the label in order to minimize the contamination of honey that might be consumed by humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Varroa_destructor (1464 words)

	Tracheal and Varroa Mite Controls - BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands
		When Apistan or Coumaphos is applied too early in the fall, the end of the 6-week treatment period may be at a time when there is still good flying weather, allowing for mite reintroduction.
		Another Varroa mite control method is the 'queen arrest method' where the queen is temporarily confined to a single brood frame or portion thereof.
		Varroa mites cling to their adult hosts and often loose their grip.
	www.agf.gov.bc.ca /apiculture/factsheets/221_varroa.htm (1646 words)

	ALP - Varroa - Biology
		In 1984, in Switzerland the first bee colonies were infested by the parasite Varroa destructor.
		The sensory ecology and orientation of Varroa in the beehive
		Odour-mediated transfer to brood cells of its honeybee host, Apis mellifera, and olfactory cell responses of Varroa destructor to volatiles.
	www.alp.admin.ch /themen/00502/00515/index.html?lang=en (534 words)

	SLU, Department of Entomology
		Research on mite population dynamics is focused on parameters of potential interest for Varroa mite tolerance in honey bees.
		Fries, I., Imdorf, A., Rosenkranz, P. Survival of mite (Varroa destructor) infested honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a Nordic climate.
		Fries, I., Hansen, H., Imdorf, A., Rosenkranz, P. Swarming in honey bees (Apis mellifera) and varroa mite (Varroa destructor) population development in Sweden.
	www.entom.slu.se /projects/population_dynamics_varroa.htm (179 words)

	Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 5th edition, 2004
		The mite Varroa destructor (formerly Varroa jacobsoni) is a parasite of adult bees and their brood.
		The Varroa mites are parasites of adult bees and their brood.
		Separate the bees from the mites by means of a sieve with a mesh size of approximately 2-3 mm.
	www.oie.int /eng/normes/mmanual/A_00124.htm (1589 words)

	honey bee varroa mite: Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)
		Acari > Varroidae > Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman, 2000
		Visible as a dark, oval shape, an adult female varroa mite feeds on the midsection of a developing worker bee.
		A family of varroa mites found at the bottom of a honey bee brood cell.
	www.invasive.org /browse/subject.cfm?sub=4996 (129 words)

	Ulster Beekeepers Home Page
		It is essential that bee colonies are monitored for levels of Varroa destructor
		No control is required if Varroa destructor is not found in the apiary but keep monitoring.
		for Varroa destructor at roughly the same time to decrease the likelihood of re-infestation.
	www.ubka.org /ubka/Varroaguidance2004.htm (1037 words)

	Strategy to keep South Island free of Varroa
		Mainlanders will have the opportunity to comment on proposals to keep the South Island free of the Varroa bee mite (varroa destructor) at a series of public meetings to be held from the 27th January to the 5th of February.
		Dr Simpson, Project Manager for the Varroa Planning Group, established to consider long term management of the pest, says that primarily the strategy is concerned with keeping the mite out of the South Island but it also looks at ways of slowing the spread of Varroa to areas in the North Island not currently infested.
		Public awareness of the movement controls and the impact of Varroa is also a key component of the strategy.
	www.maf.govt.nz /mafnet/press/210103bee.htm (370 words)

	Varroa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Varroa destructor - a virulent parasite that infests its natural host Apis cerana on mainland Asia and also Apis mellifera (honey bee) worldwide
		Varroa jacobsoni - a relatively benign parasite of Apis cerana (Asian honeybees).
		This page was last modified 03:21, 19 November 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Varroa (80 words)

	1355032 - honey bee varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) @ Forestry Images
		1355032 - honey bee varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) @ Forestry Images
		Scientists in the ARS Beneficial Insects Research Unit at Weslaco, Texas, have found that a strain of the fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, is deadly to Varroa mites, such as this one on an adult worker bee's thorax.
		This image may be copied and used, in whole or in part, for any non-profit, educational purpose provided that all reproductions bear an appropriate credit.
	www.forestryimages.org /browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1355032 (173 words)

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